Market Failure
They used the barter system by trading goods and services for other goods and services.
There may have been monetary costs, but just as often as not tradesman used barter as a means to exchange services for services, goods for services or goods for goods. In other words, they traded.
There were many goods and services required in the United States during the 1800's. The goods people needed included tea, coffee, fabric, cotton, sugar, horses, leather, and more. The services required in the colonial states included plow making, horse shoes, mill services, leather tanning, furniture making, veterinarian services, medical care, and others.
Rationing
How are goods and services distributed
How are goods and services to be distributed?
Through stores, markets, and businesses.
Economics
they are bought and sold by the people (gradpt)
they are bought and sold by the people (gradpt)
they are bought and sold by the people (gradpt)
Public goods and services are distributed and scarce resources are allocated to them by the UK Government. Private goods and services are distributed by privately or publicly owned businesses, which can be from overseas or domestic. As far as I'm aware this is the same for every country in the world apart from a few which are totally command and thus all scarce resource allocation is done by the Government but these are rare if not practically non-exsistent now.
Economic anthropology studies how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed in a society. It focuses on understanding the economic systems, exchange mechanisms, and production methods of different cultures around the world.
To account for differences in the ways goods and services are producted and distributed in each economic system, you need to take a look at how the government influences these things, as it can vary greatly in each economy.
economic anthropology
Goods can be distributed in a myriad of ways. For example, goods can be distributed straight from the manufacturer, from a 3rd party, or even from an online retailer.