tequila

Various brands of tequila

Tequila is a spirit made primarily in the area surrounding Tequila, a town in the western Mexican state of Jalisco, 65 km northwest of Guadalajara and in the highlands of Jalisco, 65 km east of Guadalajara. It is made from the blue agave (also known as Agave tequilana azul, Weber's blue agave, and also called Maguey by the local people), part of the lily and amaryllis families, which is native to Mexico. Tequila is most often made at a 38–40% alcohol content (76–80 proof), but there are also several varieties of Tequila produced with 43–46% alcohol content (86–92 proof) [1].

History

A distillery oven loaded with agave "piñas" or "pineapples", the first step in the production of tequila.

Tequila was first produced in the 16th century near the location of the city of Tequila which was not officially established until 1656. The Aztec people had previously made a fermented beverage from the agave plant which they called octli (later, and more popularly called pulque), long before the Spanish arrived in 1521. When the Spanish conquistadors ran out of their own brandy, they began to distill this agave drink to produce North America's first indigenous distilled spirit.^[1]

Some 80 years later, around 1600, Don Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, the Marquis of Altamira, began mass-producing tequila at the first factory in the territory of modern-day Jalisco. By 1608, the colonial governor of Nueva Galicia had begun to tax his products.

The tequila that is popular today was first mass-produced in the early 1800s in Guadalajara, Mexico.

Recent history

Blue agave fields and ancient distilleries near Tequila are recognized as part of the World Heritage List.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, increasing world-wide popularity of tequila drove corporate interest in the drink. Notable developments as a result included:

• The purchase of Herradura by Brown-Forman for $776 million in September 2006.^[2]
• A new NOM (Norma Official Mexicana) for tequila (NOM-006-SCFI-2005) was issued in 2006, and among other changes, introduced a category of tequila called "tequila extra añejo" which must be aged a minimum of 3 years.^[3]
• The purchase of the Sauza and El Tesoro brands by massive holding company Fortune Brands.^[4]

Although some tequilas have remained as family owned brands, most well known tequila brands are owned by large multinational corporations. However, there are over 100 distilleries making over six hundred brands of tequila in Mexico and over 2,000 brand names have been registered.^[3]

A one-liter bottle of limited-edition premium tequila was sold for $225,000 in July of 2006 in Tequila, Jalisco, by the company Tequila Ley .925. The bottle which contains the tequila is a two-kilo display of platinum and gold. The manufacturer has received the Certificate from Guinness World Records for the most expensive bottle of liquor ever sold.^[5]

2006 Tequila Trade Agreement

On January 17, 2006 the United States and Mexico signed an agreement allowing the continued bulk import of Tequila into the United States. Without this agreement all tequila would have had to be bottled in Mexico. However, bulk importing applies to "well Tequila" which must include a minimum of 51% agave. 100% agave Tequilas must be bottled in Mexico. In addition to allowing bulk import, the agreement also created a “tequila bottlers registry” that identifies approved bottlers of tequila.^{[citation needed]}

Other key elements of the agreement include:

• The end of restrictions of bulk tequila exports to the United States;
• A prohibition on Mexican regulation of tequila labeling or marketing, as well as the labeling, formulation, and marketing of distilled spirits specialty products outside of Mexico;
• Continuation of current practice with respect to addressing Mexican concerns regarding the manufacturing of tequila in the United States; and
• Establishment of a working group to monitor the implementation of the agreement.

TMA

For more detail on TMA, see the entry in Tequila agave

TMA is a blight that has reduced the production of the agave grown to produce tequila. This has resulted in lower production and higher prices throughout the early 2000s, and due to the long maturation of the plant, will likely continue to affect prices for years to come.^[6]

Types of tequila

Tequila is usually bottled in one of five categories:^[3]

• oro ("gold") – un-aged tequila which is "joven y abogado" (young and adulterated) which means that caramel, fructose, glycerin and wood flavoring can be added to resemble aged tequila
• blanco ("white") or plata ("silver") – un-aged white spirit
• reposado ("rested") – aged a minimum of two months, but less than a year in oak barrels
• añejo ("aged" or "vintage") – aged a minimum of one year, but less than 3 years in oak barrels
• extra añejo ("extra aged") or ultra aged– aged a minimum of three years in oak barrels. This category was established in March 2006.

The aging process changes the color of tequila, but the liquid can sometimes be colored with caramel to show a darker color, indicative of a longer aging process; añejos tend to be darker, the reposados slightly less dark, while the platas are not colored at all.^{[citation needed]}

It is a common misconception that some tequilas contain a 'worm' in the bottle. Only certain mezcals, usually from the state of Oaxaca, are ever sold con gusano, and that only began as a marketing gimmick in the 1940s. The worm is actually the larval form of the moth Hypopta agavis that lives on the agave plant. Finding one in the plant during processing indicates an infestation and, correspondingly, a lower quality product. (Note: for more information on how tequila is made, see mezcal.) However this misconception continues, and even with all the effort and marking to represent Tequila as a premium—similar to the way Cognac is viewed in relation to brandy—there are some opportunist producers for the shooters and fun market who blur these boundaries.^{[citation needed]}

In the 2000s, a distributor known for their Tequilas, launched Villa Lobos, a vodka which had the unique selling point that it too featured the "agave worm". The marketing of this product highlighted the drink's links with Tequilas and said that it was developed in reaction to the Tequila crisis of the previous years.^{[citation needed]}

Types and brands

Main article: List of tequila brands

There is a very distinctive taste difference between the different types of tequila.^{[citation needed]} The most notable is a "bite" for which tequila is often remembered. This "bite" is a characteristic of lower quality "gold" or "silver" tequilas and is mostly due to additives - commonly grain alcohols - that are less expensive than 100% agave.

With 100% agave tequila, blanco or plata is harsher with the bold flavors of the distilled agave up front, while reposado and añejo are smoother, subtler, and more complex. As with other spirits that are aged in casks, tequila takes on the flavors of the wood, while the harshness of the alcohol mellows. The major flavor distinction with 100% agave tequila is the base ingredient, which is more vegetal than grain spirits (and often more complex).

Drinks

In Mexico, contrary to popular belief, Tequila is drunk straight without salt and lemon. It is always popular to drink fine tequila with a side of sangrita—a sweet, sour and spicy drink typically made from orange juice, grenadine (or tomato juice) and hot chilies. Equal-sized shots of tequila and sangrita are sipped alternately, without salt or lemon.[2]

Tequila shots

Members of the United States musical group The Posies, demonstrating tequila cruda.

Outside Mexico, a single shot of tequila is often served with salt and a slice of lime. This is called "tequila cruda" and is sometimes referred to as "training wheels", or a "lick-sip-suck" (referring to the way in which the combination of ingredients is imbibed). The drinker moistens the back of their hand below the index finger (usually by licking) and pours on the salt. Then the salt is licked off the hand, tequila is drunk and the fruit slice is quickly bitten. It is common for groups of drinkers to do this simultaneously. Drinking tequila in this way is often erroneously called a Tequila Slammer, however this is a mixed tequila and carbonated drink. Though the traditional Mexican shot is straight tequila, lime is the fruit of choice when a chaser must be used.[3] The salt lessens the "burn" of the tequila and the sour fruit balances and enhances the flavor. This is rarely done with aged tequilas due to their smoother character.

In Germany and some other countries, tequila oro (gold) is often consumed with cinnamon before and slices of orange after, while tequila blanco (silver) is still consumed with salt and lemon.

Finally, as with other popular liquors, there are a number of shot-related drinking games and "stunt" drinks such as body shots and the tequila stuntman.

Glasses

A margarita glass

When served neat (without any additional ingredients), tequila is most often served in a narrow shot glass called a caballito,^[7] but can often be found in anything from a snifter to a tumbler.

The Consejo Regulador del Tequila (Tequila Regulatory Council) approved an "official tequila glass" in 2002, made by Riedel.^[8]

The margarita glass, rimmed with salt, sugar, or plain, is a staple for the entire tequila/fruit mixed drink genre, including the margarita itself.

Other drinks

There are an endless variety of drinks that involve tequila, relying only on the imagination of the preparer. As with most of the hard liquors, there is a martini variant that involves tequila as well as a large number of tequila drinks made by adding a fruit juice such as the Tequila Sunrise. Sodas and other carbonated drinks are a common mixer, as in the Tequila Slammer.^{[citation needed]}

Popular culture

Tequila is a common topic of popular culture, ranging from films that simply use the name, such as Tequila Sunrise (1988) to songs about the drink. According to Tom Robbins's book Still Life with Woodpecker genesis - illegal alien has the word in, tequila is the preferred drink of outlaws. Sandra Lee of the Food Network refers to tequila as "her friend." In song, tequila is diversely portrayed, ranging from Jimmy Buffett's semi-serious Margaritaville to The Eagles' maudlin Tequila Sunrise. The track "Mexican Cousin," off Phish's Round Room pays tribute to the drink stating "Oh tequila,I turn to you like a long lost friend. I wanna kiss my Mexican Cousin once again" and continues to refer to the drink as the band's "Mexican Cousin". Tequila even enters the popular news media. For example, Mel Gibson's anti-Semitic outburst when arrested for drunk driving was attributed to tequila consumption.^[9] Sammy Hagar, rock star (singer of the bar anthem "Mas Tequila"^[10]) and owner of Cabo Wabo Tequila described tequila's stigma as, "the stuff that you go, 'I will never drink that as long as I live,' and you have gotten sick in college on rot-gut tequila." This image of tequila as the instigator of particularly egregious intoxication and hangovers is pervasive in references to the drink in popular culture,^[11] this even leads to the chant:

One Tequila
Two Tequila
Three Tequila
Floor!
Five Tequila
Six Tequila
Seven Tequila
Morgue!

Notes

1. ^ Chadwick, Ian (2004). In Search of the Blue Agave: History and Legend.
2. ^ Brown-Forman Completes Casa Herradura Acquisition for $776 Million (Brown-Forman press release). Brown-Forman Corporation (2006).
3. ^ ^{a b c} Romo, Miguel Aguilar - El Director General de Normas (2006). NORMA OFICIAL MEXICANA NOM-006-SCFI-2005, BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS-TEQUILA-ESPECIFICACIONES..
4. ^ Fortune Brands: Our Brands. Fortune Brands (2005).
5. ^ "Bottle of Tequila Sold for $225,000", Associated Press Online, July 23, 2006. 
6. ^ Chadwick, Ian (2004). In Search of the Blue Agave: Industry News & Information.
7. ^ Chadwick, Ian (2004). In search of the blue agave Part 7 of 14.
8. ^ RIEDEL INTRODUCES OFFICIAL TEQUILA GLASS. Atlanta's Finest Dining.com (2002-04-12).
9. ^ Popkin, Helen A.S. (2006-08-16). Mel Gibson didn’t mean what he said: ‘Road Warrior’ continues to blame tequila, not himself, for bigoted rant. MSNBC.
10. ^ Mas Tequila lyrics.
11. ^ Interview with Sammy Hagar from Cabo Wabo Tequila. Tequila Aficionado Magazine (2006).

replace broken link with http://www.ianchadwick.com/tequila/index.html

External links

• Weblixr — User controlled alcoholic drink database
• National Chamber of the Tequila Industry
• Consejo Regulador del Tequila A.C.
• There is something about Tequila
• Tequila: Culture and Myths
• Academia Mexicana del tequila
• Tequila Planet: Learn Tequila; Reviews of Tequilas and Tequila Bars
• Viva Tequila
• Tequila News, Tequila FAQ's, and Tequila Brands Database
• United States and Mexico Reach Agreement on Tequila (PDF)
• Photographs of Tequila Bottles
• Tequila news page – Alcohol and Drugs History Society
• Buying Tequila - a guide to types, and changing trends in marketing of tequila

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