Catholic Answer
Nuns wear many different kinds of robes depending on their order. Classically, they wear a robe which may be black, white, brown, grey, or even other colors. Some wear a scapular over this, a long shoulder wide cloth that hangs to the ground in the front and back, sort of an apron. Most classic nuns habits have a white helmet like affair that ties around their head. Some nuns wear a wimple, which is a white bib like affair that goes under their chin, some nuns wear a veil over the headdress which may or may not have an underveil. Other nuns wear a coronet. ("The Flying Nun) kind of headdress). Underneath, nuns used to wear medieval type underwear, heavy woven stockings, many petticoats - and yes, underwear.
Many post-Vatican II nuns in nations like the United States modified their habits (the official name for the outfits) until they ended up, with, in many cases, only a modified cross, an uncovered head, and polyester pantsuit. The Vatican has asked that all nuns wear a distinctive habit, and many orders have gone back to their original habit, or a modified version of the same. The picture of the "modern nun" in dress or pants with no head covering is going the way of the dinosaur, and will be gone in under a generation. Most nuns wear a wedding ring. At their solemn profession they often dress in a white dress as they are getting married to Our Blessed Lord.
More input from Answers contributors:
The religious costume is usually referred to as a Habit, such as Dominican Habit, Franciscan Habit (also used by male Franciscans- it is usually brown). and so on. There are many different varieties of Veils, wimples, quimpes or guimopes ( sort of like a breastplate) and arrangements of crosses, etc.
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A nun's outfit is called a habit. The head piece alone is referred to as a wimple.
Nuns wear habits.
Some wear a Habit as required by their religious order, but many now just wear everyday clothing except on special religious occasions.
Modern day nuns wear habits witch are usually a full length, long sleeved, black robe with some kind of a wierd hat that goes from her head to her shoulders.