The Square Mile.
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London used to have the nickname of 'The Smoke' because of all the industry and people with coal fires. However, since the Clean Air Act of the 1960's, London is no longer smokey and the nickname has nearly died out.
It does not have a popular nickname. It used to be called the Big Smoke in the days when smog was common. Also just the Big City.
They're generally called Londoners. 'Cockneys' is a nickname specificially for the white working class population in the East End.