Utopian societies created in reaction to urban growth and industrialization and emphasized community and withdrawal from society. They were intentional communities created to perfect American society and had become institutionalized in American thought by the 1840s. Various groups, struggling under the pressures of urbanization and industrialization, challenged the traditional norms and social conservatism of American society
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During the 16th century, the Muslims estbalished the Mughal Empire throughout much of India.
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what was not a reaction to free trade with china in the united states during the 19th century