It means a loss of neurons and the connections between them in the brain. Atrophy means loss of cells
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Diffuse cortical atrophy is degeneration of brain cells that can be caused by genetics, an injury, or age-related. A disease like Alzheimer's can present symptoms of cortical atrophy.
Mild, generalised shrinkage.
There is some shrinking (atrophy) throughout (diffuse) the organ being studied and it is not severe (mild).
Diffuse means all over the brain. Atrophy means a shrinking. So the terminology means that the brain is shrinking all over. It is often seen in dementia.