A colposcope (colpo -- vagina, scope -- instrument for viewing) is the medical term meaning instrument used to visually inspect the vagina and cervix. Colposcopy is used to detect abnormal areas of the vaginal and cervical skin, typically as a follow up to an abnormal pap smear.
In a related thought, the instrument that is used to open the vagina during a pelvic exam is called speculum. The speculum is made of either metal or plastic and comes in different sizes. Speculum is also the term used for similar instruments to view the inside of the nose and other orifices.
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The general term is endoscope. Endo means within and scope means to view so an endoscope is used to view within, generally within the thoracic or abdominal cavities. You may also use the term abdominoscope which more specifically means to view inside the abdominal cavity.
"Scope" is the medical term for an instrument used for visual examination. For instance, an otoscope is used for visual examination of the ear, and an arthroscope is used for visual examination of the joint.
A proctoscope is the medical term meaning instruments used to examine the rectum.
Hysteroscopy means visual examination of the interior of the uterus.
Hysteroscopy or uteroscopy
A colposcope is the medical term meaning instrument for visualizing the cervix and the inside of the vagina.