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Anila Verghese has written:
'Religious traditions at Vijayanagara, as revealed through its monuments' -- subject(s): Antiquities, Architecture, Vijayanagara, Hindu Sculpture, Hindu Temples, Sculpture, Hindu, Sculpture, Vijayanagara, Temples, Hindu, Vijayanagara Architecture, Vijayanagara Sculpture
'Archaeology, art, and religion' -- subject(s): Architecture, Vijayanagara, Art, Hindu, Hindu Art, Hindu Temples, Sculpture, Sculpture, Vijayanagara, Temples, Hindu, Vijayanagara Architecture, Vijayanagara Sculpture
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Vijayanagara Institute of Medical Sciences was created in 1961.
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The Vijayanagara Empire
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what are the achivement of vijayanagar rulers
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Virupaksi Pujarahalli has written:
'Vijayanagara kalada samskrti'
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Krishnadevaraya is the person who wrote Amuktamalyada. He was the emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Amuktamalyada was written by Krishnadevaraya. He was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire.
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ananda gajapathi raju
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Sri Krishnadevaraya was the King and ruler of Vijayanagara Empire which included parts of southern Indian states - Karnataka, Andra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa and Maharashtra.
Also, Vijayanagara Empire had conquered most of the regions of South India that included the territories of Mysore, Trichinopally, Kanara, Pondicherry, Chingalpet and Kanchivaram.
Please see related links for Map of Vijayanagara Empire.
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R. N. Saletore was a renowned historian from India known for his works on South Indian history, particularly focusing on the Vijayanagara Empire and Kannada literature. Some of his notable works include "Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire" and "History of South India."
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Suryanath U. Kamath has written:
'Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara and his times' -- subject(s): Kings and rulers, Biography, History
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The surname of Sri Krishna Devaraya was "Tuluva". He belonged to the Tuluva dynasty that ruled the Vijayanagara Empire in Southern India during the 16th century.
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The village of Hampi is located in India, northern Karnataka state. Hampi is build on banks of river Tungabhadra. It is part of ruins of the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire.
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No, Krishnadevaraya was not a Yadava. He was a ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire and belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. The Yadavas were a different royal dynasty that ruled parts of South India during a different period.
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The Classical Age
Gurjara-Pratihara
Pala Empire
Rashtrakuta Empire
Art, Philosophy, Literature
Islam in India
Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagara Empire,
Music, Guru Nanak
Mughal India
Architecture,
Maratha Confederacy
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"Amuktamalyada" is a famous book written by Krishnadevaraya, who was a ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in South India during the 16th century. This Telugu language work is a literary masterpiece that combines mythological themes with descriptions of daily life and human emotions.
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The Virupaksha Temple in Hampi is significant as one of the oldest and most important temples in the region. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva and has a rich history dating back to the 7th century. The temple is a major pilgrimage site and a symbol of the architectural and cultural heritage of the Vijayanagara Empire.
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The physical features of Krishnadevaraya were described in detail by Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes in his account of the Vijayanagara Empire during his visit in the early 16th century. He noted Krishnadevaraya's impressive height, fair complexion, long beard, and majestic presence.
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Hampi was chosen as the capital of Vijayanagara Empire due to its strategic location, natural defenses provided by the surrounding boulder-strewn landscape, and proximity to the Tungabhadra River for water supply and agriculture. Additionally, Hampi was already a flourishing center of trade and culture during that time, making it a suitable choice for a capital city.
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I really dont know
1.Krishnadevaraya was the king of Vijayanagara,16 centuary
2.The book -The Giver of the Worn Garland Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada - by sri Kriahnadevaraya and Srinivas Reddy
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Karnataka itself has got permission for addition of 930 seats including 150 seats in Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute and 100 for Vijayanagara Institute of Medical Sciences. As of now Karnataka has 39 institutions including 10 government colleges with a total of 4,855 MBBS seats.......
have a nice smile..:D
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Telugu poet Gurajada Apparao coined the phrase "Telugu is the Italian of the East" to emphasize the beauty and richness of the Telugu language. This comparison signifies the cultural and linguistic significance of Telugu in the same way Italian is regarded in the Western world.
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Kshatriyas. Pathrudu Kings. Pathrudu means “Lord”. Pathrudu and Gajapathi titles were used by family members of Suryavamsi Gajapathi Kings. Pediredla, Lanka, Behara, Karri are some of the prominent surnames in this cast.
3 answers
C. Sivaramamurti has written:
'Indian painting [by] Sivaramamurti' -- subject(s): Painting, Indic, History, Indic Painting
'Approach to nature in Indian art and thought' -- subject(s): Art, Indic, Symbolism in art, Nature (Aesthetics), Philosophy, Indic, Indic Art, Indic Philosophy
'The painter in ancient India' -- subject(s): Painting, Indic, Indic Painting
'Some aspects of Indian culture' -- subject(s): Hinduism
'The Amaravati mode of sculpture'
'Directory of museums in India' -- subject(s): Museums, Directories
'Nataraja in art, thought, and literature'
'Sanskrit literature and art' -- subject(s): Sanskrit literature, Civilization, Art, History and criticism
'Sources of history illumined by literature' -- subject(s): Art, Indic, History in art, Art and history, Pictorial works, History, Indic Art
'Birds and animals in Indian sculpture' -- subject(s): Animals in art, Birds in art, Sculpture, Indic, Indic Sculpture
'Vijayanagara paintings' -- subject(s): Mural painting and decoration, Vijayanagara, Mural painting and decoration, Indic, Vijayanagara Mural painting and decoration, Indic Mural painting and decoration
'Invitation to Indian art' -- subject(s): Art, Indic, Indic Art
'South Indian paintings' -- subject(s): Mural painting and decoration, Painting
'Indian epigraphy and South Indian scripts' -- subject(s): Inscriptions
'Amaravati sculptures in the Chennai Government Museum' -- subject(s): Catalogs, Sculpture, Indic, Sculpture, Sculpture, Buddhist, Government Museum (Madras, India), Buddhist Sculpture, Indic Sculpture
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Henry Jaeger has written:
'Der Drehorgelmann'
'Jakob auf der Leiter'
'Hellseher wider Willen'
'Rebellion of the lost' -- subject(s): Protected DAISY
'Unter Anklage'
'Der Tod eines Boxers'
'Der Club'
'Rebellion der verlorenen'
'Nachruf auf ein Dutzend Gauner'
'The fortress'
'Die bestrafte Zeit'
7 answers
S. K. Aiyar has written:
'Law relating to the Negotiable Instruments Act with digest of new case law and Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993, and rules alongwith important illustrations and useful appendices' -- subject(s): Negotiable instruments
'Law of provincial insolvency' -- subject(s): Bankruptcy
'Law relating to electricity in India'
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check this out ....... http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2043307/travels_in_hampi_the_pavilion_of_the_pg3.html?cat=16
Srikrishnadevaraya, who ruled the Vijayanagara Empire for more than two decades from the great city of Hampi died under mysterious circumstances. Some historians believe that he died of diabetes and bedsores. According to Portuguese traveler Domingo Peas, who wrote a detailed chronicle, Krishnadevaraya used to dink a glass of sesame oil every morning and exercise a lot. Some ayurveda physicians might have misguided Krishnadevaraya by giving wrong health tips. This practice, drinking oil everyday, might have caused diabetes. This disease usually leads to irreparable wounds, bed sores, that kill after they were infected.
Another view was Krihsnadevarya had contacted the syphilis disease, that spread from portuguese to Indians in the first part of the 16th century. But this view is not supported by any tangible material.
Dr Ranganayakulu
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You said historical. Sanskrit grammarian Panini, the Vedic commentator Yaska, Emperor Chandragupta Vikramaditya of the Gupta dynasty; Southern Indian Emperors Raja Raja Chola and Rajendra Chola; Hinduism philosophers Adi (the first) Sankara, Madhva, Ramanuja, Nimbarka, Chaitanya; the great devotees Tulsi, Surdas, Meera, Tukaram, Jnaneshwar, Eknath, Azhwars, Nayanars, Gorakhnath, Kabeer, Buddha, Nanak, Mahavira; Emperor Krishna Devaraya of Vijayanagara. Among the recents, Ramakrishna, Vivekananda, Raman Maharshi, Chinmayananda, Shivananda; astronomers and mathematicians Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta, Varahamihira, Bhaskara, Madhava of Samgamgrama, etc.
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Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, an important pilgrimage site in Tirupati
Birla Mandir Hindu temple
Diguva Mangalagiri Temple
Durga Temple in Vijayawada
Ramappa Temple
Malluru Ugra Narasimha Swamy Temple at Mangapet of Warangal District Andhra Pradesh, India
Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in the town of Tirumala in Chittoor district is a very important pilgrimage site for Hindus throughout India. It is the richest pilgrimage city of any religious faith in the world.[52] Its main temple is dedicated to the god Venkateswara. In 1517 Vijayanagara ruler Sri Krishna Deva Raya, on one of his many visits to the temple, donated gold and jewels,
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Sri Krishna Deva is from Balija Caste. He is not from Yadava Caste. Yadava caste did no rule in south India at all. The word Yadava used is regarding a Vamsa and not caste at all.
Sri Krishan Deva Raya came from Tulava Vamsa .
These is some relationship between Bunts and Balijas. Both Kannada Balijas and Telugu Balija. This has to be researched .
Sri Krishna Deva Raya is not a Kshtriya at all as claimed by a lady on TV Channel.
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There were many kingdoms which are known for their the centuries of Dravidian architecture. In fact, architectural historians subdivide the period of Dravidian Architectural growth into five periods associated with different dynasties: 1. Pallava Period, 2. Chola Period, 3. Pandava Period, 4. Vijayanagara Period, 5. Nayakkar Period.
The Pallava dynasty (600-900) associated with the Pallava period, was one of the pioneers of Dravidian architecture. The Pallava period provided several buildings of the early stage of the development of this style. Earliest ones are rock-cut temples. Later the temples were carved in one stone and in the later stages, there were structured temples. The Pallavas introduced the technique of building in stone into Tamil Nadu.
The kings of the Chola dynasty (300s -1279) are associated with the Chola period. This was the golden age for Dravidian Architecture. This styled developed from the early 11th century. Under the rule of the great kings Rajaraja (985-1014) and his son Rajendra Chola (1012-1044) architectural activities got unprecedented royal patronage. It perfected the unique elements of the Dravidian style and combined them harmoniously with new forms in astonishingly diverse ways.
Pandava or Pandian dynasty (500 BC-16th century AD) associated with the Pandava period perfected the transition from the rock-cut cave temples and freestanding stone temples.
The Vijayanagara dynasty (1336-1646) associated with the Vijayanagara Period, developed a style which was a combination of the styles developed in South India in the previous centuries
The Rashtrakutas dynasty (753 - 973) built some of the finest Dravidian monuments at Ellora and Elephanta
The Nayak dynasty associated with the Nayak Period saw the culmination of the Dravidian style. It continued the building style and technique of the Pandyas and improved on it. The notable features of the Nayak architecture are the pillared mandapas, the gopurams embellished with figures with minute detail, the closed prakarams, and the corbel brackets and full-sized figures of animals and riders on rearing horses.
Besides these five dynasties, other dynasties developed their own styles:
The Chalukya dynasty (543-753) is associated with the Badami Chalukya style, which is also called the called the Vesara style and Chalukya style. It was a temple building style that evolved in the 5th - 8th centuries Karnataka state. Their earliest temples date back to around 450 when the Badami Chalukyas were vassals of the Kadambas of Banavasi. It established the foundations of cave temple architecture. The temples built out of sandstone cut into enormous blocks from the outcrops in the chains of the Kaladgi hills.
The Western Chalukyas (or Kalyani Chalukyas or Later Chalukyas) (973 - 1180) further refined the Chalukyan style, which is called the Western Chalukya architecture.
Hoysala dynasty (1100-1343) developed a unique style called the Hoysala architecture.
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There were many kingdoms which are known for their the centuries of Dravidian architecture. In fact, architectural historians subdivide the period of Dravidian Architectural growth into five periods associated with different dynasties: 1. Pallava Period, 2. Chola Period, 3. Pandava Period, 4. Vijayanagara Period, 5. Nayakkar Period.
The Pallava dynasty (600-900) associated with the Pallava period, was one of the pioneers of Dravidian architecture. The Pallava period provided several buildings of the early stage of the development of this style. Earliest ones are rock-cut temples. Later the temples were carved in one stone and in the later stages, there were structured temples. The Pallavas introduced the technique of building in stone into Tamil Nadu.
The kings of the Chola dynasty (300s -1279) are associated with the Chola period. This was the golden age for Dravidian Architecture. This styled developed from the early 11th century. Under the rule of the great kings Rajaraja (985-1014) and his son Rajendra Chola (1012-1044) architectural activities got unprecedented royal patronage. It perfected the unique elements of the Dravidian style and combined them harmoniously with new forms in astonishingly diverse ways.
Pandava or Pandian dynasty (500 BC-16th century AD) associated with the Pandava period perfected the transition from the rock-cut cave temples and freestanding stone temples.
The Vijayanagara dynasty (1336-1646) associated with the Vijayanagara Period, developed a style which was a combination of the styles developed in South India in the previous centuries
The Rashtrakutas dynasty (753 - 973) built some of the finest Dravidian monuments at Ellora and Elephanta
The Nayak dynasty associated with the Nayak Period saw the culmination of the Dravidian style. It continued the building style and technique of the Pandyas and improved on it. The notable features of the Nayak architecture are the pillared mandapas, the gopurams embellished with figures with minute detail, the closed prakarams, and the corbel brackets and full-sized figures of animals and riders on rearing horses.
Besides these five dynasties, other dynasties developed their own styles:
The Chalukya dynasty (543-753) is associated with the Badami Chalukya style, which is also called the called the Vesara style and Chalukya style. It was a temple building style that evolved in the 5th - 8th centuries Karnataka state. Their earliest temples date back to around 450 when the Badami Chalukyas were vassals of the Kadambas of Banavasi. It established the foundations of cave temple architecture. The temples built out of sandstone cut into enormous blocks from the outcrops in the chains of the Kaladgi hills.
The Western Chalukyas (or Kalyani Chalukyas or Later Chalukyas) (973 - 1180) further refined the Chalukyan style, which is called the Western Chalukya architecture.
Hoysala dynasty (1100-1343) developed a unique style called the Hoysala architecture.
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TELUGU LANGUAGE (The Italian of the East) is the Mother tongue of Great Poet Tenali Ramakrishna who was Born in TENALI and worked as one of the Forte-Poet of Lord Sri Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara Empire, out of Eight Poets called Ashta Diggaja Kavulu. Tenali Ramakrishna also known as VIKATA KAVI, in Telugu language if you write this word "vikata kavi" even if you read it from Right-to-Left OR from Left-to-Right you will get same Pranounciation. Actually "VIKATA KAVI" is a Reward given by the Indian Goddess Angel "Kaaleka Devi", who given life vision and Guidance with Blessings to "Tenali Ramakrishna" for a Charismaatic Feature. Tenali Ramakrishna has Great grip on TELUGU & SANSKRIT Languages. Tenali Ramakrish also called as "Tenali Ramalingadu".Telugu people often proudly quote "Tenali Ramakrishna", for his wit and wisdom.
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check this out ....... http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2043307/travels_in_hampi_the_pavilion_of_the_pg3.html?cat=16
Srikrishnadevaraya, who ruled the Vijayanagara Empire for more than two decades from the great city of Hampi died under mysterious circumstances. Some historians believe that he died of Diabetes and bedsores. According to Portuguese traveler Domingo Peas, who wrote a detailed chronicle, Krishnadevaraya used to dink a glass of sesame oil every morning and exercise a lot. Some ayurveda physicians might have misguided Krishnadevaraya by giving wrong health tips. This practice, drinking oil everyday, might have caused diabetes. This disease usually leads to irreparable wounds, bed sores, that kill after they were infected.
Another view was Krihsnadevarya had contacted the syphilis disease, that spread from portuguese to Indians in the first part of the 16th century. But this view is not supported by any tangible material.
Dr Ranganayakulu
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Telugu is ancient language which is originated from proto dravidian languages
even Tamil too originated from proto dravidian, there is no direct relationship between Tamil and Telugu other than this. Telugu was wide spread in Tamilnadu due to Telugu naicker kings appointed by vijayanagara kingdom. during the era of naicker kings many telugus migrated to madurai,tanjore coimbattore and settled there. During this period carnatic music was flourished due to great contributions from Telugu saint tyagaraja who did all his compositions in Telugu.
There were vaggeyakaras from Telugu origin like syamasastri too contributed a lot.
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Common:
*Islamic empires
*Founder of Delhi Sultanate Qutb-ud-din Aybak was Turkic while first Mughal emperor Babur was Turco-Mongol.
*Ruled most of northern India.
*Made significant contribution to Indo-Islamic art and culture.
*Bitter enmity with the Hindu Rajputs.
*Political and cultural centers in Delhi. Mughal Shah Jahan had briefly shifted his capital to Agra though.
*Both came to an end because of a non-Indian opponent. Delhi Sultanate was captured by Mughals while the Mughal Empire came to an end after Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Burma by British.
*Both empires had issued jizya or tax on their non-Muslim subjects at various points of time.
Differences:
*Delhi Sultanate was ruled by a number of dynasties like Mamuk, Khilji and Lodhi throughout its history. Mughal Empire was ruled by a single dynasty.
*Delhi Sultanate lasted from 1206 to 1555, while Mughal dynasty lasted from 1526 to 1857.
*Turkish governor Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah revolted against the Delhi Sultanate and created Bahmani Sultanate which ruled a major part of Southern India. Unlike the Sultanate, Mughal empire did not suffer much because of internal dissidence.
*Delhi Sultanate was relatively more successful in suppressing Hindu resistance. They successfully met resistance posed by major rival Vijayanagara Empire. The Mughal Empire had lost a major portion of its empire to Hindu Maratha warriors.
*Apart from Aurangzeb, Mughal emperors were more tolerant towards non-Muslims. The rulers of Delhi Sultanate were not.
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Boya caste / Boya Naidu / Boyar Caste / Gangawaru Naidu
Nayak (title) Nayak, Nayaka, Nayakar, Nayakkar, Naik, Naiker, Naicker, Naickan, Naiken, Nayakkan, Naidu, Nayudu or Naidoo is a common title used by various caste and ethnic groups across India. They are all derivatives of the original Sanskrit Nayaka, meaning a leader. The community history of various groups that use this title differs from place to place.
Naidu Naidu (also spelt Nayudu or Naidoo) is a title used by various social groups of the Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states of India. It is also used in Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa and Chattisgarh. It is a Telugu derivation of the Sanskrit Nayaka, meaning "protector" or "leader". The word Naidu is etymologically related to the Tamil Naicker, the Nair of Kerala, Marathi Naik and Nayaks (Pattanayak) in Orissa.And it is considered one of the upper caste in south india which they claim kshatriya according to the varna system The term Naidu is the caste name and the title of the Kapu caste(Telaga/Balija Naidu)of Andhra Pradesh which accounts for about 28% of the population of Andhra Pradesh. Nayaka (Naidu) was an honorary title that was used by the people belonging to the other Telugu castes of Ekari (Pala Ekari) Boyar(warrior), Kamma, Mudi Raju, Koppula/Polinati Velama,Ayyaraka,gangavar(Boyar) etc in Andhra Pradesh and other states. It was used as a title denoting a village or lineage headman. Medieval Andhra dynasties like the Vishnukundins and Chalukyas and the recent ones like the Vijayanagara Empire conferred the title Nayaka / Nayakudu to a commander or Danda-nayaka (Army Commander) or a leader of a band of soldiers. The Nayaka title was originally conferred upon Telugu communities. In medieval times, the Kakatiya and Vijayanagara Kingdoms had many prominent nayakas from various castes. During the expansion of Vijayanagar Empire, the Nayak title was conferred upon non-Telugu speaking communities who served in the same function in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. This title is also used by other communities in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Nayaka title was conferred upon warriors who received land along with the title Nayaka as a part of the Nayankarapuvaram system for services rendered to the court during the Kakatiya dynasty. Nayaka was one among approximately 25 titles used by the Kakatiyas to create a new political infrastructure to undercut the authority of heredity regional elites.[1] The Nayankara system was also used by the Vijayanagar empire [2] wherein land was granted to a Nayaka or Palayakarrar (Polygar) on condition that they would place their military service at the disposal of the king.[3] Many communities later began using the Naick or Naidu surname. Edgar Thurston (Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol. 5; p. 138) noted that "Naidu" or "Nayudu" title was in use by several Telugu castes in colonial India (in alphabetical order): Balija, Bestha, Boyar(warrior) caste, Ekari, gangawar(Boyar), Gavara,Kalingi, Kamma, Kapu, Mudirajus, Velama, Odde, Tottiyan, Reddy, Telaga, Uppiliyan, Idiga and Valmiki.
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Peter the Great ruled the Russian empire 1682-1725 and was known as Russia's great modernizer. The Boyars were noblemen, members of the elite; wealthy land owners with civil and military power. They were known for their long beards which they wore proudly and with distinction. Peter stripped the Boyars of their nobility and power. He also stripped them of their traditional beards and long sleeves by ordering that they either shave them off, or else, pay a hefty beard tax. Under Tsar Peter's reign, no longer were the Boyars allowed to work for personal interest; the advancement of Russia now became the top priority.
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Jewellery has always been a major part in our lifestyle. Right from the exhibits from the Indus Valley Civilisations to the paintings in the Ajanta caves to the latest excavations from the Vijayanagara Empire, our love for jewellery and the creativity and labour manifested in it has always been showcased with utmost grandeur and great importance. All Indian epics have references of gold, diamond and precious stone jewellery in abundance. There are few pieces of jewelleries that sail across centuries, with their love and fame not being tarnished to the least bit for several decades. The Jhumki earring is a classic example in this case
The Jhumki or Jhumka or Jhimki is a kind of earrings that have the shape of an inverted bell. A small tear drop shaped piece of metal usually hangs in the middle of the inverted bell. Sometimes tiny balls are strung across the rim of the inverted bell. When a woman wears a Jhumki and shakes her head, the tiny trinkets clang against each other and produce a lovely sound. This and the inverted bell like appearance has earned the name Jhumka/Jhumki for this ornament.
This piece of jewellery was originally worn in a large scale manner by Bharathanatyam dancers. The beauty of the earrings have since been captivating scores of girls and women so much that it has become a mainstream item of jewellery. Jhumkis are popular in gold, diamond, silver, kemp, precious stones, terracotta and even the ones made with silk threads. The shape of the Jhumki varies with each creator. From tiny drops to huge umbrella shapes, from squared jhumkis to conical jhumkis, the innovation put into the creation of Jhumki designs is ceaseless. The beauty of Jhumki is that it can match with any set of jewellery and also any Indian attaire.
From Karanphool Jhumka of Rajasthan to the Koda Kadukkan of Kerala, Jhumkis unite the jewellery love of all Indians. These beautiful set of earrings bring out the feminine beauty and grace in every woman in the most wonderful way possible.
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Naik:- The word Naik (Nayaka, a leader or chief) is used, by the older writers on Southern India, in several senses.
- The Native captain or headman.
- A title of honour among Hindus in the Deccan.
- The general name of the kings of Vijayanagara, and of the Lords of Madura and other places.
The titles of Boyar are said to be Naidu or Nayudu, Naik, Dora, Dorabidda (children of chieftains), and Valmiki.
The word Boya will be indicating the Rajput and the clan of Chieftain.Clan of Raja or King
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there are many Hindu sacred sites. some of which are as follows:Allahabad:A holy city and pilgrimage site at the confluence of three sacred rivers. One of the four sites of the Kumbh Mela.Badrinath:The most important of the four Char Dham pilgrimage destinations, featuring a brightly painted temple.Gangotri:The source of the sacred Ganges River and the seat of the goddess Ganga. One of the four stops on the Char Dham pilgrimage in the Indian Himalayas.Kedarnath:Holy city where a form of the god Shiva is venerated as one of the 12 jyotirling (linga of light). One of the four sites of the Char Dham pilgrimage.Varanasi (Benares):Holy city sacred to Shiva, but also the most sacred place in Hinduism regardless of denomination. It is believed that bathing in the Ganges or dying in the holy city of Varanasi will end the cycle of rebirth.Yamunotri:The source of the Yamuna River and the seat of the goddess Yamuna. One of the four sites in the Char Dham pilgrimage.
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n January 1510, fulfilling the orders from the kingdom, and knowing of the absence of Zamorin, Albuquerque advanced to Calicut (now Kozhikode). But he had to retreat after the Marshall D. Fernando Coutinho, against his warnings, ventured in the inner city fascinated by its richness, and suffered an ambush. To help him, Afonso de Albuquerque received a severe wound and had to retreat[20].
Soon after the failed attack on Calicut, Albuquerque hastened to form a powerful fleet of twenty-three ships and 1200 men. Contemporary reports state that he wanted to fight the egipcian Mamluk Sultanate fleet in the Red Sea or return to Hormuz. However, he had been reported by Timoji (a privateer in the service of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire) that it would be easier to fight them in Goa, where they had sheltered after the Battle of Diu [21], and also of the illness of the Sultan Yusuf Adil Shah and war between the Deccan sultanates[22]. So he invested by surprise in the capture of Goa to the Sultanate of Bijapur. He thus completed another mission, for Portugal wanted not to be seen as an eternal "guest" of Kochi and had been coveting Goa as the best trading port in the region.
A first assault took place in Goa from March 4 to May 20, 1510. After a first occupation, feeling unable to handle the city - given the poor condition of its fortifications, the cooling of Hindu population support and insubordination among his rank, after a severe attack of Ismail Adil Shah - Afonso de Albuquerque refused an agreement peace by the sultan and abandoned the city in August. His fleet was shattered and a palace revolt in Kochi hindered his recovery, so he headed to Fort Anjediva. When new ships arrived from the kingdom they were intended to Malacca, for nobleman Diogo Mendes de Vasconcelos, who had been given a rival command of the region.
Only three months later, on November 25, Albuquerque reappeared in Goa with a fleet fully renovated, Diogo Mendes de Vasconcelos vexed by his side with the reinforcements of Malacca[23] and about 300 Malabari reinforcements from Cannanore. In less than a day they took possession of Goa from Ismail Adil Shah and his Ottoman allies, who surrendered on 10 December. It is estimated that 6000 of the 9000 Muslim defenders of the city died, either on the fierce battle in the streets or drowned while trying to escape[24]. Albuquerque regained the support of the Hindu population, although frustrating the initial expectations of Timoja, who aspired to become governor. Afonso de Albuquerque rewarded him by appointing him chief "Aguazil" of the city, an administrator and representative of the Hindu and Muslim people, as a knowing interpreter of the local customs[21]. He then made an agreement to lower yearly dues.
In Goa Albuquerque started the first Portuguese mint in the East, after complaints from merchants and Timoja about the scarcity of currency, taking it as an opportunity to announce the territorial conquest[25]. The new coin, based on the existing local coins, showed a cross on one side and the design of an armillary sphere (or "espera"), king Manuel's badge, on the other. Gold, silver and bronze coins were issued, respectively gold cruzados or manueis, esperas and alf-esperas, and "leais"[26][27]. More mints would follow in Malacca in 1511.
In spite of constant attacks, Goa became the center of Portuguese India, with the conquest triggering the compliance of neighboring kingdoms: the Sultan of Gujarat and the Zamorin of Calicut sent embassies, offering alliances and local grants to fortify.
PLEASE VISIT WWW.GOADEFUNK.COM FOR MORE INFORMATION ON GOA
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They brought back the non-Muslim tax
= Mughal Contribution to Indian Literature = by thresiapaulose, Apr 2, 2008
India is a rich mine of hidden literatures! The vast wealth of literature still in palm leaves has to be brought out for open studies which surely will have a great impact on history as well as the knowledge of so many sciences. Tamil, Sanskrit, Urdu and other languages have contributed unimaginable wealth to the Indian literatures. When the countries enjoyed a peaceful life, literature and arts were flourishing well. That we can see in the history of India, especially during the Sangam periods, the Guptas and the Mughals. Most of the Indian literatures were in palm leaves till the arrival of the printing technology in the sixteenth century. Printing was a turning point in the Indian history. It came with the missionary movement of the Portuguese and others. Fifty-nine years after the landing of Vasco da Gama in India, the printing press opened its account at Goa, a few decades after the beginning of the 16th century. Within a hundred years of the printing of Gutenberg's Bible in Germany, India initiated its groping towards fashioning of types for the many Indian languages. Mughal Empire which was established in the north in the sixteenth century and the Vijayanagara Empire in the south witnessed the changes that were brought by the printing technology in India. There was tremendous literary activity during the Mughal period, because with the return of a stable and prosperous empire. There was once again patronage for the literary works. Languages like Persian, Sanskrit, Hindi and Urdu saw tremendous creative activity as did many vernacular languages. The Mughal Emperors, themselves interested in literature, encouraged literary contributions. Vast number of works were written during the period of the Mughals. We can easily divide the contributions of the Mughals into three categories: historical works, translations ,poetry and novels. Our understanding of the Mughal period was greatly enhanced by these books, and most of the historical works of this period provide us with a fairly reliable source of information. The important historical works written in this time were Ain-I-Akbari , and Akbarnama by Abul Fazl, the Ta'rikh-I-'Alfi by Mulla Daud. Akbar, though was not educated in any formal educational institution, could contribute much to literature. Jehangir possessed a keen interest in literature, and his autobiography is one of the finest amongst the Mughal emperors. During his reign important historical works like Ma'asir-I-Jahangir , the Igbalnamah-I-Jahangiri and the Zubud-ut-Tawaikh were written. Many important works in translation were also written during this period, with the translation of the epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana taking place. Many of the Vedas were also translated and several previous historical books were also translated. All this translation added to the wealth of Indian literature and spread ancient knowledge to a greater audience. This renewed interest in Indian literature would be an important tool used by the social reformers of the eighteenth century to educate the people about what the ancient texts really said as opposed to the distorted interpretations that were being followed. The Mughal empire encouraged a large number of poets and writers and hence there were a lot of new contributions published in this era. During the reign of Akbar, Jehangir and Shah Jahan the literary people had tremendous patronage and many remarkable works were composed. Since the Mughal emperors had integrated themselves into Indian society, they patronized many Indian languages leading to some good quality literature being developed for these languages. The main themes of the period were essentially religious, covering most of the major religions of the period. One of the fine Hindu works composed during this time was Ramcharitmanasa (the life of Rama) by Tulsidasa, which was a simplified version of the Ramayana. In Bengal there was a lot of work being created in Vaishnava literature. Writers like Krishnada and Kaviraj were popular authors of the time. Many biographies were also written during this period. The Mughals established a mighty empire that dominated India for more than two centuries. Their passion for nature and literature contributed much for the Indian literature. Books were very precious to the Mughal kings. Expensive and laborious contributions were as marked the symbols of royal wealth, power and intelligence. At the height of the Mughal power, the imperial studios hummed with the activity of hundreds papermakers, printers and business people of books. Today we can see and enjoy the books and manuscripts illustrated with exquisite miniature paintings of the Mughal Emperors treasured by museums around the world. The Mughal contribution to the Indian literatures is really great.
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India, with its rich history, diverse culture, and stunning landscapes, offers a plethora of destinations for travelers. Here are some of the best places to visit in India:
- Agra
Taj Mahal: One of the Seven Wonders of the World, this marble mausoleum is a symbol of love and architectural brilliance.
Agra Fort: A UNESCO World Heritage site, this red sandstone fort offers a glimpse into the Mughal era.
- Jaipur
Amber Fort: A majestic fort overlooking Maota Lake, known for its artistic Hindu style elements.
City Palace: A blend of Mughal and Rajasthani architecture, this palace complex includes museums and courtyards.
Hawa Mahal: Also known as the Palace of Winds, this five-story structure is renowned for its intricate lattice work.
- Kerala
Backwaters of Alleppey: Experience houseboat cruises through tranquil waters, lush greenery, and quaint villages.
Munnar: A hill station famous for its tea plantations, rolling hills, and cool climate.
Kochi: Known for its colonial architecture, Chinese fishing nets, and vibrant culture.
- Goa
Beaches: From the lively Baga and Calangute to the serene Palolem and Anjuna, Goa's beaches cater to all types of travelers.
Old Goa: Visit the historic churches and cathedrals, including the Basilica of Bom Jesus and Sé Cathedral.
- Rajasthan
Udaipur: Known as the City of Lakes, Udaipur is famous for its palaces, lakes, and romantic ambiance.
Jaisalmer: The Golden City, with its sandstone architecture, Jaisalmer Fort, and desert landscapes.
- Delhi
Red Fort: A symbol of India's rich history, this fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Qutub Minar: The tallest brick minaret in the world, surrounded by historical monuments.
India Gate: A war memorial and a popular gathering spot in the heart of the city.
- Varanasi
Ghats of the Ganges: Witness the spiritual ceremonies along the riverbanks and take a boat ride at dawn.
Kashi Vishwanath Temple: One of the most sacred Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Shiva.
- Himachal Pradesh
Shimla: A charming hill station with colonial architecture, cool climate, and scenic views.
Manali: Popular for its adventure activities, including trekking, skiing, and river rafting.
- Tamil Nadu
Chennai: Visit Marina Beach, Kapaleeshwarar Temple, and Fort St. George.
Mahabalipuram: Famous for its rock-cut temples and ancient sculptures.
Madurai: Known for the Meenakshi Amman Temple and its vibrant cultural heritage.
- Maharashtra
Mumbai: The bustling city known for its iconic Gateway of India, Marine Drive, and Bollywood film industry.
Ajanta and Ellora Caves: UNESCO World Heritage sites featuring ancient rock-cut caves with intricate carvings and paintings.
- Karnataka
Bengaluru: The Silicon Valley of India, known for its parks, nightlife, and tech industry.
Hampi: An ancient village with ruins of temples and palaces from the Vijayanagara Empire.
- Sikkim
Gangtok: The capital city with stunning views of the Himalayas, monasteries, and vibrant culture.
Nathula Pass: A mountain pass on the Indo-China border, offering breathtaking views and historical significance.
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Havelock Island: Famous for its white sandy beaches, crystal-clear waters, and coral reefs.
Cellular Jail: A historic site in Port Blair, known for its role in the Indian independence movement.
India's vast and varied landscapes, along with its rich cultural tapestry, ensure that there's something for every traveler. Whether you're seeking spiritual enlightenment, historical exploration, or natural beauty, India offers an unforgettable experience.
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