Kidneys filter nitrogenous waste from the blood.
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Oxygenation of fetal blood occurs in the placenta, where the mother's bloodstream and the fetus's bloodstream come into close proximity but do not mix. Oxygen from the mother's blood diffuses into the fetal blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the fetal blood into the mother's blood for elimination.
The ureter carries urine from the fetal bladder to the amniotic sac, which is then expelled as part of the amniotic fluid through the fetus's excretory system.
In a fetal pig, when the lungs do not function, oxygen exchange occurs through the placenta. The placenta transfers oxygen from the mother's blood to the fetal blood, bypassing the need for lung function.
The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta for nutrient and oxygen exchange.
The ductus arteriosus shunts blood away from the lungs, directing it from the pulmonary artery to the aorta before birth. This allows oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to bypass the non-functioning fetal lungs.