1. If dividend paid:
Retained Earnings = Net profit - dividend
if dividend not paid:
Retained earnings = Net profit
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Yes, since this account (Retained Earnings) is a credit account and an uppropriate retained earnings account is simply a non-restricted account which is Retained Earnings !!! Even the restricted/ appropriate retained earnings are credited.
A new business has no retained earnings. Retained earnings are prior years earnings that have not been distributed to the shareholders... if it is a brand new business there is no possible way to have retained earnings at inception date.
Retained Earnings is a Non-Current Liability
No, retained earnings comes after Net Income on the Income Statement. The retained earnings is less than the Net Income if a dividend is paid out.
Retained Earnings normally has a credit balance. Net loss will be debited to Retained Earnings account thus results to a debit balance. Retained Earnings with a debit balance will be called as 'Deficits" or "Accumulated Deficits".