The cran is the part that together with the pedals go round when you pedal. For a 3-piece crank it consists of a right crank arm, left crank arm and the axle that goes between. There are some other bits as well, like bearinc cups ASO, but no point in letting reality get in the way of a good name. There are also ashtabula cranks where crank arms and axle are one solid piece.
A crank, or crankarm is part of the pedal assembly. they sit a bit like the arms on a clock with one ended anchored at the crank axle AKA bottom bracket and the pedal where you put your feet at the other end.
Pushing on the pedals puts tension on the chain, which rotates the rear wheel and pushes the bike forward.
A crank (or a crankset) is the thing that sits in the middle of the bicycle, has the chain on it and have the pedals attached to it.
That'd be the crank arm.
The pedals, crank, chain, sprockets, and wheels. Along with the rider, they all work together to make the bicycle go.
The wheels and axles of course, the pedals, the crank.
lever at crank, connected by chain to lever at rear wheel
No set answer to that. It depends on your leg length, what you have now, and how well it fits you.
If the crank has 48 and the sprocket 12 then 48/12=4. The wheel will turn 4 times for each turn of the crank.
A Messenger Crank is a model of Single-Speed bicycle crankset made by Sugino and styled to appeal to people who like the SS/Fixie styled bikes as popularised by bike messengers. Whar a crank messenger would be I have no idea.
20 rpm
If this is about a bicycle it'll depend on the style of crank you have. Maybe an Allen key or two, maybe a socket wrench, a crank puller, a pedal wrench. Then whatever tools your bottom bracket requires, there's a few options there too. If this is about a motorbike, it's a hopeless question. There are too many steps involved in stripping an engine crank for it to be covered here. Many of them would be specific to your exact engine as well.
There's been bikes sold under the Raleigh name for years and years. Which extractor you need will depend on the actual model, and not the make of the bike.
Most bicycle owners maintain their own bicycle. But, a bicycle shop may be willing to maintain a bicycle, if you ask.