(the adjective stark means stripped of ornament, bare, plain, with the connotation of black and white, unrelieved, or naked)

Elizabeth told the stark truth and it was painful to Mary.

The stark reality was that John had had a alcohol problem for years.

We were awed by the stark beauty of the desert.

Their senior prank was to run stark naked through the crowded cafeteria.

In his fifties he was a little crazy, but in later years he went stark raving mad.

"The ebony black woodcarving stood out in stark relief to the white painted alcove."

Christian Answer

Yes, and Jews still recognize this, while Christians maintain that the Torah is not to be taken literally and that women are just as much important to society as men.

Jewish Answer

According to the Torah, women are not considered inferior, and "Jews still recognize" nothing of the sort. As concerns the Orthodox Movement where there are different expectations of men and women, this is not about superiority or inferiority. This is very similar to a carpentry shop may have a person who works the front desk and someone who does the woodcarving. Neither is superior to each other and both are necessary for the shop to be profitable, but each performs a very unique and specialized task. The woodcarver need not be personable and the salesperson need not be talented with a saw. As for all other sects of Judaism, the interpretation of male and female roles is that they are overlapping and the differences are inconsequential.

In the context of a job interview this type of question is asked to see if you are introverted/extroverted, have interest common to your coworkers etc. It also determines if you can think on your feet. The definition of hobby is loose so words about your interests can be substituted for hobbies.

A job interview is something to prepare for. You know the job (and associated skills) that you are applying for, you know the company's personality (or you should have found out) so make your answer make your seem to fit. In this question about hobbies:

• If you are trying for a job which requires detailed careful work, think of hobbies you have that require this skill set (stamp collecting, woodcarving, painting)
• If the job is outdoors talk about camping, hiking, or biking.
• If the job requires meeting people, underscore your interest in social work, being a DJ, or collecting stories from old folks about your community.

Good art instruction schools offer more than instruction in techniques. They provide a mentoring relationship with professors who refine their students' talent. If you are not sure what type of art you are interested in, find a school that offers a variety. In addition to the specializations listed below, make sure the school offers two- and three-dimensional design courses.

Drawing is the backbone of most other art fields, so be sure the school offers it, including figure drawing from live models.

Oil and acrylic painting offers hands-on experience in color theory.

For years, most graphic design has been done on the computer, so it's essential to find a program that offers a good selection of computer graphics courses. Many graphic design students also learn web design so they are able to work in an Internet format. Courses in advertising are also helpful since some graphic designers work in advertising agencies.

Many illustrators use a computer graphics program, but others still prefer traditional methods.

Some schools offer degrees in digital media, which includes animation and computer graphics.

This specialization is for students interested in directing movies, commercials or television programs.

Computers have dramatically changed the art of photography, so make sure the school you choose offers a digital photography, including photo-editing programs, as well as traditional darkroom techniques.

Good printmaking departments offer a wide variety of printmaking techniques including intaglio, lithography and serigraphy.

Most sculpture departments offer a basic range of techniques such as woodcarving and plaster modeling. The best ones also offer stone carving, metal casting and welding.

Ceramics departments should offer both wheel-thrown and hand-built pottery techniques. Most also offer porcelain ceramics.

If you might be interested in jewelry making, be sure to investigate whether the school offers courses since many do not.

Students interested in teaching art in elementary, middle or high schools need a set of courses mandated by their state's Department of Education. If you might be interested teaching, make sure the school you are considering offers the required set of courses and that your state accepts the school's accreditation.

Students wishing to teach college courses do not need art education courses. Instead, universities usually require their instructors to have a Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.) degree.

there is, and he died last week

Lancelot Bryan was born in Spanish Town, Jamaica. He was a self taught artist who had a natural flair when working with wood and people.

He began carving in his early teen years. He had the unique ability to do what is known among mastercarvers as "reading the wood". This ability involves looking at a piece of wood in its natural shape, and "seeing" various carving possibilities before the actual carving ever begins. It is an ability most artists yearn for.

After being awarded various ribbons and awards at local shows and competitions, Mr. Bryan's work caught the eye of Prince Charles during an official state visit to Jamaica in the mid-1980s. Since then, Mr. Bryan has been commissioned to do specific works for Prince Charles, Bishop Desmond TuTu, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Queen Elizabeth , and the Prime Minister of Jamaica.

Prince Charles was instrumental in providing financial assistance to Mr. Bryan through "The Prince's Trust" of the United Kingdom.This assistance enabled Mr. Bryan to select talented young Jamaicans and teach them carving at the highest level. This effort has come to be known as "The Mighty Gully Art Studio" of Jamaica. Carvings from the "Mighty Gully Art Studio" have thus become highly regarded and desired among connoisseurs of wood carving .

The medium used by Mr. Bryan was exclusively the wood known as Lignum vitae. This wood, known among carvers as "lignum", is known to be the heaviest and most dense wood in the world. While most carvers shy away from the dense or heavy hardwoods, Mr. Bryan accepted this challenge with pride...and continued to carve some of the finest pieces in the woodcarving world.

Lancelot's ability to carve was only was half of his life passion. The other was his ability to communicate on a level and inspire everyone he came into contact with. He empowered and supported some of the hardest to reach young people and produced some of the best artists in world. Lance inspired and trained many young people both at the Mighty Gully and also in the UK, mainly in West Yorkshire.

Lance worked all over Yorkshire with young school children, teaching them basic wood carving skills and passing on his knowledge through his natural ability to tell a good story.

Many young people have also benefited from the tuition of Lancelots prize carvers. Lance and his team of wood carvers have delivered hundreds of workshops. All of Lancelots carvers both here in the UK and in Jamaica have had their lives changed by Lance's intervention. Many of his carving team have lived with Lance for most of their lives and followed him around the world. It is through these carvers that his stories and style of art will live on for future generations to enjoy.

Most recently Lance has worked with the BBC and was in the process of setting up a return trip to Jamaica with a film crew to document his life work. He was also planning to carve a piece for the President of America, President Obama. The appointment of a Black President had excited and inspired Lance to create a piece to celebrate something he never expected to see in his lifetime.

Lance will be a great loss to Old Harbour, Jamaica, Bradford, UK, Family and Friends.

Gay men tend to have sex with men, and straight men tend to have sex with women, and even that's not an absolute.

However, there are few gay men in the population, and it appears there are even less because many do not come out right away for fear of discrimination. So most straight people can only identify the gay men who act effeminate. Moreover, most people automatically label effeminate guys as gay. So if this is what you were getting at, it is a stereotype and not a fundamental difference. There are gay men of all sorts; being gay means you are attracted to people of the same sex, it doesn't mean you are born with some sort of personality.

A job interview is something to prepare for. You know the job (and associated skills) that you are applying for, you know the company's personality (or you should have found out) so make your answer make your seem to fit. In this question about hobbies:

• If you are trying for a job which requires detailed careful work, think of hobbies you have that require this skill set (stamp collecting, woodcarving, painting)
• If the job is out doors talk bout camping, hiking or biking.
• If the job requires meeting people underscore your interest in social work, being a DJ, or collecting stories from old folks about your community.

Then, think about what they may require. They can ask you related questions. For example, "Are you available between ......?".

Also, look presentable. In fact, wear similar clothing to the employees clothing. The last thing you should wear is ripped clothes. In other words, don't wear them.

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Make sure you know the company's location. Go on a practice run so that you know how much time you will need to get there and park.

he History of wood carving has from the remotest ages the decoration of wood as a foremost art. The tendency of human nature has always been to ornament every article in use.[citation needed] The North American Indian carves his wooden fish-hook or his pipe stem just as the Polynesian works patterns on his paddle. The native of Guyana decorates his cavassa grater with a well-conceived scheme of incised scrolls, while the native of Loango Bay distorts his spoon with a design of perhaps figures standing up in full relief carrying a hammock.

Figure-work seems to have been universal. To carve a figure in wood may be not only more difficult but also less satisfactory than sculpting with marble, owing to the tendency of wood to crack, to be damaged by insects, or to suffer from changes in the atmosphere. The texture of the material, too, often proves challenging to the expression of features, especially in the classic type of youthful face. On the other hand, magnificent examples exist of the more rugged features of age: the beetling brows, the furrows and lines neutralizing the defects of the grain of the wood. In ancient work the surface may not have been of such consequence, for figures as a rule being painted for protection and especially color.

It is not always realized at the present day to what extent color has even from the most ancient times been used to enhance the effect of wood-carving and sculpture. The modern Colour prejudice against gold and other tints is perhaps because painted work has been vulgarized. The arrangement of a proper and harmonious scheme of colour is not the work of the house painter, but of the specially trained artist.

In the early 20th Century, the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, on which much of this entry is based, commented, "Of late years carving has gone out of fashion. The work is necessarily slow and requires substantial skill, making the works expensive. Other and cheaper methods of decoration have driven carving from its former place. Machine work has much to answer for, and the endeavor to popularize the craft by means of the village class has not always achieved its own end. The gradual disappearance of the individual artist, elbowed out as he has been, by the contractor, is fatal to the continuance of an art which can never flourish when done at so much a yard." This statement has proven untrue, as the continued survival of the art and craft of woodcarving can be demonstrated by the large number of woodcarvers who have carried on or advanced the tradition in different parts of the world.

• 1 Ancient Egypt
• 2 Woodcarved figures as statuary in Christian art
  • 2.1 First eleven centuries of AD
  • 2.2 Gothic period (12th-15th centuries)
  • 2.3 Gothic and Renaissance: A comparison
  • 2.4 End of the 12th century
  • 2.5 1300-1380
  • 2.6 1380-1520
  • 2.7 Renaissance period (16th-17th centuries)
  • 2.8 17th-18th centuries
  • 2.9 19th centuries
• 3 Coptic
• 4 Islamic work
• 5 Persia
• 6 India and Burma
• 7 Indochina and the Far East
• 8 Aboriginal
• 9 References

The extreme dryness of the climate of Egypt accounts for the existence of a number of woodcarvings from this remote period. Some wood panels from the tomb of Hosul Egypt, at Sakkarah are of the III. dynasty. The carving consists of Egyptian hieroglyphs and figures in low relief, and the style is extremely delicate and fine. A stool shown on one of the panels has the legs shaped like the fore and hind limbs of an animal, a form common in Egypt for thousands of years.

In the Cairo museum may be seen the statue of a man from the period of the Great Pyramid of Giza, possibly 4000 B.C. The expression of the face and the realism of the carriage have never been surpassed by any Egyptian sculptor of this or any other period. The figure is carved out of a solid block of sycamore, and in accordance with the Egyptian custom the arms are joined on. The eyes are inlaid with pieces of opaque white quartz, with a line of bronze surrounding to imitate the lid; a small disk of transparent rock crystal forms the iris, while a tiny bit of polished ebony fixed behind the crystal imparts to it a lifelike sparkle. The IV., V. and VI. dynasties cover the finest period of Egyptian sculpture. The statues found in the tombs show a freedom of treatment which was never reached in later times. They are all portraits, which the artist strove his utmost to render exactly like his model. For these are not, like mere modern statues, simply works of art, but had primarily a religious signification (Maspero). As the spirits of the deceased might inhabit, these Ka statues, the features and proportions were closely copied.

There are to be found in the principal museums of Europe many Egyptian examples: mummy cases of human beings with the face alone carved, animal mummy cases, sometimes boxes, with the figure of a lizard, perhaps, carved in full Mummy relief standing on the lid. Sometimes the animal would be carved in the round and its hollowed body used as the case itself.

Of furniture, folding seats like the modern camp stool, and chairs with legs terminating in the heads of beasts or the feet of animals, Furniture still exist. Beds supported by lions paws XI. and XII. dynasties, from Gebelein, now in the Cairo Museum), headrests, 6 or 8 in. high, shaped like a crutch on a foot, very like those used by the native of New Guinea today, are carved with scenes, &c., in outline. In the British Museum may be seen a tiny little coffer, 4 in. by 21/2 in., with very delicate figures carved in low relief. This little box stands on cabriole legs 3/4 of an inch long with claw feet, quite Louis Quinze in character. There are incense ladles, the handle representing a bouquet of lotus flowers, the bowl formed like the leaf of an aquatic plant with serrated edges from Gurnah during the XVIII. dynasty; mirror handles, representing a little pillar, or a lotus stalk, sometimes surmounted by a head of Hathor, the Egyptian Venus or of Bes, god of the toilet; pin-cushions, in the shape of a small round tortoise with holes in the back for toilet pins, which were also of wood with dog-head ends (XI. dynasty, Cairo Museum); and perfume boxes such as a fish, the two halves forming the bottom and top of the perfume or pomatum was removed by little wooden spoons, one shaped in the form of a cartouche emerging from a full-blown lotus, another shaped like the neck of a goose, a third consisting of a dog running with a fish in its closed mouth, the fish forming the bowl. The list might be prolonged, but enough has been said to show to what a pitch of refinement the art of wood-carving had reached thousands of years before the birth of Christ.

Of the work of Assyria, Greece and Rome, little is actually known except from history or inference. It may be safely assumed that the Assyria craft kept pace with the varying taste and refinement of Greece and all the older civilizations. Important pieces of wooden Roman sculpture which once existed in Greece and other ancient countries are only known to us from the descriptions of Pausanias and other classic writers. Many examples of the wooden images of the gods, were preserved down to late historic times. The Palladium, or sacred figure of Pallas, which was guarded by the Vestal Virgins in Rome and was fabled to have been brought by Aeneas froth the burning Troy, was one of these wooden figures.

Wood-carving examples of the first eleven centuries of AD are extremely rare. The carved panels of the main doors of St Sabina on the Aventine Hill, Rome, are very interesting specimens of early Christian relief sculpture in wood, dating, as the dresses show, from the 5th century. The doors are made up of a large number of small square panels, each minutely carved with a scene from the Old or New Testament. A very fine fragment of Byzantine art (11th or 12th centuries) is preserved in a monastery at Mount Athos in Macedonia. It consists of two panels (one above the other) of relief sculpture, surmounted by a semicircular arch of conventional foliage springing from columns ornamented with animals in foliage of spiral form. The capitals and bases are square, each face being carved with a figure. It is a wonderfully fine piece of work, conceived in the best decorative spirit.

In Scandinavian countries we find some very early work of excellent design. In the Christiania Museum there are some fine chairs Scandina, of the 9th or 10th centuries carved with that particular vian work flat and broad treatment of scroll and strapwork so eminently suited to soft wood. In the Copenhagen Museum there are panels from Iceland in the same style. The celebrated wooden doorways of Aal (AD. 1200), Sauland, Flaa, Solder and other Norwegian churches (Christiania Museum) are only an elaboration of the same treatment of dragons and intricate scroll work, a style which we still see carried on in the door-posts of the 15th century in the Nordiska museum, Stockholm, and in the Icelandic work of quite modern times. In these early days the leaf was not much developed in design. The carver depended almost entirely on the stalk, a style of work which has its counterpart in Burmese work of the 17th century.

It should always be borne in mind that color was the keynote of this scheme. The custom was practically universal, and enough traces remain to show how splendid was the effect of these old Gothic churches and cathedrals. The priests in their gorgeous vestments, the lights, the crucifix, the banners and incense, the frescoed or diapered walls, and that crowning glory of Gothic art, the stained glass, were all in harmony with these beautiful schemes of colored carved work. Red, blue, green, white and gilding were the tints as a rule used. Not only were the screens painted in colors, but the parts painted white were often further decorated with delicate lines and sprigs of foliage in conventional pattern. The plain surfaces of the panels were also adorned with saints, often on a background of delicate gesso diaper, colored or gilded (Southwold). Nothing could exceed the beauty of the triptychs or retables of Germany, Flanders or France; carved with scenes from the New Testament in high relief arranged under a delicate lacework of canopies and clustered pinnacles glistening with gold and brilliant colors. In Germany the effect was further enhanced by emphasizing parts of the gilding by means of a transparent varnish tinted with red or green, thus giving a special tone to the metallic luster.

The style of design used during this great period owes much of its interest to the now obsolete custom of directly employing the craftsman and his men, instead of the present-day habit of giving the work to a contractor. It is easy to trace how those bands of carvers traveled about from church to church. In one district the designer would employ a particular form and arrangement of vine leaf, while in another adjoining quite a different style repeatedly appears. The general scheme was of course planned by one master mind, but the carrying out of each section, each part, each detail, was left to the individual workman. Hence that variety of treatment, that endless diversity, which gives a charm and interest to Gothic art, unknown in more symmetrical epochs. The Gothic craftsman appreciated the cardinal fact that in design beautiful detail does not necessarily insure a beautiful composition, and subordinated the individual part to the general effect. He also often carved in situ, a practice seldom if ever followed in the present day. Here and there one comes across the work of long years ago still unfinished. A half-completed bench-end, a fragment of screen left plain, clearly show that sometimes at least the church was the workshop.

1. the geometrical, i.e. tracery and diaper patterns, and
2. the foliage designs, where the mechanical scroll of the Renaissance is as a rule absent.

The lines of foliage treatment, so common in the bands of the 15th-century roodscreens and the panel work especially of Germany, serve to illustrate the widely different motives of the craftsmen of these two great epochs. Again, while the Renaissance designer as a rule made the two sides of the panel alike, the Gothic carver seldom repeated a single detail. While his main lines and grouping corresponded, his detail differed. Of numberless examples a 15th-century chest (Plate III. fig. 6) in the Kunstgewerbe Museum, Berlin, may be referred to. The arrangements of foliage, &c., on top, back and front, are typical of Gothic at its best.

The rood screen, that wonderful feature of the medieval church, was now universal. It consisted of a tall screen of usually about thirty ft. high, on the top of which rested a loft, i.e. a platform rood about 6 ft (1.8 m). in width guarded on either side by a gallery screen, and either on the top or in front of that, facing the nave, was placed the rood, i.e. a large crucifix with figures of St Mary and St John on either side. This rood screen sometimes spanned the church in one continuous length (Leeds, Kent), but often filled in the aisle and chancel arches in three separate divisions (Church Handborough, Oxon.). The loft was as a rule approached by a winding stair built in the thickness of the aisle wall. The lower part of the screen itself was solid paneled to a height of about 3 ft 6 in (1.07 m) and the upper part of this paneling was filled in with tracery (Carbrook, Norfolk), while the remaining flat surfaces of the panels were often pictured with saints on a background of delicate gesso diaper (Southwold, Suffolk). Towards the end of this period the employment of figures became less common as a means of decoration, and the panels were sometimes filled- entirely with carved foliage (Swimbridge, Devon). The upper part of the rood screen consisted of open arches with the heads filled in with pierced tracery, often enriched with crockets (Seaming, Norfolk), embattled transoms (Hedingham Castle, Essex), or floriated cusps (Eye, Suffolk). The mullions were constantly carved with foliage (Cheddar, Somerset), pinnacles (Causton, Norfolk), angels (Pilton, Devon), or decorated with canopy work in gesso (Southwold). But the feature of these beautiful screens was the loft with its gallery and vaulting. The loft floor rested on the top of the rood screen and was usually balanced and kept in position by means of a groined vaulting (Harberton, Devon) or a cove (Eddington, Somerset). The finest examples of vaulting are to be seen in Devon. The bosses at the intersections of the ribs and the carved tracery of the screen at Honiton stand unrivaled. Many screens still possess the beam which formed the edge of the loft floor and on which the gallery rested. It was here that the medieval roodscreen carver gave most play to his fancy, and carved the finest designs in foliage to be seen throughout the whole Gothic period. Although these massed moulds, crests and bands have the appearance of being carved out of one log, they were in practice invariably built up in parts, much of the foliage, &c., being pierced and placed in hollow moulds in order to increase the shadow. As a rule the arrangement consisted of a crest running along the top, with a smaller one depending from the lower edge, and three bands of foliage and vine between them (Feniton, Devon). The designs of vine leaves at Kenton, Bow and Dartmouth, all in Devon, illustrate three very beautiful treatments of this plant. At Swimbridge, Devon, there is a very elaborate combination; the usual plain beads which separate the bands are carved with twisted foliage also. At Abbots Kerswell and other places in the district round Totnes the carvers introduced birds in the foliage with the best effect. The variety of cresting used is very great. That at Winchcomb, Gloucester, consists of dragons combined with vine leaves and foliage. It illustrates how Gothic carvers sometimes repeated their patterns in as mechanical a way as the worst workmen of the present time. Little can be said of the galleries, so few remain to us. They were nearly all pulled down when the order to destroy the roods was issued in 1548. That they were decorated with carved saints under niches (Llananno, Wales), or painted figures (Strencham, Worcester), is certain from the examples that have survived the Reformation. At Atherington. Devon, the gallery front is decorated with the royal coat of arms, other heraldic devices, and with prayers. The Breton screen at St Fiacre-le-Faouet is a wonderful example of French work of this time, btit does not compare with the best English examples. Its flamboyant lines and its small tracery never obtained any foothold in England, though screens carved in this way (Colebrook, Devon) are sometimes to be found.

The rood was sometimes of such dimensions as to require some support in addition to the gallery on which it rested. A carved beam was used from which a chain connected the rood itself. At Cullompton, Devon, such a beam still exists, and is carved with foliage; an open cresting ornaments the under side and two angels support the ends. This particular rood stood on a base of rocks, skulls and bones, carved out of two solid logs averaging 18 in. wide and 21 in. high, and together measuring 15 ft 6 in (4.72 m) long; there are round holes along the top which were probably used for lights.

No country in Europe possesses roofs to equal those of England created in the 15th century. The great roof of Westminster Hall remains to the present day unique. In Norfolk and Suffolk roofs abound of the hammerbeam class; that at Woolpit, Suffolk, achieves the first rank of quality. Each bracket is carved with strongly designed foliage, the end of every beam terminates in an angel carrying a shield, and the purlins are crested, while each truss is supported by a canopied riche (containing a figure) resting on an angel corbel. Here, too, as at Ipswich and many other churches, there is a row of angels with outspread wings under the wall-plate. This idea of angels in the roof is a very beautiful one, and the effect is much enhanced by the coloring. The roof at St Nicholas, King's Lynn, is a magnificent example of tiebeam construction. The trusses are filled in with tracery at the sides and the centres more or less open, and the beams, which are crested and embattled, contain a row of angels on either side. In Devon, Cullompton possesses a very fine semicircular ceiling supported at intervals by ribs pierced with carving. Each compartment is divided up into small square panels, crossed by diagonal ribs of cresting, while every joint is ornamented with a boss carved in the decorative way peculiar to the Gothic craftsman. The nave roof of Manchester cathedral is nearly flat, and is also divided up into small compartments and bossed; the beams are supported by carved brackets resting on corbels with angels at each base. Choir stalls in the Ulm Münster by Jörg Syrlin t.E. (ca. 1470)

Bust of Cicero by Jörg Syrlin t.E., in the Ulm Münster

In the 15th century, choir stalls with their canopies continued to increase in magnificence. Manchester cathedral (middle of 15th century) and Henry VII chapel in Westminster Abbey (early 16th) are good examples of the fashion of massing ~7~7 pinnacles and canopies; a custom which hardly compares with the more simple beauty of the 14th-century work of Ely cathedral. The stalls of Amiens cathedral were perhaps the finest in the world at the beginning of the 16th century. The cresting employed, though common on the Continent, is of a kind hardly known in England, consisting as it does of arches springing from arches, and decorated with crockets and finials. The tabernacle work over the end seats, with its pinnacles and flying buttresses, stretches up towards the roof in tapering lines of the utmost delicacy. The choir stalls (the work of Jörg Syrlin) in Ulm cathedral are among the finest produced by the German carver. The front panels are carved with foliage of splendid decorative boldness, strength and character; the stall ends were carved with foliage and sculpture along the top edge, as was sometimes the case in Bavaria and France as well as Germany.

In early times the choir alone possessed seats, the nave being left bare. Gradually benches were introduced, and during the 15th century became universal. The poppyhead form of B ornament now reached perfection and was constantly used enc for seats other than those of the choir. The name refers en a. to the carved finial which is so often used to complete the top of the bench end and is peculiarly English in character. In Devon and Cornwall it is rarely met with (Ilsington, Devon). In Somerset it is more common, while in the eastern counties thousands of examples remain. The quite simple fleur-de-lys form of poppyhead, suitable for the village, is seen in perfection at Trunch, Norfolk, and the very elaborate form when the poppyhead springs from a crocketed circle filled in with sculpture, at St Nicholas, King's Lynn. Often the foliage contained a face (Cley, Norfolk), or the poppyhead consisted of figures or birds only (Thurston, Suffolk) or a figure standing on a dragon (Great Brincton, Northampton); occasionally the traditional form was departed from and the finial carved like a lemon in outline (Bury St Edmuncis) or a diamond (Tirley, Glos.). In Denmark an ornament in the form of a large circle sometimes takes the place of the English poppy-head. In the Copenhagen Museum there is a set of bench ends of the 15th century with such a decoration carved with coats of arms, interlacing strap-work, &c. But the old 15th century bench end did not depend entirely on the poppy-head for its embellishment. The side was constantly enriched with elaborate tracery (Dennington, Norfolk) or with tracery and domestic scenes (North Cadbury, Somerset), or would consist of a mass of sculpture in perspective, with canopy work, buttresses and sculptured niches, while the top of the bench end would be crowned with figures carved in the round, of the finest craftsmanship. Such work at Amiens cathedral is a marvel alike of conception, design and execution. In the Kunstgewerbe Museum, Berlin, some beautiful stall ends are to be seen. Out of a dragons mouth grows a conventional tree arranged and balanced in excellent proportion. On another, stall end a tree is carved growing out of the mouth of a fool. This custom of making foliage grow out of the mouth or eyes is hardly defensible, and was by no means confined to any country or time. We have plenty of Renaissance examples of the same treatment.

Before the 15th century preaching had not become a regular institution in England, and pulpits were not so common. However, the value of the sermon began to be appreciated from the use to which the Lollards and other sects put this method of teaching doctrine, and pulpits became a necessity. A very beautiful one exists at Kenton, Devon. It is, as is generally the case, octagonal, and stands on a foot. Each angle is carved with an upright column of foliage between pinnacles, and the panels, which are painted with saints, are enriched with carved canopies and foliage; it is, however, much restored. The puipit at Trull, Somerset, is noted for its fine figure carving. A large figure standing under a canonv fills each of the nanelled sides. while many other smaller figures help to enrich the general effect. Examples of Gothic sounding boards are very rare; that, together with the pulpit, in the choir of Winchester is of the time of Prior Silkstede (1520), and is carved with his rebus, a skein of twisted silk.

The usual form of font cover during the hundred years before the Reformation was pyramidal, the ribs of the salient angles being Fo straight and cusped (Frindsbury, Kent) or of curved outline and cusped (St Mildred, Canterbury). There is a very charming one of this form at Colebrook, Devon. It is quite plain but for a little angel kneeling on the top, with its hands clasped in prayer. But the most beautiful form is the massed collection of pinnacles and canopy work, of which there is such a fine example at Sudbury, Suffolk. It was not uncommon to carve a dove on the topmost pinnacle (Castleacre, Norfolk), in allusion to the descent of the Holy Spirit. The finest font in England is undoubtedly that of Ijiford, Suffolk. It rises some 20 ft (6.1 m). in height, arid when the panels were painted with saints and the exquisite tabernacle work colored and gilded, must have been a masterpiece of Gothic craftsmanship. A cord connecting the tops of these covers with the roof or with a carved beam standing out from the wall, something like a crane (Salle, Norfolk), was used to remove the cover on the occasion of baptism.

Many lecterns of the Gothic period do not exist today. They usually had a double sloping desk which revolved round a central moulded post. The lectern at Swanscombe, Kent, has an eras, circle of good foliage ornamenting each face of the book rest, and sonic tracery work at either end. The box form is more common in France than in England, the pedestal of such a lectern being surrounded by a casing of three or more sides. A good example with six sides is in the church of Vance (France), and one of triangular form in the Muse of Bourges, while a four-sided box lectern is still in use in the church of Lenham, Kent. The Gothic prayer desk, used for private devotional purposes, is hardly known in England, but is not uncommon on the Continent. There is a beautiful specimen in the Muse, Bourges; the front and sides of the part for kneeling are carved with that small tracery of flowing character so common in France and Belgium during the latter part of the 15th century, and the back, which rises to a height of 6 ft (1.8 m)., contains a little crucifix with traceried decoration above and below.

A word should be said about the ciboria, so often found on the Oboria continent of Europe. In tapering arrangement of tabernacle work they rival the English font covers in delicacy of outline (Muse, Rouen).

Numbers of doors are to be met with not only in churches but also in private houses. Lavenham, Suffolk, is rich in work of this latter ooo,-s class. In England the general custom was to carve the head of the door only with tracery (East Brent, Somerset), but in the Tudor period doors were some times covered entirely with linenfold paneling (St Albans Abbey). This form of decoration was exceedingly common on the Continent as well as in England. In France the doors towards the latter part of the r5th century were often square-headed, or perhaps had the corners rounded. These doors were usually divided into some six or eight oblong panels of more or less equal size. One of the doors of Bourges Cathedral is treated thus, the panels being filled in with very good tracery enriched with crockets and coats of arms. Biit a more restrained form of treatment is constantly employed, as at the church of St Godard, Rouen, where the upper panels only are carved with tracery and coats of arms and the lower adorned with simple linenfold design.

To Spain and the Teutonic countries of Europe we look for the most important object of church decoration, the retable; the Reformation accounting for the absence in England of any work of this iec kind. The magnificent altar-piece in Schleswig cathedral was carved by Hans Bruggerman, and consists, like many others, of a number of panels filled with figures standing some four or five deep. The figures in the foremost rows are carved entirely separate, and stand out by themselves, while the background is composed of figure work and architecture, &c., in diminishing perspective. The panels are grouped together under canopy work forming one harmonious whole. The genius of this great carver shows itself in the large variety of the facial expression of those wonderful figures all instinct with life and movement, In France few retables exist outside the museums. In the little church of Marissel, not far from Beauvais, there is a retable consisting of eleven panels, the crucifixion being, of course, the principal subject. And there is a beautiful example from Antwerp in the Muse Cluny, Paris; the pierced tracery work which decorates the upper part being a good example of the style composed of interlacing segments of circles so common on the Continent during late Gothic times and but seldom practised in England. ln Spain the cathedral of Valladolid was famous for its retable, and Alonso Cano and other sculptors frequently used wood for large statuary, which was painted in a very realistic way with the most startlingly lifelike effect. Denmark also possessed a school of able wood-carvers who imitated the great altar-pieces of Germany. A very large and well-carved example still exists in the cathedral of Roskilde. But besides these great altarpieces tiny little models were carved on a scale the minuteness of which staggers the beholder. Triptychs and shrines, &c., measuring but a few inches were filled in with tracery and figures that excite the utmost wonder. In the British Museum there is such a triptych (Flemish, I 511); the center panel, measuring an inch or two square, is crowded with figures in full relief and in diminishing perspective, after the custom of this period. This rests on a semicircular base which is carved with the Lord's Supper, and is further ornamented with figures and animals. The whole thing inclusive measures about 9 in. high, and, with the triptych wings open, 5 in. wide. The extraordinary delicacy and minuteness of detail of this microscopic work baffle description. There is another such a piece, also Flemish, in the Wallace collection, which rivals that just referred to in rni& applied talent. For, marvellous as these works of art are, they fail to satisfy. They make ones eyes ache, they worry one as to how the result could ever have been obtained, and after the first astonishment one must ever feel that the same work of art on a scale large enough for a cathedral could have been carved with half the labor.

With regard to paneling generally, there were, during the last fifty years of the period now under review, three styles of design followed by most European carvers, each of which attained great notoriety. Firstly, a developed form of small Panelling. tracery which was very common in France and the Netherlands. A square-headed panel would be filled in with small detail of flamboyant character, the perpendicular line or mullion being always subordinate, as in the German chasse (Muse Cluny), and in some cases absent, as the screen work of Évreux cathedral shows us. Secondly, the linenfold design. The great majority of examples are of a very conventional form, but at Bere Regis, Dorsetshire, the designs with tassels, and at St Sauvur, Caen, those with fringe work, readily justify the universal title applied to this very decorative treatment of large surfaces. At the beginning of the 16th century yet another pattern became the fashion. The main lines of the design consisted of flat hollow mouldings sometimes in the form of interlacing circles (Gatton, Surrey), at other times chiefly straight (Rochester cathedral), and the intervening spaces would be filled in with cusps or sprigs of foliage. It marks the last struggle of this great school of design to withstand the oncoming flood of the new art, the great Renaissance. From this time onward Gothic work, in spite of various attempts, has never again taken a place in domestic decoration. The lines of the tracery style, the pinnacle, and the crocket unequaled as they have always been in devotional expression are universally considered unsuited for decoration in the ordinary house.

But little reference can be made to the domestic side of the period which ended with the dawn of the 16th century, because so few remains exist. At Bayeux, Bourges, Reims and preeminently Rouen, we see by the figures of saints, bishops or virgins, how much the religious feeling of the Middle Ages entered into the domestic life. In England the carved corner post (which generally carried a bracket at the top to support the overhanging storey) calls for comment. In Ipswich, there are several such posts. On one house near the river, that celebrated subject, the fox preaching to geese, is carved in graphic allusion to the dissemination of false doctrine.

Of mantelpieces, there is a good example in the Rouen Museum. The overhanging corners are supported by dragons and the plain mouldings have little bunches of foliage carved at either end, a custom as common in France during the 15th century as it was in England a century earlier; the screen. beam at Eastbourne parish church, for example.

As a rule, cabinets of the 15th century were rectangular in plan. In Germany and Austria the lower part was often enclosed, as well as the upper; the top, middle and lower rails being carved with geometrical design or with bands of foliage (Museum, Vienna). But it was also the custom to make these cupboards with the corners cut off, thus giving five sides to the piece of furniture. A very pretty instance, which is greatly enhanced by the metal work of the lock plates and hinges, is in the Muse Cluny, and there are other good specimens with the lower part open in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

The chest was a very important piece of furniture, and is often to be met with covered with the most elaborate carving (Orleans Museum). There is a splendid chest (14th century) in the Cluny Museum; the front is carved with twelve knights in armour standing under as many arches, and the spandrels are filled in with faces, dragons and so on. But it is to the 15th century that we look for the best work of this class; there is no finer example than that in the Kunstgewerbe Museum, Berlin. The front is a very animated hunting scene most decoratively arranged in a scheme of foliage, and the top bears two coats of arms with helms, crests and mantling. But the more general custom in chest decoration was to employ tracery with or without figure work; Avignon Museum contains some typical examples of the latter class.

A certain number of seats used for domestic purposes are of great interest. A good example of the long bench placed against the wall, with lofty panelled back and canopy over, is in the Musée Cluny, Paris. In the Museum at Rouen is a long seat of a movable kind with a low panelled back of pierced tracery, and in the Dijon Museum there is a good example of the typical chair of the period, with arms and high panelled and traceried back. There was a style of design admirably suited to the decoration of furniture when made of softwood such as pine. It somewhat resembled the excellent Scandinavian treatment of the 10th-12th centuries already referred to. A pattern of Gothic foliage, often of beautiful outline, would be simply grounded out to a shallow depth. The shadows, curves and twists only being emphasized by a few well-disposed cuts with a V tool; and of course the whole effect greatly improved by colour. A Swiss door of the 15th century in the Berlin Museum, and some German, Swiss and Tirolese work in the Victoria and Albert Museum, offer patterns that might well be imitated today by those who require simple decoration while avoiding the hackneyed Elizabethan forms.

It is hard to compare the figure work of England with that on the Continent owing to the disastrous effect of the Reformation. But when we examine the roofs of the Eastern counties, the bench ends of Somerset, or the misereres in many parts of the country, we can appreciate how largely wood sculpture was used for purposes of decoration. If as a rule the figure work was I not of a very high order, we have conspicuous exceptions in the stall elbows of Sherborne, and the pulpit of Trull, Somerset. Perhaps the oldest instance is the often mutilated and often restored effigy of Robert, Duke of Normandy, in Gloucester Cathedral (12th century), and carved, as was generally the case in England, in oak. At Clifton Reynes, Buckingham, there are two figures of the 13th century. They are both hollowed out from the back in order to facilitate seasoning the wood and to prevent cracking. During the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries there are numberless instances of figure carving of the most graphic description afforded in the misereres in many of our churches and cathedrals. But of figures carved in the round apart from their surroundings hardly an instance remains. At the little chapel of Cartmel Fell, in the wilds of Westmorland, there is a figure of Our Lord from a crucifix, some 2 ft 6 in (0.76 m) in length. The cross is gone, the arms are broken away, and the feet have been burned off. A second figure of Our Lord (originally in the church of Keynes Inferior) is in the museum of Caerleon, and a third, from a church in Lincolnshire, is now in a private collection. On the continent some of the finest figure work is to he found in the retables, some of which are in the Victoria and Albert Museum. A Tirolese panel of the 15th century carved in high relief, representing St John seated with his back to the onlooker, is a masterpiece of perspective and foreshortening, and the drapery folds are perfect. The same may be said of a small statue of the Virigin, carved in lime by a Swiss hand, and some work of the great Tilman Riemenschneider of Wurzburg (1460-1531) shows that stone sculptors of medieval times were not ashamed of wood.

During the 16th century the best work is undoubtedly to be found on the Continent. France, Germany and the Netherlands producing numberless examples not only of house decoration but of furniture as well. The wealth of the newly discovered American continent was only one factor which assisted in the civilizing influence of this time, and hand in hand with the spread of commerce came the desire for refinement. The custom of building houses chiefly in wood wherever timber was plentiful continued. Pilasters took the place of pinnacles, and vases or dolphins assisted the acanthus leaf to oust the older forms of design. House fronts of wood gave ample scope to the carver. That of Sir Paul Pinder (1600), formerly in Bishopsgate, but now preserved in the Victoria and Albert Museum, is a good example of decorative treatment without overloading. The brackets carved in the shape of monsters which support the projecting upper storey are typical of hundreds of dwellings, as for instance St Peters Hospital, Bristol. The panels, too, of Sir Paul Pinders house are good examples of that Jacobean form of medallion surrounded by scroll work which is at once as decorative as it is simple.

In England that familiar style known as Elizabethan and Jacobean prevailed throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. At the present time hardly a home in the land has not its old oak chest carved with the familiar half circle or scroll border along the top rail, or the arch pattern on the panels. The court cupboards, with their solid or open under parts and upper cornice supported by turned balusters of extravagant thickness, are to be seen wherever one goes. And chairs, real as well as spurious, with solid backs carved in the usual flat relief, are bought up with an avidity inseparable from fashion. Four-post bedsteads are harder to come by. The back is usually broken up into small panels and carved, the best effect being seen in those examples where the paneling or the framework only is decorated. The dining-hall tables often had six legs of great substance, which were turned somewhat after the shape of a covered cup, and were carved with foliage bearing a distant resemblance to the acanthus. Rooms were generally panelled with oak, sometimes divided at intervals by flat pilasters and the upper frieze carved with scroll work or dolphins. But the feature which distinguished the period was the fire mantle. It always must be the principal object in a room, and the Elizabethan carver fully appreciated this fact. By carving the chimney breast as a rule to the ceiling and covering the surrounding walls with more or less plain paneling, the designer, by thus concentrating the attention on one point, often produced results of a high order. Caryatid figures, pilasters and friezes were among the customary details employed to produce good effects. No finer example exists than that lately removed from the old palace at Bromley-by-Bow to the Victoria and Albert Museum. The mantelshelf is 6 ft (1.8 m). from the ground and consists of a deep quadrant mould decorated with flat scroll work of good design. The supporting pilasters on either side are shaped and moulded in the customary Jacobean manner and are crowned by busts with Ionic capitals on the heads. Above the shelf the large center panel is deeply carved with the royal coat of arms with supporters and mantling, and on either side a semicircular arched niche contains a figure in classic dress. The Elizabethan carver often produced splendid staircases, sometimes carving the newel posts with heraldic figures bearing coats of arms, &c. The newels of a staircase at Highgate support different types of Cromwellian soldiers, carved with great vivacity and life. But in spite of excellent work, as for example the beautiful gallery at Hatfield, the carving of this period did not, so far as England was concerned, compare with other epochs, or with contemporary work in other parts of Europe. Much of the work is badly drawn and badly executed. It is true that good decorative effects were constantly obtained at the very minimum of cost, but it is difficult to discover much merit in work which really looks best when badly cut.

In France this flat and simple treatment was to a certain extent used. Doors were most suitably adorned in this way, and the split baluster so characteristic of Jacobean work is often to be met with. There are some very good cabinets in the museum at Lyngby, Denmark, illustrating these two methods of treatment in combination. But the Swiss and Austrians elaborated this style, greatly improving the effect by the addition of color. However, the best Continental designs adopted the typical acanthus foliage of Italy, while still retaining a certain amount of Gothic feeling in the strength of the lines and the cut of the detail. Panelling often long and narrow was commonly used for all sorts of domestic purposes, a feature being a medallion in the center with a simple arrangement of vase, dolphins, dragons, or birds and foliage filling in the spaces above and below.

The cabinets of Holland and Belgium are excellent[according to whom?] models of design. These pieces of furniture were usually arranged in two storeys with a fine moulded and carved cornice, mid division and plinth. The pilasters at the sides, and small raised panels carved only on the projecting part, would compose a very harmonious whole. A proportion of the French cabinets are decorated with caryatids not carved in the best taste, and, like other French woodwork of this period, are sometimes overloaded with sculpture. The doors of St Maclou, Rouen, fine as they are, would hardly to-day be held up as models for imitation. A noteworthy set of doors belong to the Oudenaarde Town Hall. The central door contains twelve and that on either side eight panels, each of which is carved with Renaissance foliage surrounding an unobtrusive figure. In the Palais de Justice[disambiguation needed] we see that great scheme of decoration which takes up the whole of the fireplace end of the hall. Five large figures carved in the round are surrounded by small ones and with foliage and coats of arms.

In Italy, the birthplace of the Renaissance, there is much fine work of the 16th century. A very important school of design was promoted by Raphael, whose patterns were used or adapted by a large number of craftsmen. The shutters of Raphaels Stanze in the Vatican, and the choir stalls in the church of St Pietro de Cassinesi at Perugia, are among the most beautiful examples of this style of carving. The work is in slight relief, and carved in walnut with those graceful patterns which Raphael developed out of the newly discovered remains of ancient Roman wall painting from the palace of Nero and other places. In the Victoria and Albert Museum are many examples of Italian work: the door from a convent near Parma, with its three prominent masks and heavy gadroon moulds; a picture frame with a charming acanthus border and, egg and tongue moulds on either side; and various marriage chests in walnut covered with very elaborate schemes of carving. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish Spanish, or for that matter South of France work, from Italian, so much alike is the character. The Spaniards yield to none in good workmanship. Some Spanish panels of typical Italian design are in the Victoria and Albert Museum as well as cabinets of the purest Renaissance order. There is a wonderful Portuguese coffer (17th century) in this section. The top is deeply carved in little compartments with scenes from the life of Our Lord.

During the reigns of Louis XIV. and XV. the principal merit of carved design, i.e. its appropriateness and suitability, gradually disappeared. Furniture was often carved in a way hardly legitimate. The legs, the rails of tables and chairs, the frames of cabinets, of looking-glasses, instead of being first made fcr construction and strength. and then decorated, were first designed to carry cherubs heads and rococo (i.e. rock and shell ornament), quite regardless of utility or convenience. A wealth of such mistaken design was also applied to state carriages, to say nothing of bedsteads and other furniture. However, the wall paneling of the mansions of the rich, and sometimes the paneling of furniture, was decorated with rococo design in its least illegitimate form. The main part of the wood surface would be left plain, while the center would be carved with a medallion surrounded by foliage, vases or trophies of torches and musical instruments, etc., or perhaps the upper part of the panel would be thus treated. France led the fashion, which was more or less followed all over Europe. In England gilt chairs in the style of Louis XV. were made in some quantities. But Thomas Chippendale, Ince and Mayhew, Sheraton, Johnson, Heppelwhite and other cabinet-makers did not as a rule use much carving in their designs. Scrolls, shells, ribbon, ears of corn, etc., in very fine relief, were, however, used in the embellishment of chairs, etc., and the claw and ball foot was employed as a termination to the cabriole legs of cabinets and other furniture.

The mantelpieces of the 18th century were, as a rule, carved in pine and painted white. Usually the shelves were narrow and supported by pilasters often of flat elliptic plan, sometimes by caryatids, and the frieze would consist of a raised center panel carved with a classic scene in relief, or with a mask alone, and on either side a swag of flowers, fruit and foliage. Baroque woodcarved apostels from Val Gardena

Interior doorways were often decorated with a broken pediment more or less ornate, and a swag of foliage commonly depended from either side over a background of scroll work. The outside porches so often seen in Queen Anne houses were of a character peculiar to the 18th century. A small platform or curved roof was supported by two large and heavy brackets carved with acanthus scroll work. The staircases were as a rule exceedingly good. Carved and pierced brackets were fixed to the open strings (i.e. the sides of the steps), giving a very pretty effect to the graceful balustrade of turned and twisted columns.

Renaissance figure work calls for little comment. During the 16th century many good examples were produced those priestly statues in the museum of Sens for example. But the figure work used in the decoration of cabinets, &c., seldom rose above the ordinary level. iii the 18th century cherubs heads were fashionable and statuettes were sometimes carved in boxwood as ornaments, but as a means of decorating houses wood sculpture ceased to be. The Swiss, however, have kept up their reputation for animal sculpture to the present day, and still turn out cleverly carved chamois and bears, &c.; as a rule the more sketchily cut the better the merit. Their more ambitious works, their groups of cows, &c., sometimes reach a high level of excellence.

Between the 17th and 18th century a florid woodcarving industry started in the Gardena valley, which is now located in the Italian province of South Tyrol. A network of people from that valley traveled on foot to all European cities, as far as to Lisbon and Saint Petersburg, to sell the products of hundreds of carvers. Finally in the 19th century in Gardena, mainly wooden toys and dolls known also as Dutch dolls or penny dolls, were carved by the millions of pieces. The Museum Gherdëina in Urtijëi displays a large collection of examples of woodcarcarvings from that region.

Gilded woodcarving in Portugal and Spain continued to be produced, and the style exported to their New World colonies, and the Philippines, Macao and Goa.

Nonetheless, the 1800s saw the teaching of woodcarving became formalized in several European countries. For example, the Austrian woodcarver Josef Moriggl (1841-1908) had a long career as a teacher, culminating in his appointment in 1893 as Professor at the Staats-Gewerbeschule (Craft School) in Innsbruck, where he served until his retirement in 1907.

In Gröden the institution of an art school in 1820 improved considerably the skills of the carvers. A new industrial branch developed with hundreds of artists and artisans dedicated to sculpture and manufacturing of statues and altars in wood exported to the whole world. Unfortunately the machine-carving industry, initiated in the 1950s and the Second Vatican Council, caused hundreds of carvers in Val Gardena to quit their craft. A worldwide trade of machine-carved figuerines and statues ensued.

Nothing can exceed the skill with which the Muslim wood-carvers of Persia, Syria, Egypt and Spain designed and executed the richest paneling and other decorations for wall linings, ceilings, pulpits and all kinds of fittings and furniture.[according to whom?] The mosques and private houses of Cairo, Damascus and other Oriental Cities are full of the most elaborate and minutely delicate woodwork. A favorite style of ornament was to cover the surface with very intricate interlacing patterns, formed by finely moulded ribs; the various geometrical spaces between the ribs were then filled in with small pieces of wood carved with foliage in slight relief. The use of different woods such as ebony or box, inlaid so as to emphasize the design, combined with the ingenious richness of the patterns, give this class of woodwork an almost unrivaled splendour of effect. Carved ivory is also often used for the filling in of the spaces. The Arabs are past masters in the art of carving flat surfaces in this way. A gate in the mosque of the sultan Bargoug (Cairo, 14th century) well illustrates this appreciation of lines and surfaces. The pulpit or mimbar (15th century) from a Cairo mosque, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, is also a good example in the same style, the small spaces in this case being filled in with ivory carved in flat relief.

Screens made up of labyrinths of complicated joinery, consisting of multitudes of tiny balusters connecting hexagons, squares or other forms, with the flat surfaces constantly enriched with small carvings, are familiar to every one. In Cairo we also have examples in the mosque of Qous (12th century) of that finely arranged geometrical interlacing of curves with foliage terminations which distinguishes the Saracenic designer. Six panels in the Victoria and Albert Museum (13th century), and work on the tomb of the sultan Li Ghoury (16th century), show how deeply this form of decoration was ingrained in the Arab nature. Figure work and animals were sometimes introduced, in medieval fashion, as in the six panels just referred to, and at the hflpital du Moristan (13th century) and the mosque of El Nesfy Qeycoun (14th century). There is a magnificent panel on the door of Beyt-el-Emyr. This exquisite design is composed of vine leaves and, grapes of conventional treatment in low relief. The Arab designer was fond of breaking up his paneling in a way reminding one of a similar Jacobean custom. The main panel would be divided into a number of hexagonal, triangular or other shapes, and each small space filled in with conventional scroll work. Much of this simple flat design reminds one of that Byzantine method from which the Elizabethan carvers were inspired.

In these countries the carver is unrivaled for deftness of hand.[citation needed] Grotesque and imitative work of the utmost perfection is produced, and many of the carvings of these countries, Japan in particular, are beautiful works of art, especially when the carver copies the lotus, lily or other aquatic plant. A favorite form of decoration consists of breaking up the architectural surfaces, such as ceilings, friezes, and columns, into framed squares and filling each panel with a circle, or diamond of conventional treatment with a spandrels in each corner. A very Chinese feature is the finial of the newel post, so constantly left more or less straight in profile and deeply carved with monsters and scrolls. A heavily enriched moulding bearing a strong resemblance to the gadroon pattern is commonly used to give emphasis to edges, and the dragon arranged in curves imitative of nature is frequently employed over a closely designed and subordinated background. Detail of a Vietnamese wooden column

The general rule that in every country designers use much the same means whereby a pattern is obtained holds good in China.[clarification needed] There are forms of band decoration here which closely resemble those of Gothic Europe, and a chair from Turkestan (3rd century) might almost be Elizabethan, so like are the details. Screens of grill form, often found in the historically Islamic countries, are common, and the deeply grounded, closely arranged patterns of Bombay also have their counterparts. The imperial dais in the Chien-Ching Hall, Pekin, is a masterpiece of intricate design. The back consists of one central panel of considerable height, with two of lesser degree on either side luxuriously carved. The whole is crowned with a very heavy crest of dragons and scroll work; the throne also is a wonderful example of carved treatment, and the doors of a cabinet in the same building show how rich an effect of foliage can be produced without the employment of stalk or scroll. One might almost say, he wastes his talent on such an ungrateful material as wood. In this material fans and other trifles are carved with a delicacy that courts disaster.

In Japan much of the Chinese type is apparent. The native carver is fond of massing foliage without the stalk to lead him. He appears to put in his foliage, fruit and flowers first and then to indicate a stalk here and there, thus reversing the order of the Western method. Such a treatment, especially when birds and beasts are introduced, has the highest decorative effect. But, as such close treatment is bound to do, it depends for success to some extent upon its scheme of color. A long panel in the Victoria and Albert Museum, depicting merchants with their packhorse, strongly resembles in its grouping and treatment Gothic work of the 15th century, as for example the panel of St Hubert in the museum at Chftlons. The strength and character of Japanese figure work is quite equal to the best Gothic sculpture of the 15th century.

There is a general similarity running through the carved design of most races of primitive culture,[neutrality is disputed] the chip form of ornament[clarification needed] being almost universally employed. Decorated surfaces depending almost entirely upon the incised line also obtain all over the world, and may no doubt be accounted for by the extensive use of stone cutting tools. The carver shows the same tendency to over-exalt his art by crowding on too much design as the more civilized craftsman of other lands, while he also on occasion exercises a good deal of restraint by a harmonious balance of decoration and plain space. So far as his chip designs and those patterns more or less depending on the line are concerned, his work as a rule is good and suitable, but when he takes to figure work his attempts do not usually meet with success. Primitive carving, generally, shows that very similar stages of artistic development are passed through by men of every age and race.

A very favorite style of chip pattern is that formed by small triangles and squares entirely covering a surface in the Cook Islands, the monotony being sometimes varied by a band of different arrangement in the middle of the article or at the top or bottom. So far as the cultivation of patience and accuracy is concerned, has no equal. The Fiji Islanders, employ chip designs rivaling those of Europe in variety. Upon occasion the aboriginal Marquesas carver appreciates the way in which plain surfaces contrast and emphasize decorated parts, and judiciously restricts his skill to bands of decoration or to special points. The Ijos of the lower Niger design their paddles in a masterly way, and show a fine sense of proportion between the plain and the decorated surface. Their designs, though slightly in relief, are of the chip nature. The method of decorating a subject with groups of incised lines, straight or curved, though often very effective and in every way suitable, is not a very advanced form of art and has decided limits. The natives of the Congo, now two nations, covered by the landmass of the Republic of the Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo does good work of this kind.

Carving in relief is common enough, idols being produced in many forms. The South African carves the handle of his spoon perhaps in the form of a giraffe, and in the round, with each leg cut separately and the four hoofs meeting at the bowl, hardly a comfortable form of handle to hold. The North American Indian shows a wider invention than some nations, the twist in various shapes being a favorite treatment say of pipe stems. The Papuan has quite a style of his own; he uses a scroll of the form familiar in Indian shawls, and in some cases the scroll entwines in a way which faintly suggests the guilloche. The native of New Guinea also employs the scroll for a motive, the flat treatment of which reminds one of a similar method in use in Scandinavian countries. The work of the New Zealander is greatly in advance of the average primitive type;[neutrality is disputed] he uses a very good scheme of scroll work for decorative purposes, the lines of the scrolls often being enriched with a small pattern in a way reminding one of the familiar Norman treatment, as for example the prows of his canoes. The Maori wood carver sometimes carves not only the barge boards of his house but the gables also, reptilian and grotesque figures being as a rule introduced; the main posts and rafters, too, of the inside receive attention. Unlike the Hindu he has a good idea of decorative proportion, and does not plan his scheme of design on too small a scale.

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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Woodworking

Introduction

• Glossary of woodworking
• History of wood carving
• Wood
• Wood art

Forms

• Bush carpentry
• Cabinet making
• Caning
• Carpentry
• Timber framing
• Chainsaw carving
• Chip carving
• Ébéniste
• Fretwork
• Intarsia
• Marquetry
• Parquetry
• Pyrography
• Relief carving
• Root carving
• Segmented turning
• Spindle turning
• Whittling
• Wood carving
• Woodturning

List of woodsSoftwood

• Cedar
• Pine
• Spruce

Hardwood

• Ash
• Aspen
• Birch
• Cherry
• Elm
• Hazel
• Mahogany
• Maple
• Oak
• Teak

ToolsSaws

• Bandsaw
• Circular saw
• Coping saw
• Fretsaw
• Jigsaw
• Miter saw
• Back saw
• Veneer saw
• Crosscut saw
• Ripsaw
• Frame saw
• Whipsaw
• Bow saw
• Buck saw

Other

• Abrasives
• Chisel
• Drawknife
• Drill
• Mallet
• Mitre box
• Plane
• Rasp
• Sandpaper
• Vise
• Workbench

GeometryJoints

• Birdsmouth
• Bridle
• Butt
• Butterfly
• Coping
• Crown of Thorns
• Dados
• Dovetail
• Finger
• Groove
• Halved
• Hammer-headed tenon
• Lap
• Mason's mitre
• Miter
• Mortise and tenon
• Rabbet
• Scarf
• Splice
• Tongue and groove

Profiles

• Bead
• Bevel
• Chamfer
• Ogee
• Ogive

Treatments

• French polish
• Heat bending
• Paint
• Steam bending
• Varnish
• Wood drying
• Wood preservation
• Wood stain

Organizations

• American Association of Woodturners
• Architectural Woodwork Institute
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• 1 King Rhyono's Codes
  • 1.1 Max/infinite Simoleons
  • 1.2 Name Mod
  • 1.3 Infinite Collectibles/Trash
  • 1.4 Max Skills
  • 1.5 Never need to eat, shower, sleep, converse, sit, use the restroom, watch tv, and want a bigger house.
    • 1.5.1 Press select to refill
    • 1.5.2 Press nothing
  • 1.6 Max friendship
    • 1.6.1 Bayou Boo
    • 1.6.2 Berkeley Clodd
    • 1.6.3 Cannonball Coleman
    • 1.6.4 Crawdad Clem
    • 1.6.5 Crystal
    • 1.6.6 Daddy Bigbucks
    • 1.6.7 Darius
    • 1.6.8 Det. Dan D. Mann
    • 1.6.9 Dusty Hogg
    • 1.6.10 Ephram Earl
    • 1.6.11 Ewan Watahmee
    • 1.6.12 Giuseppi Mezzoalto
    • 1.6.13 Gramma Hattie
    • 1.6.14 Harlan King
    • 1.6.15 Kris Thistle
    • 1.6.16 Lily Gates
    • 1.6.17 Lincoln Broadsheet
    • 1.6.18 Lottie Cash
    • 1.6.19 Luthor L. Bigbucks
    • 1.6.20 Mambo Loa
    • 1.6.21 Maximillian Moore
    • 1.6.22 Mysty Waters
    • 1.6.23 Olde Salty
    • 1.6.24 Phoebe Twiddle
    • 1.6.25 Polly Nomial
    • 1.6.26 Pritchard Locksley
    • 1.6.27 Roxanna Moxie
    • 1.6.28 Sue Pirnova
    • 1.6.29 Theresa Bullhorn
    • 1.6.30 Busta Cruz
    • 1.6.31 Cynthia Braintrust
    • 1.6.32 Jack I. Deal
    • 1.6.33 Sharona Faster
    • 1.6.34 All (Untested)
  • 1.7 Time Mods
    • 1.7.1 Advance time (+1 hour)
    • 1.7.2 Reverse time (-1 hour)
  • 1.8 Inventory Codes

02141124 3B9AC9FF

[edit] Name Mod

02141134 XXXXXXXX

02141138 XXXXXXXX

0214113C XXXXXXXX

[edit] Infinite Collectibles/Trash

2214123C 000000FF

0214125C FFFFFFFF

02141263 FFFFFFFF

02141264 FFFFFFFF

12141268 0000FFFF

[edit] Max Skills

Press select

94000130 FFFB0000

C0000000 00000005

221411EF 0000000A

DC000000 00000004

D2000000 00000000

94000130 FFFB0000

C0000000 00000007

02141206 65000000

DC000000 00000004

D2000000 00000000

[edit] Press nothing

02141206 65000000

0214120A 65000000

0214120E 65000000

02141212 65000000

02141216 65000000

0214121A 65000000

0214121E 65000000

02141222 65000000

[edit] Bayou Boo

02141154 00000064

[edit] Berkeley Clodd

02141158 00000064

[edit] Cannonball Coleman

0214115C 00000064

[edit] Crawdad Clem

02141160 00000064

[edit] Crystal

02141164 00000064

[edit] Daddy Bigbucks

02141168 00000064

[edit] Darius

0214116C 00000064

[edit] Det. Dan D. Mann

02141170 00000064

[edit] Dusty Hogg

02141174 00000064

[edit] Ephram Earl

02141178 00000064

[edit] Ewan Watahmee

0214117C 00000064

[edit] Giuseppi Mezzoalto

02141180 00000064

[edit] Gramma Hattie

02141184 00000064

[edit] Harlan King

02141188 00000064

[edit] Kris Thistle

0214118C 00000064

[edit] Lily Gates

02141190 00000064

[edit] Lincoln Broadsheet

02141194 00000064

[edit] Lottie Cash

02141198 00000064

[edit] Luthor L. Bigbucks

0214119C 00000064

[edit] Mambo Loa

021411A0 00000064

[edit] Maximillian Moore

021411A4 00000064

[edit] Mysty Waters

021411A8 00000064

[edit] Olde Salty

021411AC 00000064

[edit] Phoebe Twiddle

021411B0 00000064

[edit] Polly Nomial

021411B4 00000064

[edit] Pritchard Locksley

021411B8 00000064

[edit] Roxanna Moxie

021411BC 00000064

[edit] Sue Pirnova

021411C0 00000064

[edit] Theresa Bullhorn

021411C4 00000064

[edit] Busta Cruz

021411C8 00000064

[edit] Cynthia Braintrust

021411CC 00000064

[edit] Jack I. Deal

221411DC 00000064

[edit] Sharona Faster

221411E0 00000064

[edit] All (Untested)

Press select

94000130 FFFB0000

C0000000 00000023

02141154 00000064

DC000000 00000004

D2000000 00000000

Press R

94000130 FEFF0000

74000100 FF00000C

D3000000 0214112E

DA000000 00000000

D4000000 00000001

D7000000 00000000

D2000000 00000000

[edit] Reverse time (-1 hour)

Press L

94000130 FDFF0000

74000100 FF00000C

D3000000 0214112E

DA000000 00000000

D4000000 000FFFFF

D7000000 00000000

D2000000 00000000

12141892 0000XXXX Slot 2

12141898 0000XXXX Slot 3

1214189E 0000XXXX Slot 4

121418A4 0000XXXX Slot 5

121418AA 0000XXXX Slot 6

121418B0 0000XXXX Slot 7

121418B6 0000XXXX Slot 8

0000 Barbecue Grill

0002 Gagmia Simore Espresso

0003 Drinking Fountain

0004 Smoothie Machine

0005 Vending Machine

0006 Positive Potential Microwave

0007 Arctechnology 2-Door Refrigerator

0008 Sno-Time Refrigerator

0009 Dialectic Range and Stove

000A Epicurious Gourmet Stove

000B PyroInferno Atom Burner Oven

000C Bovitron Z-36 Cheese Modulator

000D Snowcone Machine

000E Popcorn Maker

000F Invisible Admirable

0010 Manila-100 Marine Aquarium

0011 Poseidon's adventure Aquarium

0012 Suit of Armor

0013 Prognoss Family Sized Crystal Ball

0014 Tropical Birdcage

0015 Zen Fountain

0016 Guillotine

0017 Shrunken Heads

0018 Potted Jade House Plant

0019 Potted Rubber House Plant

001A Monkey-Headed Jack-In-The-Box

001B Lawn Gnome

001C Lawn Leprechaun

001D Green Meteorite

001E Baroque Mirror

001F Shaker Floor Mirror

0020 Movie Poster

0021 JC Portrait

0022 Unicorn Tapestry

0023 Sarcophagus

0024 Modern Sculpture

0025 Neon Smoothie Sign

0026 Creepy Corner Kid Doll

0027 Giant Stuffed Gorilla

0028 Roman Statue

0029 Cheap Tombstone

002A Expensive Tombstone

002B Abstract Expressionist Painting

002C Neo-Expressionist Painting

002D De Stijlist Painting

002E Neo-Plasticist Painting

002F Impressionist Painting

0030 Giant Tiki Head

0031 Taxidermy Alien

0032 Golden Jackalope Antler

0033 Golden Dodo Feather

0034 Golden Dragon Wings

0035 Golden Gorilla Banana

0036 Golden Simosaurus Tooth

0037 Golden Triceratops Egg

0038 Golden Unicorn Horn

0039 Golden Veloci-Rooster Claw

003A Dawg House

003B Bonsai Tree

003C African Tribal Mask

003D Personal Painting

003E Candy Cane

003F Pilgrim Gnome

0040 Mardi Gras Mask

0041 Giant Pumpkin

0042 Golden Mop Award

0043 Voodoo Dan Doll

0044 Flaming Hoop

0045 Key to the City

0046 Lawn Flamingo

0047 Magic Lamp

0048 Comedy & Tragedy Mask

0049 Orange Pedestal

004A Periodic Table of Elements

004B Safe

004C Burning Smoke Sign

004D Velocirooster Skeleton

004E Soap Box

004F Music Stand

0050 Movie Standee

0051 Angel Statue

0052 Blind Justice Statue

0053 Lottie Cash Statue

0054 Python Statue

0055 3-Card Monte Table

0056 Throne

0057 Traffic Light

0058 Miss Urbverse Trophy

0059 Typewriter

005A Wall Mounted Alligator

005B Wall Mounted Swordfish

005C '98 Adder Bumper

005D Uncle Suede Shizzle's Cane

005E Electro Lamp

005F Khroniton Reactor

0060 Golden Fiddle

0061 Amber Coat Rack

0062 Petrified Dino's Egg

0063 Go Board

0064 Prehistoric Ficus

0065 Smoothie Machine (different description...but looks the same...)

0066 Punk T-shirt

0067 Megalodon Tooth

0068 Wooden Block

0069 Decorative Chess Piece

006A Chainsaw Chicken

006B Wooden Cowboy

006C Wooden David

006D Wooden Grizzly

006E Wooden Nymph

006F Wooden Potato

0070 Rowboat

0071 Totem Pole

0072 Viva Lost Wages Home Casino

0073 Brahma 5000 Behemoth Computer

0074 Invisible Computer

0075 Video Arcade Machine

0076 newton's Apple Pinball Machine

0077 Sky Diving Machine

0078 Robot Monkey Butler

0079 Robot Vacuum Cleaner

007A String Theory Super System

007B Zimantz Unity Stereo

007C Monochrome Television

007D Soma Electronics Plasma Television

007E Trottco RGB ultra Television

007F Robot Pet

0080 Amberson's Magnificent Sleigh Bed

0081 Amberson's Magnificent Double Bed

0082 Invisible Jail Bed

0083 Spartan Special Bed

0084 TykeNyte Bed

0085 Invisible City Bench

0086 Invisible Park Bench

0087 Invisible Bookshelf

0088 Country Class Chair

0089 Work-Bunst All Purpose Chair

008A Back Slack Recliner Chair

008B Comfy Recliner

008C Giant Leather Recliner

008D Plaid Recliner

008E Zebra Recliner

008F Biker Sofa

0090 Cheap Eazzze Sofa

0091 Country Class Couch

0092 The Wally Whitman Repose Sofa

0093 Zebra Faux-Fur Sofa

0094 DTS Wood Countertop

0095 DTS Wood Countertop with Sink

0096 SteriLife Bathroom Countertop

0097 SteriLife Bathroom Counter and Sink

0098 Invisible Jail Door

0099 Invisible Locked Door

009A Pinegulcher Dresser

009B Amorous Inc. Love Seat

009C Invisible Love Seat

009D Aluminum Card Table

009E London Mesa Dining Table

009F Anywhere End Table

00A0 Celestial Slumber Moon Bed

00A1 Seat of Tranquility Crater Chair

00A2 Denizen Cane Bamboo Bed

00A3 Denizen Cane Bamboo Chair

00A4 Denizen Cane Bamboo Recliner

00A5 Race Car Bed

00A6 High-Heel Shoe Chair

00A7 Make-up Table

00A8 Invisible Creative

00A9 Max Matewell's Pro-Chess Board

00AA Bump n' Boogaloo Dance Pad

00AB Hot Trot Dance Tiles (exactly the same as "Bump n' Boogaloo Dance Pad")

00AC Skratch N' Spin DJ Starter starter pack

00AD Dilly Taunt's Portable Easel Kit

00AE Free Weight Set

00AF Offender Guitar and Amplifier

00B0 GalleLayman Backyard Telescope

00B1 Exerto Treadmill

00B2 Virtual Hogg Motorcycle Repair Ride

00B3 Light-up Teddy Bear

00B4 Trampoline

00B5 Bod-Mod Booth

00B6 Mad Skillz Cerebral Data Infuser

00B7 Sensory Deprivation Chamber

00B8 Ultimate MP-DEE Stereo System

00B9 Artsie Clubhouse Keys

00BA Nerdie Clubhouse Keys

00BB Richie Clubhouse Keys

00BC Streetie Clubhouse Keys

00BD Artsie Trade Magazine

00BE Nerdie Trade Magazine

00BF Richie Trade Magazine

00C0 Streetie Trade Magazine

00C1 Artsie Trophy

00C2 Nerdie Trophy

00C3 Richie Trophy

00C4 Streetie Trophy

00C5 Gold Rep Group Plaque

00C6 Silver Rep Group Plaque

00C7 Envelope and Package (these are your bills, deliveries, etc.)

00C8 The Savvy Shower

00C9 SaniQueen Luxury Shower

00CA Invisible Shower

00CB Mr. Andersonville Sink

00CC Invisible Sink

00CD Hanging Telephone

00CE Pay Phone

00CF Invisible Telephone

00D0 HygeiaOmatic Toilet

00D1 Pee-K-Boo Mfc. Toilet

00D2 Invisible Toilet

00D3 Temporal Flux Treader Mark II

00D4 Invisible Toilet

00D5 XXXNOTUSED Cozypod Incubator

00D6 XXXNOTUSED Super Cozypod Incubator

00D7 The Mix Whizzard

00D8 The Mix Whizzard De-Lux

00D9 XXXNOTUSED Helix Splicer

00DA XXXNOTUSED DNAce Gene-Splicer

00DB Woodcarving Table

00DC XXXNOTUSED Amber Tumbler

00DD Craftmaestro Pro Bench

00DE Craftmaestro Mini-Bench

00DF Invisible Workbench

00E0 Nugget of Amber

00E1 Chicken

00E2 Swarm of Flies

00E3 Jukebox

00E4 Glo-Green Stick

00E5 Paradise Island Map

00E6 Moving Crate

00E7 Dinosaur (description: XXXNOTUSED Lava Lamp Museum Exhibit)

00E8 Lava Lamp (description: XXXNOTUSED Dinosaur Museum Exhibit)

00E9 Meteor

00EA Mummified Elvyz

00EB Ball o' Twine

00EC Dancing Nutria

00ED Pet

00EE Pile of Ash

00EF Living Artemisia

00F0 Dead Artemisia

00F1 Puddle

00F2 Puddle

00F3 Elm Wood

00F4 Oak Wood

00F5 Petrified Wood

00F6 Redwood Wood

00F7 Teak Wood

00F8 MJ Foxfire Gravboard

00F9 Daddy B's Claim Flag.

00FA Manacles **NOTUSED** (its description says "invisble")

00FB Splicer Island Flag

00FC Laser Cage

00FD Shaggy Stage Beard

00FE Gramma Hattie's Recipe Book

00FF Mysterious Briefcase

0100 Mysterious Rigged Briefcase

0101 Naval Officer's Cap

0102 Navy Pea Coat

0103 Pepper Pete Disguise

0104 Letter to the Governor

0105 Locket Chain

0106 XXXNOTUSED Locket - 2nd Half

0107 Antique Locket

0108 Slip of Paper

0109 Scrap of Paper

010A Bamboo Saxophone Reed

010B Squeegee 'n Bucket

010C Master's Thesis (blue)

010D Master's These (green)

010E Master's Thesis (red)

010F Large Elm Block

0110 Stack of Blueprints

0111 Movie Ticket

0112 Question Coconut (1)

0113 Question Coconut (2)

0114 Question Coconut (3)

0115 Question Coconut (4)

0116 Caramel Apples Mix

0117 Splicer Island Plans

0118 Beans n' Rice

0119 Grilled Catfish

011A Jumbo Combo

011B Fresh Cornbread

011C Corny Dawg

011D Great Gravy Fries

011E Jumbo Jerk Gumbo

011F Da-Slam Burger

0120 Chocolate Ice Cream

0121 Cheesy Pizza

0122 Slice o' Heaven Pizza

0123 Mega-Bucket of Popcorn

0124 Bayou Bubbly

0125 Caramel Coffee

0126 Cup o' Jay

0127 Cup o' Joe

0128 Cup o' Kev

0129 Cup o' Les

012A Barrel o' Soda

012B Tub o' Soda

012C Fruit Squeezee

012D Mango Mambo Smoothie

012E Swamp Juice

012F Zydeco Zowee

0130 Apples

0131 Chocolate

0132 Flour

0133 Lemon

0134 Nuts

0135 Strawberries

0136 Sugar

0137 Vanilla

0138 Carameled Apples

0139 Chocolate Biscotti

013A Fudge Brownies

013B Chocolate Cake

013C Low-Carb Chocolate Cake

013D Cocoa Apple Cake

013E Birthday Cupcakes

013F Red Velvet Cake

0140 Strawberry Shortcake

0141 Giant Chocolate Bunny

0142 Chocolate Decadence

0143 Sugar Cookies

0144 Glazed Fruit Salad

0145 Apple Pie

0146 Lemon Meringue Pie

0147 Pecan Pie

0148 Lemon Pudding

0149 Apple Strudel

014A Lemon Tart

014B Vanilla Swirl Tart

014C Strawberry Tiramisu

014D Mummified Alligator

014E Plastic Deputy Badge

014F Rusty Cannonball

0150 Knitted Blanket

0151 Astrophysics Text

0152 Baseball Cap

0153 Civil War Cap

0154 Business Card

0155 Contract

0156 Dictionary

0157 Compact Disk

0158 DVD Collection

0159 Drawing of a Lady

015A Sealed Envelope

015B Top Hat

015C Motorcycle Helmet

015D Sports Car Keys

015E Fashion Magazine

015F Crystal Necklace

0160 Romance Novel

0161 Bottle of Snake Oil

0162 Legal Documents

0163 Astronaut Pen

0164 A Play

0165 A Portrait of Lottie Cash

0166 Medical Report

0167 "Bling" Ring

0168 Old Saxophone

0169 Dead Snail

016A Wrench

016B Sushi-To-Go Box

016C "Purple Gnome" DVD Box Set

016D DNA Sample

016E Reel of Film

016F Joke Can of 'Peanuts'

0170 Spare Key to Splicer Island (description meant "out" not "our")

0171 Stylish Shawl

0172 Olde Salty Action Figure

0173 Comic Book

0174 Book of Poetry

0175 Bouquet of Flowers

0176 Box of Chocolates

0177 Gold Ring

0178 Red Rose

0179 Jailhouse Teddy

017A Buff Berry Smoothie

017B Clock Berry Smoothie

017C DaVanci Smoothie

017D Gourmet Berry Smoothie

017E Mind Berry Smoothie

017F Silver-Tongue Smoothie

0180 Rosebud

0181 Slip of Paper (a different one)

0182 Epoch Museum

0183 Go Back (you'll actually see the "back arrow" in the slot and the "forward arrow" 2 slots away)

0184 Empty

0185 Go Back (you'll actually see the "back arrow" in the slot and the "forward arrow" 2 slots away)

0186+ you'll start seeing other icons and such of the game, including people.