Natural peanut butter should be refrigerated after opening. Other kinds of peanut butter can last longer at room temperature, but always check the labels anyway. Is really a matter of personal taste. I do enjoy peanut butter at room temperature and Ive never found any fungus or bacteria living in there.
You can store shortening in both these places.
It really depends on how long you want to store it. If you want it to last longer, then store it in the refrigerator. If you use it fast enough, you can store it in the cupboard. Since shortening is fairly cheep, I would recommend storing it in the cupboard and smelling it before using it each time. If it smells rancid, throw it out.
any grocery store
In general there is no noticeable difference other than the price.
Sometimes shortening, such as Crisco, comes in flavors like "butter flavored". Check your local grocery store for other varieties.
Any tupe of shortening should do. Crisco is a good choice, though.
It depends on the recipe. Shortening becomes solid at room temperature while vegetable oil does not. So vegetable oil may be substituted for melted shortening only in recipes that do not depend on shortening becoming solid for texture when cooled.
Not shortening. Use about one tablespoon of vegitable oil per pound of chocolate.
To keep it from melting and getting rancid (spoiled).
Yes, they should list the "shortening" as LARD. Messed up they couldn't use Veggie Oil.
A pastry blender is used to cut shortening into the flour mixture for flaky pastry. To get the flakiest pastry, it's important not to mix the shortening and the flour together but to layer them, that's what makes the flakes. To accomplish this, the shortening should be solid shortening and be ice cold while you work with it because if the shortening warms, it will soak into the flour before flakes can be formed. Some chefs place their bowl of flour and shortening into a bowl of ice to ensure that the shortening stays cold while they're combining the two.
Probably at any supermarket - shortening is simply a food grade fat. Crisco is the most common brand - in some countries you may find Kremelta. It's called shortening because it is used to make 'short' pastry - that is, a pastry with a high proportion of fat and very little liquid. If a recipe calls for shortening you can substitute with the same weight of butter, margarine, lard or coconut fat. You can also substitute with the same weight of cooking oil but in that case you would need to reduce the volume of other liquid ingredients accordingly.
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You can safely substitute liquid oil for solid shortening in baking ONLY if the recipe calls for the shortening to be melted first. You can substitute butter or margarine for shortening ( 1 cup + 2 Tbsp for each cup of shortening). You can also substitute 1/2 cup applesauce or prune puree for each cup of shortening.