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The Prince of Cumberland is a title Duncan gives to his son Malcolm. It, like the Prince of Wales, signifies that the person who gets it is the heir apparent to the throne. By giving the title to Malcolm, Duncan makes it less likely that Macbeth will inherit the throne from him. Macbeth views this as a stumbling-block which will prevent the witches' prophecy from coming true.
The contents of Macbeth's letter to Lady Macbeth was about Macbeth's prediction from the 3 witches he met in the beginning - about him being the Thane of Cawdor (thane means prince/king) and then the King of Scotland. Lady Macbeth becomes hyped, because she was waiting for the chance to have all the power to be a queen.
In Macbeth? King Duncan names his son Malcolm The Prince of Cumberland who is the heir apparent. After his murder, Malcolm flees so Macbeth is named to be King but later on in the play Malcolm, Duncan's son, becomes king.
After Macbeth, Banquo, and King Duncan exchange warm greetings, King Duncan announce Malcom as the Prince of Cumberland.
Malcolm, King Duncan's son, is proclaimed Prince of Cumberland in Act I Scene 4