Rosalind Franklin.
Photo 51 is the nickname given to an X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin in 1952 that was critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA. The photo was taken by Franklin while working at King's College London in Sir John Randall's group.
Source: answers.com
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The first photographic process which was taken by Joseph Neipce took approximately 8 hours. However the daguerrotype, which was created by Louis Daguerre, was a new photographic process available to the public took approximately 30 minutes.
I believe that Richard Avedon took the famous black and white photograph of a woman with an umbrella jumping off a curb. Please see the related links for the photograph and some information about Richard Avedon. Here is a link to the infamous photo (below):
French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce took the first permanent photo in 1826. Daguerre continued his work, using the notes Niépce left and performing the process. In 1839 he creates the first photograph with people (an achievement considering the long time that was required for exposure).