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Individual other than the insured or insurer who has incurred a loss or is entitled to receive a benefit payment as the result of the acts or omissions of the insured.
One who is not directly involved in a transaction or Contract but may be involved or affected by it.
Example: An apartment owner sells the property to a Condominium converter. The Tenants as third parties, may be forced to move or buy their units at the expiration of their Lease.
Example: A trusted third party was designated as Escrow agent by the Principals.
The party to a dental benefits contract that may collect premiums, assume financial risk, pay claims, and provide other administrative services. Also called administrative agent carriers, insurers, or underwriters.
Early in the history of the United States, two dominant parties emerged and became entrenched as the Democrats and the Republicans. Third parties have frequently risen to challenge their dominance, focusing on issues that the two major parties either ignored or suppressed. Sometimes a third party can supplant one of the major parties, as the Republican party did in the 1850s when it replaced the Whigs by opposing the spread of slavery into the western territories. More often, the major parties absorb the new ideas put forward by the third parties, which eventually disband.
The Tertium Quids, the nation's first third party, was formed in 1801 after John Randolph, the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, broke with President Thomas Jefferson on the issue of states' rights. This political group dissolved once Jefferson maneuvered Randolph out of office, but it did set an example for the possibilities of organized dissent through multiparty politics.
Third parties have traditionally formed to strengthen certain groups' support for or opposition to the general direction of American politics. The American Party (or Know-Nothings as they were commonly called) enjoyed a short-lived success in the 1850s by opposing immigration. The Know-Nothings won offices nationwide in the 1854 elections, due in large part to a growing xenophobia, but they were soon absorbed into the broader-based Republican party.
Third-party candidates have often run in Presidential elections. The Populist party, formed to aid beleaguered farmers, ran a strong third in the 1892 Presidential election. As the Socialist party candidate, Eugene v. Debs made four unsuccessful bids for president from 1900 to 1912. Despite their losses, the Populists and Socialists inspired the Democrats and Republicans to adopt many of the reforms they advocated, including a progressive income tax and federal banking and business regulation.
In 1912 former President Theodore Roosevelt broke from the Republican party and ran for president as the Progressive (or Bull Moose) party candidate. Running on a strong reform platform that included woman suffrage, an end to child labor, and greater federal regulation of the economy, Roosevelt ran second in the race, beating Republican President William Howard Taft but losing to the Democrat, Woodrow Wilson.
Third-party candidates seek to affect the outcome of elections by disrupting voter loyalties to the major parties. In 1948 Southern Democrats walked out of the Democratic convention after it adopted a civil rights plank. The States Rights (or Dixiecrat) party ran South Carolina governor Strom Thurmond for president. Meanwhile, former Vice President Henry Wallace also broke with the Democratic party and ran for president as the Progressive party candidate. Despite these defections, President Harry S. Truman held the core of the Democratic party together and scored an upset victory for reelection. Similarly, in 1968 and 1972, Alabama governor George Wallace campaigned as the American party candidate for president in order to oppose the Democratic party's support for civil rights legislation. Wallace captured a large portion of the southern vote with his anti-Washington platform.
Believing that the two-party system had become less flexible due to the growing importance of outside interest groups and multimillion-dollar campaigns, third-party candidates ran increasingly strong challenges in several elections toward the end of the twentieth century. In 1980 Illinois representative John Anderson left the Republicans and ran as an Independent for president, hoping to carve a constituency out of the disenchanted. Attempting to bring people on the outside of the two-party system together by representing a variety of interests, Anderson won 7 percent of the national vote. His effort was a precursor of the Reform party, founded by wealthy businessman H. Ross Perot.
Perot ran for president on the Reform ticket in both 1992 and 1996. In 1992 he received 13 percent of the vote, making the difference that enabled Democrat Bill Clinton to unseat the Republican President George Bush. Despite winning more than 19 million votes–a record for any third party–Perot received no votes in the Electoral College. This constitutional system, by which voters choose electors equal to the number of senators and representatives in their state and which requires a candidate to win a majority of electors to win the Presidency, has continued to force parties to remain national coalitions rather than splintered regional or issue groups. Third parties serve as a testing ground for new issues, and as banner under which disaffected voters can rally, but their failure to gain ground in the Electoral College usually sends their issues and their voters back into the two major parties.
The American political system has rarely been kind to third parties. No third party has won a presidential election in over a century. From the point of view of the two major parties, minor parties have functioned more as irritants or sideshows than as serious rivals. Parties such as the Libertarian Party, the American Vegetarian Party, the nativist Know-Nothing Party, and the agrarian Populist parties have been most valuable as safety valves for alienated voters, and as sources of new ideas, which, if they become popular, the major parties appropriate. In the historian Richard Hofstadter's classic formulation: "Third parties are like bees: once they have stung, they die."
Hofstadter explains this phenomenon by claiming that the major parties champion patronage not principle. A better explanation is more structural, and more benign. The "first to the post" nature of most American elections selects the candidate with the most number of votes even without a majority. Marginal parties that woo a consistent minority languish. On the presidential level, the "winner take all" rules for most states in the electoral college further penalize third parties by diffusing their impact. In 1992, Ross Perot received over 19 million votes, 18.8 percent of the popular vote, but no electoral votes, and, thus, no power. As a result, although there is nothing mandating it in the Constitution—and the Framers abhorred parties—since the 1830s a two-party system has been the norm in American politics.
The classic American third party is identified with an issue, or a cluster of issues. The searing antebellum slavery debate spawned various third parties. James G. Birney ran with the antislavery Liberty Party in 1840 and 1844; former president Martin Van Buren won over 10 percent of the popular vote—but no electoral votes—with the Free Soil Party in 1848. By 1860, the antislavery Republican Party had captured the presidency, although with less than 40 percent of the popular vote in a rare four-way race. Some historians consider the Republican Party America's only successful third party. Others argue that the party debuted as a new major party assembled from old ones, not as a minor party that succeeded.
Third Parties After the Civil War
The century and a half following the Civil War witnessed an extraordinarily stable rivalry between the Republicans and the Democrats. Throughout, third parties erupted sporadically, commanded attention, made their mark politically, rarely gained much actual power, and then disappeared. In the late nineteenth century, the agrarian Populist protest movement produced a Greenback Party and the People's Party. The 1892 platform of the People's Party heralded the reorientation in government power that shaped the twentieth century. "We believe that the power of the government—in other words of the people—should be expanded," the platform thundered. Some of the more radical Populist schemes proposing public ownership of the railroads, the telegraph, and the telephone failed. But many other proposals eventually became integrated into American political life, such as a national currency, a graduated income tax, the (secret) Australian ballot, and the direct election of United States senators. In 1892, James B. Weaver of the People's Party won more than a million popular votes and 22 electoral votes. That year Populists sent a dozen congressmen to Washington, while securing governor's chairs in Kansas, North Dakota, and Colorado.
In the early twentieth century, the Socialist, Socialist Workers, and Socialist Laborites helped radical Americans, particularly many immigrants, express frustration while staying within America's political boundaries. Typically, the perennial Socialist Party candidate, Eugene V. Debs, won hundreds of thousands of votes in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920, but not even one electoral vote. The only formidable third-party challenge from that era was a fluke. In 1912, the popular former president Theodore Roosevelt fought his handpicked protégé President William Howard Taft for the Republican nomination. When Taft won, Roosevelt ran as a Progressive. Thanks to Roosevelt, the Progressive Party won 88 electoral votes, and became the only modern third party to come in second for the presidency. Twelve years later, "Fighting Bob" Robert M. La Follette's Progressive campaign only won the electoral votes of his home state, Wisconsin. Still, as with the Populists, many Progressive ideas became law, such as woman's suffrage, prohibition of child labor, and a minimum wage for working women.
Third Parties in the Modern Era
In the latter half of the twentieth century, third parties were even more transitory and often had even fewer infrastructures. In 1948, Southerners rejecting the Democratic turn toward civil rights bolted the party to form the Dixiecrats or States' Rights Democratic Party. Their candidate Strom Thurmond won 1,169,063 popular votes and 39 electoral votes from various Southern states. That same year former Vice President Henry Wallace's breakaway party from the left side of the Democratic coalition, the Progressive Party, won 1,157,172 votes scattered in the North and Midwest, but no electoral votes. Twenty years later, civil rights issues again propelled a Southern breakaway party with George Wallace's American Independent Party winning almost 10 million votes and 46 electoral votes.
In the modern era, the most attention-getting third party revolts cast a heroic independent voice against mealy-mouthed and hypercautious major party nominees. In 1980, veteran Congressman John Anderson broke away from the Republican Party, after distinguishing himself in the Republican primaries as a straight shooter. In 1992 and 1996 billionaire businessman Ross Perot bankrolled his own campaign and party, targeting the deficit. And in 2000, the long-time reformer Ralph Nader mounted a third-party effort that did not even win five percent of the popular vote, but whose more than 90,000 votes in Florida may have thrown the election to George W. Bush.
In an era of cynicism and political disengagement, public opinion polls show that Americans claim they would like to see a third party as an alternative. At the state and local level, some third parties have lasted, most notably New York City's Liberal and Conservative Parties and Minnesota's Farmer-Labor Party. In the 1980s, the Libertarian Party advanced in Alaska, and in the 1990s, Connecticut and Maine, among others, had independent governors, while Vermont had an independent-socialist congressman. Still, these are mere shooting stars in the American political universe. As their predecessors did, modern, consumer-oriented Americans approve of third parties in principle, but rarely in practice.
Bibliography
Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F. D. R. New York: Random House, 1955.
Polakoff, Keith I. Political Parties in American History. New York: Wiley, 1981.
Reichley, James. The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties. New York: Free Press, 1992.
Rosenstone, Steven J. Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984.
A generic legal term for any individual who does not have a direct connection with a legal transaction but who might be affected by it.
A third-party beneficiary is an individual for whose benefit a contract is created even though that person is a stranger to both the agreement and the consideration. Such an individual can usually bring suit to enforce the contract or promise made for his or her benefit.
A third-party action is another name for the procedural device of impleader, which is used in a civil action by a defendant who wants to bring a third party into a lawsuit because that party will ultimately be liable for all, or part of, the damages that may be awarded to the plaintiff.
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Third parties in the United States are political parties other than the two major parties that participate in national and state elections, although there may actually be more than three parties. Historically, the U.S. has a two-party system. Following Duverger's law, the Electoral College with its "winner take all" award of electors in presidential elections has, over time, created the two-party system. Another contributing factor is the division of the government into three separate branches which differs from the parliamentary system.
Although third parties rarely win elections, they play an important role in democratic government. Third parties draw attention to issues that may be ignored by the majority parties. If the issue finds resonance with the voters, one or more of the major parties may adopt the issue into its own party platform. Also a third party may be used by the voter to cast a protest vote as if in a referendum on an important issue. Third parties do help voter turnout bringing more people to the polls.[citation needed] Currently 75% of the U.S. electorate consists of registered Democrats (42.5%) and registered Republicans (32.5%), with "independents" and those belonging to other parties consitituting 24.9% of the electorate.[[#wp-_note-Neuhart, P. (22 January, 2004). Why politics is fun from catbirds' seats. USA Today'.|[1]]]
The Anti-Masonic Party, seeking the eradication of the Freemasons and other secret societies from the United States, nominated former U.S. Attorney General William Wirt for President. Wirt, a former Mason, received seven U.S. electoral college votes from the state of Vermont, coming in third to President Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay.
The Free Soil Party, a precursor of the Republicans, nominated former President Martin Van Buren as its presidential candidate, splitting the vote in New York, and causing the election of Zachary Taylor.
With the Whig party disintegrating, their candidate, former President Millard Filmore, who also had the nomination of the Know Nothing Party, came in third behind Democrat James Buchanan and John C. Fremont of the newly formed Republican party. It is not certain which of Buchanan's opponents was the actual third party candidate.
During the 1850s the two-party system broke down and there were four major candidates, including the breakaway Southern Democratic Party, which nominated Vice President John C. Breckenridge as its candidate, and the Constitutional Union Party, which nominated John Bell. Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected with only 39% of the vote, and wasn't even on the ballot in many states.
James Baird Weaver ran as presidential candidate for the Populist Party. The Populist Party won 22 electoral votes and 8.6 percent of the popular vote. The Democratic Party eventually adopted many Populist Party positions after this election, making this contest a prominent example of a delayed vote for change.
Republican Theodore Roosevelt ran as the Bull-Moose Party (Progressive Party) nominee in the 1912 election and won more votes than Republican incumbent William Howard Taft, who became the first (and to date, only) incumbent President seeking reelection to finish third. (Former Presidents Martin Van Buren and Millard Fillmore both finished third in the 19th century, but neither was the incumbent President at the time.) The split in the Republican vote gave Democrat Woodrow Wilson victory with 42% of the popular vote, but 435 electoral votes. Socialist Party candidate Eugene Debs won 6% of the vote.
Eugene V. Debs, imprisoned in 1919 for violating the Espionage Act of 1917, won nearly 900,000 votes for President.
Erstwhile Republican Robert M. La Follette ran as a Progressive. He received 17 percent of the popular vote and won his home state of Wisconsin.
William Lemke running for the short-lived Union Party received 892,378 votes for 2% of the total vote.
Strom Thurmond ran on the segregationist Dixiecrat Party ticket in the 1948 election, splitting the Democratic vote and winning 39 votes in the electoral college from Southern states. Former Vice President and Cabinet Member Henry Wallace also sought Democratic votes by running for the Progressive Party and receiving 2.4% of the popular vote, but no votes in the electoral college. Despite both challenges Democratic incumbent Truman still defeated Republican Dewey in what was widely regarded at the time as an upset.
Vincent Hallinan of the Progressive Party received 140,746 votes.
Former Democratic Governor of Alabama George Wallace of the American Independent Party ran in the 1968 election. Wallace won 13% of the popular vote, receiving 45 electoral votes in the South and many votes in the North. No other third party candidate has won any states in the Electoral College since. Republican Richard Nixon won the election with 43% of the popular vote and 301 electoral votes.
Republican Roger MacBride cast his electoral vote for John Hospers and Toni Nathan of the newly formed Libertarian Party. This is the first electoral vote received by a woman. John G. Schmitz, the American Independent Party candidate won 1.5% of the vote, or 1.1 million votes.
Eugene McCarthy won 740,460 votes for President as an independent candidate.
Roger MacBride ran as Libertarian candidate, winning 173,011 popular votes.
Congressman John B. Anderson won 5,719,850 votes, nearly 7% of the vote, as an independent candidate for President. Libertarian candidate Ed Clark won 921,128 votes, or 1% of the total. Barry Commoner running on the Citizens Party ticket received 233,052 votes.
David Bergland and Jim Lewis ran for president and vice president on the Libertarian ticket. They received 228,111 votes.
Ron Paul received 430,000 votes for president on the Libertarian ticket. Lenora Fulani of the New Alliance Party received 217,221 votes.
Ross Perot, an independent, won almost 19% of the popular vote (but no electoral votes). Andre Marrou received 290,087 votes, running on the Libertarian ticket in all 50 states, and Bo Gritz received 106,152 votes for the Populist Party
Ross Perot ran for president again, this time as the candidate of the newly formed
In the 2000 Presidential election, George W. Bush won the deciding state of Florida by fewer than 600
votes. Some Democrats accused Green Party candidate Ralph Nader of having cost them the election, and in discussion of strategies for the U.S. presidential election, 2004 both parties weighed the costs to the
Democrats of another Nader presidential run. [1] Nader received 2,883,105 votes for 2.8% of the vote. Pat Buchanan running on the
Ralph Nader ran again this time as an Independent and
In winner-take-all (or plurality-take-all), the candidate with the largest number of votes wins, even if the margin of victory is extremely narrow or the proportion of votes received is not a majority. Unlike in proportional representation, runners-up do not gain representation in a first-past-the-post system. In the United States, systems of proportional representation are uncommon, especially above the local level, and are entirely absent at the national level.
American legislators have traditionally had wide discretion to vote as they or their constituents please. A Democrat representing a rural area can be pro-life and anti-gun control; a Republican representing a suburban district can be pro-choice and pro-environment. Thus, even though there are only two parties represented in most American legislatures, there are different shades of opinion.
In America, if an interest group is at odds with its traditional party, it has the option of running sympathetic candidates in primaries. If the candidate fails in the primary and believes he has a chance to win in the general election he may form or join a third party.
Aside from the mechanics of winner-take-all, the Electoral College, and the use of primaries, third parties are hampered by restrictive ballot access laws that force them to spend the bulk of their resources just to get on the ballot. Such obstacles include the requirement in several states that third party candidates obtain thousands of signatures of registered voters in order to get their candidates listed on the ballot. If they manage to get on the ballot, third party candidates are often not allowed. Socialist Party leader Morris Hillquist said in 1910 that America's presidential system has a role in hurting third party chances even further down the ticket.
Because of the difficulties third parties face in gaining any representation, third parties tend to exist to promote a
specific issue or personality, often an issue which either or both of the major parties may eventually end up co-opting. As a
counterexample, H. Ross Perot eventually founded a third party, the
There have been few third party governors in the past few decades. The last was Jesse Ventura, a member of the Reform Party and later the Minnesota Independence Party, who governed Minnesota from 1999-2003.
One way in which third parties can influence elections in certain jurisdictions in the United States (notably New York state) is through electoral fusion.
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A growing trend in US elections is for a major party and its supporters to help a third party with the idea of taking votes that
would otherwise be likely to go to the other major party's candidates. This is the classic "divide and conquer" tactic. The idea
is that if a third political party normally pulls far more voters from one major party than the other, the other major party can
benefit by the third party doing well in the election. Currently in the US, the Green Party is viewed as pulling more from the
Democratic Party than the Republican Party, and the Libertarian Party is viewed as taking more votes from the Republican Party
than the Democratic Party.
Some third party advocates object to the notion that third parties "take votes away" from major parties, on the grounds that the major parties were never entitled to anyone's vote to begin with. (See the discussion below, concerning "wasted" votes.)
In 1992 some political observers attributed Democratic presidential candidate Bill Clinton's defeat of incumbent Republican President George Herbert Walker Bush to Ross Perot's good showing. Others cite evidence that Clinton would still have won in a direct race with Bush.
In 2000, the victory of Republican presidential candidate George W. Bush over incumbent Democratic Vice President Al Gore for the US Presidency was widely attributed to the good showing of Ralph Nader, running on the Green Party ticket.
In 2004, both parties showed strategic interest in Ralph Nader's presidential campaign. Concerned that Nader might "spoil" the election for their candidate John Kerry (by attracting votes that would otherwise go to Kerry), the Democratic Party tried to deny Nader ballot access in many states, with considerable success. Even where the party failed to keep Nader off the ballot, the Nader campaign had to devote resources to ensuring ballot access. It was also reported that the Republican party assisted Nader's efforts to get on the ballot.
Nader's 2004 run was as an independent candidate; he generally emphasized
his independence from any political party. He did, however, accept the nomination of the
The most common argument against voting for a third party candidate has been that one's vote is "wasted" in that one's vote for a losing candidate won't count for anything, whereas the same vote cast instead for a candidate who is the "lesser of two evils" and who has a chance of winning might help that candidate win the election. In 2000 and 2004, Democratic supporters commonly told potential voters for Ralph Nader that a vote for Ralph Nader was a vote for Republican George W. Bush.
There is a great deal of debate whether voters who didn't vote for a third party candidate would have then voted for a major party candidate. It might be just as likely that the voter would not have voted at all if there had not been a third party candidate to vote for. Saying it is true, in this instance, such a vote could be viewed as wasted.
Typically, the more votes a third party receives, the more attention incumbent parties pay to the campaign issues being advocated by that third party. In 1992, Ross Perot's main "gripe" (as he said) was the growing national debt and the budget deficit. After 1992, many political analysts say both incumbent parties paid special attention to this issue and the result was the temporary reduction in and then elimination of deficit spending and actual reductions in the national debt for a brief period. Such a vote for a third party is then viewed as an indictment of both incumbent parties that neither is doing a good job on certain issue(s) to the point where voters reject both and vote for a third party candidate. Given this, a vote for a third party can be viewed as a delayed vote for change, not affecting the immediate outcome of the current election but affecting the incumbent parties after that election as they try to address the reason why voters voted for a third party in the last election, attempting to garner the supporters of third party voters who see this issues being addressed in an attempt to influence these voters to return to or join the major party that did address those issues in the next election. A prominent historical example is the presidential election of 1892, during which the Populist Party (otherwise known as the People's Party) achieved massive success by U.S. third party standards, picking up 22 electoral votes and 8.6 percent of the popular vote. After the 1892 election the Democratic Party adopted many of the Populist Party's positions, so many in fact, that the Populist Party nominated the same candidate as the Democrats in the 1896 presidential election (essentially marking the end of the Populists as a separate party). The Populist Party was able to do this using the process of electoral fusion. In 1992, Ross Perot campaigned telling his supporters to "send a message" to the incumbent parties about the national debt and budget deficit, which apparently was heeded, at least temporarily. If the case for the "delayed vote" can be made to the public by third parties, third parties might be able to change their "spoiler of elections" image to a "force for change" image.
Finally, voters in a "safe state" for either major party are unlikely to influence that state's electoral vote. These voters, if they choose to vote for a third party, will be drawing attention to that party, while if they vote for the major party they most closely agree with, they will not change the national contest. A preferential voting or instant run-off voting system could allow for more people to vote for a third party.
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Dansk (Danish)
adj. - tredjeparts-
Français (French)
adj. - (Jur, Assur) tiers
Deutsch (German)
adj. - Haftpflicht-, der dritten Person
Ελληνική (Greek)
adj. - τρίτου προσώπου, έναντι τρίτων
Português (Portuguese)
adj. - terceiros
Русский (Russian)
трехпартийный (режим), трехпартийная (система)
Español (Spanish)
adj. - tercero, tercera persona
Svenska (Swedish)
adj. - tredje part, tredje man
中文（简体） (Chinese (Simplified))
第三方的
中文（繁體） (Chinese (Traditional))
adj. - 第三方的
日本語 (Japanese)
adj. - 第三者の, 対第三者賠償の
עברית (Hebrew)
adj. - של צד שלישי (פרט לשני העיקריים), עומד מהצד, משקיף
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