I think it was in some parts, but not for all Jews. It was like fasting, you did it sometimes, but not always. And not everyone did it.
Jewish answer:
The answer is: yes.
Jewish males cover their heads with a kippa or other head covering, as a reminder of the presence of God. This practice is twice mentioned emphatically in the Talmud (Shabbat 156b; Kallah 1:16), in statements dating back 1700 and 1850 years, respectively. Even then, covering one's head is spoken of as an established practice, not something new.
The Yiddish word for kippah, "yarmulkah," is a contraction of the Aramaic "yerei malkah": to be aware of the King.
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The customary Jewish head covering (for simplicity, we'll call it a kippah [singular of kippot], although all the terms refer to approximately the same thing) - is a sign of humility for men, acknowledging what's "above" us (God). An additional explanation is that in ancient Rome, servants were required to cover their heads while freemen did not; thus, Jews covered their heads to show that they were servants of God. It's necessary for men to cover their heads during certain prayers (whether it be by a kippah or other headcovering), and for one making blessings all day, it's inconvenient to keep donning and removing a kippah, so we keep it on. In some places, the type of kippah expresses affiliation with a particular Orthodox community or political viewpoint. In other places, it doesn't really matter.
Men cover their head as a sign of awareness of God's presence
Married women cover their head for purposes of modesty