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Rijksmuseum Research Library was created in 1885.

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Rijksmuseum van Oudheden was created in 1743.

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Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie was created in 1820.

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Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie ended in 1984.

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Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie ended in 1984.

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It is in Amsterdam, Holland, United Kingdom, Europe!

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B. Haak has written:

'Rembrandt: his life, work and times'

'Art treasures of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam' -- subject(s): Art, Catalogs, Rijksmuseum (Netherlands)

'Rembrandt, life and work' -- subject(s): Artists, Biography

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The top three spots for vacationing in Amsterdam include the Amsterdam canal ring, Het Scheepvaart Museum, and Rijksmuseum. The canal ring is peaceful for a walk or for a boat ride. The Rijksmuseum is the largest museum in the Netherlands and both museums are worth a visit when visiting Amsterdam.

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In the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland (The Netherlands).

The painting has its own gallery room, the Nachtwachtzaal(Room of the Night Watch).

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You can see a picture of it when you google Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, or just click on google images. Or click the link below!

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The finest collection is, of course, In the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, but he is represented in most major museums all over the world.

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Jan Storm van Leeuwen has written:

'De achttiende-eeuwse Haagse boekband in de Koninklijke Bibliotheek en het Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum' -- subject(s): Bookbinding, Catalogs, History, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Library, Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum

'Europese boekbanden anno 1995' -- subject(s): History, Exhibitions, Bookbinding

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Jorien Jas has written:

'Het Peperhuis te Enkhuizen' -- subject(s): Buildings, structures, Pictorial works, Rijksmuseum Zuiderzeemuseum

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Roland Koekkoek has written:

'Gotische ivoren in het Catharijneconvent' -- subject(s): Catalogs, Gothic Ivories, Ivories, Rijksmuseum Het Catharijneconvent

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The Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam has Rembrandt's "The Night Watch" and numerous others of his works as well as Vermeer and others you would no doubt recognize.

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Most Popular Spot in AmsterdamThe large art gallery known as the Rijksmuseum (at Stadhouderskade 42) is the most popular tourist attraction in Amsterdam. It contains thousands of paintings, including those by Dutch masters such as Rembrandt.

For more information on places to visit in Amsterdam, see the Related Link.

Most popular museums in 2010:

1. Van Gogh Museum 1,432,500 visitors

2. Anne Frank House 1,050,000 visitors

3. Rijksmuseum 650,000 visitors

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Tokuhei Tagai has written:

'Mineral collection and 'Lapidographia japonica' by Philip Franz von Siebold' -- subject(s): Collection and preservation, Catalogs, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden, Mineralogy, Natural history collections, Catalogs and collections, Minerals, History

'Mineral collection and 'Lapidographia japonica' by Philip Franz von Siebold' -- subject(s): Collection and preservation, Catalogs, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden, Mineralogy, Natural history collections, Catalogs and collections, Minerals, History

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Many European and US museums take pride in owning a Rembrandt painting.

The Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, houses some of the most famous ones.

The Hermitage Museum. St Petersburg, Russia, has a large collection.

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Remmet van Luttervelt has written:

'Masterpieces from the great Dutch museums: Rijksmuseum, Mauritshuis, Boymans-Van Beuningen, Frans Hals Museum' -- subject(s): Art museums, Dutch Painting, Painting, Dutch

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Some top attractions to explore on a self-guided walking tour in Amsterdam include the Anne Frank House, the Van Gogh Museum, the Rijksmuseum, the Jordaan neighborhood, and the iconic canals of the city.

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Ruurd B. Halbertsma has written:

'Beeldhouwkunst uit Hellas en Rome' -- subject- s -: Classical Sculpture, Greek Sculpture, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden, Roman Sculpture, Sculpture, Sculpture, Classical, Sculpture, Greek, Sculpture, Roman

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The easiest way to get to Amsterdam City Center is by train from the airport direct to Amsterdam Centraal Station. Amsterdam Centraal Station is in the heart of the city and is where the majority of tourists destinations can be found such as the Royal Palace, The Red Light District, and various museums such as The Van Gogh Museum, Hermitage Museum, The Rijksmuseum, and the Rembrandt House.

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Martin Bommas has written:

'Die Mythisierung der Zeit' -- subject(s): Egyptian Magic, Magic, Egyptian, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden

'Die Heidelberger Fragmente des magischen Papyrus Harris' -- subject(s): Egyptian Magic, Magic, Egyptian, Papyrus Harris no. 1.

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Some come to see the Delta Works, some to see the churches Saint Servatius Church and Saint Jan's Cathedral, some to see the Rijksmuseum with works of Vermeer and Rembrandt. Some come to see the windmills, and others the beautiful tulips at Keukenhof Gardens. Some want to see Hoge Veluwe National Park. Some come to see the canals.

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Edward K. de Bock has written:

'Moche' -- subject(s): Catalogs, Mochica pottery, Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde (Netherlands)

'Inca's' -- subject(s): Material culture, Exhibitions, Incas, Human sacrifice in art, Antiquities, Rites and ceremonies, Human sacrifice, Inca art, Indians of South America, Themes, motives

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He made a lot of paintings, around 800 but only 350 survived.

The names of some of his paintings are:

  • Burgemeester van Delft en zijn dochter
  • Dansende boeren voor een herberg
  • Het Driekoningenfeest
  • De wijn is een spotter
  • Het vrolijke huisgezin
  • Het Sint Nicolaasfeest (Rijksmuseum Amsterdam)
  • De huwelijksnacht van Tobias en Sarah
  • Fabel van de Sater en de Boer
  • Zoals de Ouden zongen

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Marianne Maaskant-Kleibrink has written:

'The engraved gems' -- subject(s): Catalogs, Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam te Nijmegen

'Griekse archeologie' -- subject(s): Antiquities, Greek Art, History, Mycenaean Civilization, Mythology, Greek, in art

'Settlement excavations at Borgo Le Ferriere (Saticum)' -- subject(s): Antiquities, Excavations (Archaeology)

'Meiden en monumenten' -- subject(s): Monuments, Public sculpture, Statues, Women

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J. Verseveldt has written:

'Octocorallia from various localities in the Pacific Ocean' -- subject(s): Alcyonaria, Cnidaria

'A revision of the genus Sinularia May (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea)' -- subject(s): Alcyonacea, Classification, Cnidaria

'Octocorallia from north-western Madagascar' -- subject(s): Alcyonaria, Corals, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden

'A revision of the genus Sarcophyton Lesson (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea)' -- subject(s): Alcyonacea, Classification, Sarcophyton

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Van Gogh and Rijksmuseum will keep you occupied for hours. View Van Gogh�s life through art, from the Potato Eaters up through the last two months of his life in France. Holland�s Golden Age is the highlight of the Rijksmuseum. Don�t miss Vermeer�s Milkmaid.

For an excursion, the 15-minute train ride to Haarlem is worth the trip. Browse fashionable boutiques, visit the Gothic St. Bavo church, and walk to the Frans Hals art museum. For eats, kick back at the spacious Caf� Brinkman on the square, and to top off the day, have drinks at Caf� 1900 on the way back to the train station.

Walk the famous 9 streets (theninestreets.com), to pick up cutting edge fashion and eclectic wares. Don�t miss Lady Day, which sells vintage and secondhand European fashion for a steal. Browse for a designer fragrance like Creed at Skins Cosmetics, investigate the Paul Frank Store , and get pampered at Spoiled, where you�ll be custom matched to a designer pair of jeans.

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One is 'The Night Watch' also known as 'The Military Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq'. He completed a lifelong group of self portraits as well as many other portraits. Rembrandt was also a master printer and etcher. The Rijksmuseum (general name for national museum in the Dutch language) in Amsterdam has 'The Night Watch'.

Other famous paintings:

Dr Tulp's Anatomy Lesson

Raising of the Cross

Saskia as Flora

Abduction of Ganymede

Feast of Belshazzar

Blinding of Samson

The Night Watch

The Syndics

The Prodigal Son

Self Portrait (several)

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Rijksmuseum database(!) http://www.rkd.nl/ Metropolitan Museum http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/splash.htm Insight http://www.davidrumsey.com/collections/ There are also online collections of 'clip art', just do a web search, and stock photography collections like Digital Stock. You can browse images, download low res 'comp' images and purchase high quality digital files.

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'Plantage in Surinam' [Plantation in Surinam] is the earliest known painting of the Dutch colony of Surinam. It was painted in 1707 by Amsterdam artist Dirk van Valkenburg [1675-1721]. Amsterdam merchant Jonas Witsen [May 7, 1676-May 31, 1715] commissioned the painting. Witsen owned three plantations in the Dutch colony. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam bought 'Plantage in Surinam' in 1962.

To view the painting, go to http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/assetimage.jsp?id=SK-A-4075

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In 1616, Dirk Hartog left a pewter plate at Shark Bay, Western Australia (then New Holland) inscribed with details of his voyage.

In 1697, Dutch sailor Willem de Vlamingh reached New Holland and removed Hartog's pewter plate, replacing it with another plate. He took the original back to Holland. It is now kept in the Rijksmuseum. Hartog's original inscription was copied onto a new plate, and Vlamingh added new information about his own voyage.

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Definitely the most famous is 'The Night Watch'. The other two is a matter of personal choice, since so many of his works are famous. Perhaps 'The Blinding of Samson' and 'The Man with the Golden Helmet', even though the latter may be a work by his pupils or assistants.

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Dirk van Valkenburg [1675-1721] painted 'Plantage in Surinam' [Plantation in Surinam], which is the first known painting of the Dutch colony of Surinam. The work was painted in 1707. Amsterdam merchant Jonas Witsen [May 7, 1676-May 31, 1715] commissioned the painting. Witsen owned three plantations in the Dutch colony. Valkenburg visited Surinam from 1706 to 1707.

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam added 'Plantage in Surinam' to its collection in 1962.

To view the painting, go to http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/assetimage.jsp?id=SK-A-4075

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Plantation is an English equivalent of 'plantage'.

One of the most aesthetic uses of the word occurs in the title of the earliest known painting of Suriname. The painting, 'Plantage in Surinam' [Plantation in Surinam], shows Suriname back in its early years as a Dutch colony. It was painted in 1707 by Amsterdam artist Dirk van Valkenburg [1675-1721]. Amsterdam merchant Jonas Witsen [May 7, 1676-May 31, 1715] commissioned the painting. Witsen owned three plantations in the Dutch colony. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam bought 'Plantage in Surinam' in 1962.

To view the painting, go to http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/assetimage.jsp?id=SK-A-4075

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The cast of Die Geschichte der Nordsee - 2009 includes: Luc Amkreutz as Himself - Rijksmuseum Van Oudheden Leiden Mark Bremer as Narrator Ute Drews as Herself - Wikinger Museum Haithabu Mamoun Fansa as Himself - Landesmuseum Natur und Mensch Oldenburg Wolfgang Gruben as Himself - Seenotretter Adolf Hitler as himself Inger Ludwig as Herself - Helgoland Michael Prelle as Narrator Karsten Reise as Himself - Alfred-Wegener-Institut Sylt Thomas Riis as Himself - Historiker Uwe Steffen as Himself - Nachfahre von Matthias Petersen Martin Wein as Himself - Historiker

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The monetary value of a painting can not be determined until it is up for auction. This is the most famous painting in the Rijksmuseum Museum and it is doubtful it will ever be up for sale. Another way to determine monetary value is to look at recent auction prices for similar works by Rembrandt.

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Jan Frederik Stutterheim has written:

'De teekeningen van Javaansche oudheden in het Rijksmuseum van Ethnografie' -- subject(s): Antiquities, Architecture, Catalogs, Drawing, Dutch Drawing

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The Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Netherlands New York Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, U.S.A. National Gallery Washington D.C. , U.S.A. National Gallery London, England The Mauritshuis The Hague Frick Collection New York, U.S.A. Staatliche Museen Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Gemäldegalerie Berlin, Germany Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Gemäldegalerie Dresden, Germany Städelsches Kunstinstitut Frankfurt am Main, Germany Louvre Paris, France Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum Brunswick, Germany Kunsthistorische Museum Vienna, Austria National Gallery of Ireland Dublin, Ireland Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Boston, U.S.A. Kenwood House London, England The Royal Collection, Buckingham Palace London, England National Gallery of Scotland Edinburgh, England Art Gallery, Wynn of Las Vegas Las Vegas, U. S. A The Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Netherlands New York Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, U.S.A. National Gallery Washington D.C. , U.S.A. National Gallery London, England The Mauritshuis The Hague Frick Collection New York, U.S.A. Staatliche Museen Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Gemäldegalerie Berlin, Germany Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Gemäldegalerie Dresden, Germany Städelsches Kunstinstitut Frankfurt am Main, Germany Louvre Paris, France Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum Brunswick, Germany Kunsthistorische Museum Vienna, Austria National Gallery of Ireland Dublin, Ireland Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Boston, U.S.A. Kenwood House London, England The Royal Collection, Buckingham Palace London, England National Gallery of Scotland Edinburgh, England Art Gallery, Wynn of Las Vegas Las Vegas, U. S. A The Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Netherlands New York Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, U.S.A. National Gallery Washington D.C. , U.S.A. National Gallery London, England The Mauritshuis The Hague Frick Collection New York, U.S.A. Staatliche Museen Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Gemäldegalerie Berlin, Germany Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Gemäldegalerie Dresden, Germany Städelsches Kunstinstitut Frankfurt am Main, Germany Louvre Paris, France Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum Brunswick, Germany Kunsthistorische Museum Vienna, Austria National Gallery of Ireland Dublin, Ireland Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Boston, U.S.A. Kenwood House London, England The Royal Collection, Buckingham Palace London, England National Gallery of Scotland Edinburgh, England Art Gallery, Wynn of Las Vegas Las Vegas, U. S. A

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Rembrandt painted Night Watch in 1642.

In 1642, Rembrandt painted the most important work of his career, "The Night Watch." The painting is renowned for three elements: its colossal size, the effective use of light and shadow (chiaroscuro), and the perception of motion in what would have been, traditionally, a static military portrait. It depicts the eponymous company moving out, led by Captain Frans Banning Cocq (dressed in black, with a red sash) and his lieutenant, Willem van Ruytenburch (dressed in yellow, with a white sash).

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Van Gogh's paintings can be found in most major art museums like the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Musee d'Orsay in Paris, the Hermitage in St. Petersburg, Russia, and the National Gallery in London. The most extensive collection is likely at the Rijksmuseum Vincent van Gogh in Amsterdam.

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Brigitte Falkenburg has written:

'Die Form der Materie' -- subject(s): Philosophy of nature, History

'Teilchenmetaphysik' -- subject(s): Particles (Nuclear physics), Philosophy, Physics

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Van Gogh traveled from place to place and didn't call anywhere his home town.

He was born in the Netherlands, but lived in Paris, Arles, and other locations in France for most of his life as an active painter and artist.

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Didier van Cauwelaert has written:

'Auf Seelenspitzen'

'L'Astronome'

'Un objet en souffrance'

'Noces de sable'

'Hors de moi'

'Thomas Drimm'

'Thomas Drimm'

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Every year millions of international travelers flock to Amsterdam, perhaps the most liberal city in the entire world. Nearly seven million inhabitants live in the area, making Amsterdam and the surrounding metropolitan area, collectively called the Randstad, the sixth largest in Europe. While the Dutch of the twenty-first century do not have quite as much international power or prestige as they enjoyed during the country’s 17th century Golden Age, Amsterdam is still by far the most important business and cultural center in the Netherlands.

Hundreds of years ago, the Dutch were pioneers of commerce, seafaring and finance; they basically invented banking as it is known today. In those days, long before today’s economic globalization was even an idea, the Netherlands served as a vital link between continental Europe and the countries of the Scandinavian peninsula. It still does so today, and Amsterdam is still a popular destination for business travel: the Amsterdam Stock Exchange is the oldest in the world, and seven of the world’s top 500 corporations are headquartered here. Along with corporate giants Philips and ING, many of the Netherlands’ institutions and government agencies are based here as well. Amsterdam is also known for its importance to the jewel business; Dutch companies control a substantial percentage of the world’s diamonds.

Arts and Entertainment

In popular culture Amsterdam is best known for its lax laws regarding adult entertainment like recreational drugs and prostitution. For some, the red light district and its numerous cannabis cafes offer romance of a sort, so long as a loose definition of romantic is used. If you visit the solely for these reasons, however, you’ll be missing out on some of the best things Amsterdam has to offer. If you’d rather avoid the more questionable activities, don’t worry, because they’re mostly confined to certain areas. For the more conventional, the city’s quaint, lovingly lit cobblestone streets and its picturesque and historic canal system offer a romantic ambiance to rival that of Venice itself.

This area has produced some of the western world’s most revered artwork from men like Rembrandt and Durer, as seen in the Rijksmuseum. More modern exhibits can be seen in the Stedelijk museum and the Amsterdam branch of Russia’s esteemed Hermitage museum. Vincent Van Gogh, one of the most famous men to ever call Amsterdam home, has an entire museum dedicated to his life and work. Travelers more interested in modern history than artwork would do well to schedule a trip to the Anne Frank museum for a look at one of the darker parts of Amsterdam’s past.

Food and Drink

Amsterdam is home to one of Europe’s most widely exported beers, Heineken, so be sure to pay a visit the brewery if you’re a fan. By all accounts, the Heineken served in Amsterdam’s bars is far superior to versions that have been subjected to bottling and international shipping. The dining options here are nearly limitless; in such a vast city, almost every cuisine of the world is very well represented. Luxurious 4 and 5 star hotels account for almost half of Amsterdam’s lodgings, so there’s no shortage of opulent restaurants for the traveling gourmet. Simpler meals can also be had at the city’s open-air eateries, many of them with breathtaking waterfront views.

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The cast of Kees de jongen - 2003 includes: Cynthia Abma as Dame 1 Maks Bergamin as Kind op Schoolplein Jim Berghout as Heer 2 Schoolprijs Sebas Berman as van Dam - klasgenoot Vincent Blok as Kind op Schoolplein Tim Blok as Kind op Schoolplein Annick Boer as Buurvrouw Smit Heleen Boesveld as Klasgenoot Kees Titus Boonstra as Klerk bij Stark Kees Boot as Schipper Jasper Botermans as Kind op Schoolplein Taffy Boudewijns as Klasgenoot Kees Frederik Brom as Oom Dirk Jan Carmiggelt as Boekhandelaar Vonk Ijsbrand Chardon as Koetsier Hannah Cheney as Rosa Overbeek Carine Crutzen as Mevrouw Bogaerts Hans Dagelet as Kleermaker Kraak Erik de Kock as Knecht 2 Stefan de Walle as Vader de Veer Thomas den Daas as Kind op Schoolplein Bastiaan den Daas as Kind op Schoolplein Ruud Feltkamp as Kees Bakels Pim Feltkamp as Knecht 1 Kees Foekema as Kind op Schoolplein Anne Foekema as Kind op Schoolplein Porgy Franssen as Mijnheer Stark Nelly Frijda as Opoe Milou Gevers as Klasgenoot Kees Fanny Goedemans as Klasgenoot Kees Keziah Goudsmit as Klasgenoot Kees Julia Hamersma as Klasgenoot Kees Lars Haveman as Klasgenoot Kees Noel Heesen as Kind op Schoolplein Jesse Heessels as Klasgenoot Kees Monic Hendrickx as Moeder Bakels Katja Herbers as Rosa - 24 jaar Mits Hommeles as Tom Bakels Merel Hulzink as Truusje Bakels Hans Huybregtse as Vader Rosa Egbert Jan Weeber as Kees - 24 jaar Julie Jansen as Kind op Schoolplein Tanja Jess as Tante Jeanne Suzanne Jonk as Klasgenoot Kees Golden Kamphuis as Klasgenoot Kees Hans Kesting as de Meester Nola Klop as Klasgenoot Kees David Koningsberger as Klasgenoot Kees Geert Lageveen as Franse Meester Hans Leendertse as Kassier Leenkantoor Jim Lemmers as Kind op Schoolplein Rosanne Looman as Kind op Schoolplein Theo Maassen as Vader Bakels Matthias Maat as Doodgraver Tom Meijer as Opkoper Christiaan Montanus as Lokettist Leenkantoor Lieven Mulders as Kind op Schoolplein Volkert Nijntjes as Kind op Schoolplein Gidon Nunes Vaz as Klasgenoot Kees Joep Onderdelinden as Gymnastiekmeester Johan Ooms as Rechter Kim Oskam as Dame 2 Loek Peters as Badmeester Maaike Polder as Elisabeth - klasgenoot Tjitske Reidinga as Juffrouw Dubois Wannes Salome as Klasgenoot Kees Bibi Scholten van Aschat as Klasgenoot Kees Robin Schoots as Pestkind Lowie Smink as Pestkind Joost Souren as Klasgenoot Kees Kees Sterrenburg as Dokter Bram Stokkermans as Klasgenoot Kees Jordan van Andel as Kind op Schoolplein Floris van Bommel as Klant Roeltje van de Sande Bakhuyzen as Klasgenoot Kees Yannick van de Velde as De Veer - klasgenoot Stef van der Eijnden as Apotheker Ger Van Der Grijn as Man in Raam Wim Van Der Grijn as Opa Eva van der Gucht as Meid Mevr. Bogaerts Jur van der Lecq as Heer op Balkon Jim van der Panne as Pestkind Jim van der Steen as Klasgenoot Kees Bram van der Vlugt as Heer 1 Schoolprijs Joppe van Dijk as Klasgenoot Kees Pascal van Dijk as Klasgenoot Kees Annerose van Duren as Kind op Schoolplein Evelyn van Duren as Kind op Schoolplein Friso van Ham as Donker - klasgenoot Pepijn van Ham as Klasgenoot Kees Carol van Herwijnen as Franse Toerist Rijksmuseum Zoe van Leeuwen as Kind op Schoolplein Mark van Platen as Pianist Rob van Reyn as Knecht bij Stark Christine van Stralen as Lopende Vrouw Shanne van Veen as Kind op Schoolplein Rosellyn van Veen as Kind op Schoolplein Auke Verhoeff as Klasgenoot Kees Eva Verweij as Kind op Schoolplein Yuna Verwiel as Klasgenoot Kees Jesse Vissers as Klasgenoot Kees Rianne Wilhelmus as Kind op Schoolplein Leopold Witte as Portier Leenkantoor Denzl Zurburg as Pestkind

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Carol van Herwijnen has: Played Ferdinand in "Egmont" in 1968. Played Soldaat in Tolhuis in "Floris" in 1969. Performed in "De heks van Haarlem" in 1970. Performed in "Stemmen" in 1972. Played Winkelier in "Waar heb dat nou voor nodig" in 1973. Played Neef in "Vader en zoon" in 1974. Performed in "Oorlogswinter" in 1975. Performed in "Periander" in 1975. Played Broer Scheffer in "Rufus" in 1975. Played Mol in "Klaverweide" in 1975. Played Ambtenaar in "Pipo en het grachtengeheim" in 1975. Performed in "Vorstenschool" in 1976. Played Jongeman in "Uit de wereld van Guy de Maupassant" in 1976. Played In de kantoren in "De Vergaderzaal" in 1977. Performed in "Een kannibaal als jij en ik" in 1979. Performed in "Muziektheater: Dada" in 1979. Played Karl in "Bekende gezichten, gemengde gevoelens" in 1980. Played Bart Keggel in "De lachende Scheerkwast" in 1981. Played Inspecteur van de Keizer in "De boezemvriend" in 1982. Played Hendrik Ouderkerk in "De mannetjesmaker" in 1983. Played Schellekens in "De zwarte ruiter" in 1983. Played Regisseur in "Tony" in 1983. Played Hotel Manager in "Still Smokin" in 1983. Played Hotelreceptionist in "Opzoek naar Yolanda" in 1984. Performed in "Het wonder van Rotterdam" in 1984. Played Andries Duimelaar in "Schoppen Troef" in 1984. Played Commissaris in "Thomas en Senior op het spoor van Brute Berend" in 1985. Played PJ Kok in "De Brekers" in 1985. Played bisschop Letans in "Het bloed kruipt" in 1985. Performed in "In naam van Oranje" in 1987. Played Arnold Pauw in "Moordspel" in 1987. Played Spoelstra in "Laat maar Zitten" in 1988. Played Karel Evertsen in "Medisch Centrum West" in 1988. Performed in "De tong van de wet" in 1988. Played Henk G. Born in "We zijn weer thuis" in 1989. Played Wijnhandelaar in "12 steden, 13 ongelukken" in 1990. Performed in "Een hotelbar in Tokio" in 1991. Played Doctor Van Vliet in "In voor- en tegenspoed" in 1991. Played Michiel in "Zonder Ernst" in 1992. Played Michiel Bruinink in "Zonder Ernst" in 1992. Played Burgemeester in "De Johnsons" in 1992. Played Butler Hopjes (1993-1994) in "Toen was geluk heel gewoon" in 1993. Played Paul Laban in "Coverstory" in 1993. Played Brouwer in "Coverstory" in 1993. Played Butler Hopjes in "Toen was geluk heel gewoon" in 1993. Played Kapper oostinga in "Richting Engeland" in 1993. Performed in "Kleine daden, grote gevolgen: De heldendaad" in 1994. Played Hubert van Raasdonk in "Baantjer" in 1995. Performed in "Linda, Linda" in 1995. Played Keunings in "De eenzame oorlog van Koos Tak" in 1996. Played van Boetzelaer in "Charlotte Sophie Bentinck" in 1996. Played Winkelchef in "De jurk" in 1996. Played Vader van Fats in "Loenatik" in 1997. Played Karel van Dam in "In het belang van de staat" in 1997. Performed in "Otje" in 1998. Played Burgemeester in "Otje" in 1998. Played Leo Swinkels in "Russen" in 2000. Played Alderman in "Schiet mij maar lek" in 2001. Played Franse Toerist Rijksmuseum in "Kees de jongen" in 2003. Played Zwerver in "Kinderen geen bezwaar" in 2004. Played Curator in "Dennis P." in 2007. Played Thomas in "Flikken Maastricht" in 2007.

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Johannes Vermeer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search"Vermeer" redirects here. For other uses, see Vermeer (disambiguation).Johannes VermeerThe Art of PaintingBornBaptized 31 October 1632(1632-10-31)

Delft, Dutch RepublicDied15 December 1675 (aged 43)

Delft, Dutch RepublicNationalityDutchFieldPaintingMovementBaroqueWorksAbout 35 paintings have been attributedInfluenced byCarel Fabritius, Leonaert Bramer, Dirck van Baburen?

Johannes, Jan or Johan Vermeer (baptized in Delft on 31 October 1632 as Johannis, and buried in the same city under the name Jan on 16 December 1675) was a Dutch Baroque painter who specialized in exquisite, domestic interior scenes of middle class life. Vermeer was a moderately successful provincial genre painter in his lifetime. He seems never to have been particularly wealthy, leaving his wife and children in debt at his death, perhaps because he produced relatively few paintings.[1]

Vermeer worked slowly and with great care, using bright colours, sometimes expensive pigments, with a preference for cornflower blue and yellow. He is particularly renowned for his masterly treatment and use of light in his work. [2]

Recognized during his lifetime in Delft and The Hague, his modest celebrity gave way to obscurity after his death; he was barely mentioned in Arnold Houbraken's major source book on 17th century Dutch painting (Grand Theatre of Dutch Painters and Women Artists), and was thus omitted from subsequent surveys of Dutch art for nearly two centuries.[3][4] In the 19th century Vermeer was rediscovered by Gustav Friedrich Waagen and Thoré Bürger, who published an essay attributing sixty-six pictures to him, although only thirty-five paintings are firmly attributed to him today. Since that time Vermeer's reputation has grown, and he is now acknowledged as one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age.

Contents[hide]
  • 1 Life
    • 1.1 Youth
    • 1.2 Marriage and family
    • 1.3 Career
  • 2 Style
  • 3 Works
  • 4 Legacy
  • 5 See also
  • 6 References
  • 7 External links
LifeDelft in 1652, by cartographer Willem Blaeu

Relatively little is known about Vermeer's life. He seems to have been exclusively devoted to his art, living out his life in the city of Delft. The only sources of information are some registers, a few official documents and comments by other artists; it was for this reason that Thoré Bürger named him "The Sphinx of Delft".[5]

YouthOn 31 October 1632, Johannes was baptized in the Reformed Church.[6][7] His father, Reijnier Janszoon, was a middle-class worker of silk or caffa (a mixture of silk and cotton or wool).[Note 1] As an apprentice in Amsterdam Reijnier lived in the fashionable Sint Antoniebreestraat, then a street with many resident painters. In 1615 he married Digna Baltus, and in 1620 Reijner and his wife had a daughter, who was baptized as Gertruy.[Note 2] In 1625 Reijnier was involved in a fight with a soldier named Willem van Bylandt, who died from his wounds five months later.[8] Around the same time Reijnier started to deal in paintings, but in 1631 he leased an inn called "The Flying Fox". In 1641 he bought a larger inn at the market square, named after the Belgian town "Mechelen". The acquisition of the inn constituted a considerable financial burden.[Huerta 1] When Vermeer's father died in 1652, Vermeer replaced him as a merchant of paintings. Marriage and familyView of Delft (1660-61)

In 1653 Johannes Reijniersz Vermeer married a Catholic girl named Catharina Bolnes. The blessing took place in a nearby and quiet village Schipluiden.[Note 3] For the groom it was a good match. His mother-in-law, Maria Thins, was significantly wealthier than he, and it was probably she who insisted Vermeer convert to Catholicism before the marriage on 5 April.[Note 4] Some scholars doubt that Vermeer became Catholic, but one of his paintings, The Allegory of Catholic Faith, made between 1670 and 1672, reflects the belief in the Eucharist. Liedtke suggests it was made for a Catholic patron, or for a schuilkerk, a hidden church.[Liedtke 1] At some point the couple moved in with Catharina's mother, who lived in a rather spacious house at Oude Langendijk, almost next to a hidden Jesuit church[Note 5]. Here Vermeer lived for the rest of his life, producing paintings in the front room on the second floor. His wife gave birth to 14 children: four of whom were buried before being baptized, but were registered as "child of Johan Vermeer".[Note 6] From wills written by relatives, ten names are known: Maria, Elisabeth, Cornelia, Aleydis, Beatrix, Johannes, Gertruyd, Franciscus, Catharina, and Ignatius.[Montias 1] Quite a few have a name with a religious connotation and it is very likely that the youngest, Ignatius, was named after the founder of the Jesuit order.[Note 7]

CareerThe Milkmaid (c. 1658)

The Astronomer (c. 1668)

It is not certain where Vermeer was apprenticed as a painter, nor with whom, but it is generally believed that he studied in his home town. While Vermeer owned some paintings or drawings by Carel Fabritius it was suggested that Fabritius was his teacher. The local authority, Leonaert Bramer, acted as a friend but their style of painting is rather different.[9] Liedtke suggests Vermeer taught himself and had information from one of his father's connections.[Liedtke 2] Some scholars think Vermeer was trained under the Catholic painter Abraham Bloemaert. Vermeer worked in a similar style as some of the Utrecht Carravagists. In Delft Vermeer probably competed with Pieter de Hoogh and Nicolaes Maes who produced genre works in a similar style.

On 29 December 1653, Vermeer became a member of the Guild of Saint Luke, a trade association for painters. The guild's records make clear Vermeer did not pay the usual admission fee. It was a year of plague, war and economic crisis; not only Vermeer's financial circumstances were difficult. In 1654, the city of Delft suffered the terrible explosion known as the Delft Thunderclap that destroyed a large section of the city.[10] In 1657 he might have found a patron in the local art collector Pieter van Ruijven, who lent him some money. In 1662 Vermeer was elected head of the guild and was reelected in 1663, 1670, and 1671, evidence that he (like Bramer) was considered an established craftsman among his peers. Vermeer worked slowly, probably producing three paintings a year, and on order. When Balthasar de Monconys visited him in 1663 to see some of his work, the diplomat and the two French clergymen who accompanied him were sent to Hendrick van Buyten, a baker.

In 1672 a severe economic downturn (the "Year of Disaster") struck the Netherlands, after Louis XIV and a French army invaded the Dutch Republic from the south (known as the Franco-Dutch War). Not only the French burned and robbed country estates. During the Third Anglo-Dutch War an English fleet, and two allied German bishops attacked the country from the east, tried to destroy the countries hegemony. Many people panicked; courts, theaters, shops and schools were closed, and five years passed before circumstances improved. In the Summer of 1675 Vermeer borrowed money in Amsterdam, using his mother-in-law as a lien.

In December 1675 Vermeer fell into a frenzy and suddenly died, within a day and a half. Catharina Bolnes attributed her husband's death to the stress of financial pressures. The collapse of the art market damaged Vermeer's business as both a painter and an art dealer. She, having to raise 11 children, asked the High Court to allow her a break in paying the creditors.[Montias 2] The Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who worked for the city council as a surveyor, was appointed trustee. The house, with eight rooms on the first floor, was filled with paintings, drawings, clothes, chairs and beds. In his atelier there were rummage not worthy being itemized, two chairs, two painter's easels, three palettes, ten canvases, a desk, an oak pull table and a small wooden cupboard with drawers.[Montias 3] Nineteen of Vermeer's paintings were bequeathed to Catharina and her mother, and the widow sold two other paintings to the Hendrick van Buyten in order to pay off quite a debt.

Vermeer had been a respected artist in Delft, but he was almost unknown outside his home town. The fact that a local patron, Pieter van Ruijven, purchased much of his output reduced the possibility of his fame spreading.[Note 8] Vermeer never had any pupils; his relatively short life, the demands of separate careers, and his extraordinary precision as a painter all help to explain his limited oeuvre.

StyleThe Girl with the Wineglass (c. 1659)

Girl With a Pearl Earring (1665), considered a Vermeer masterpiece

Vermeer produced transparent colours by applying paint to the canvas in loosely granular layers, a technique called pointillé (not to be confused with pointillism). No drawings have been positively attributed to Vermeer, and his paintings offer few clues to preparatory methods. David Hockney, among other historians and advocates of the Hockney-Falco thesis, has speculated that Vermeer used a camera obscura to achieve precise positioning in his compositions, and this view seems to be supported by certain light and perspective effects. The often-discussed sparkling pearly highlights in Vermeer's paintings have been linked to this possible use of a camera obscura, the primitive lens of which would produce halation. Exaggerated perspective can be seen in Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman (London, Royal Collection). Vermeer's interest in optics is also attested in this work by the accurately observed mirror reflection above the lady at the virginals.

However, the extent of Vermeer's dependence upon the camera obscura is disputed by historians. Indeed, other than assumptions made by an analysis of his style, there is no evidence, either scientific or historical, that Vermeer ever owned or used such a device.

There is no other seventeenth century artist who early in his career employed, in the most lavish way, the exorbitantly expensive pigment lapis lazuli, or natural ultramarine. Vermeer not only used this in elements that are naturally of this colour; the earth colours umber and ochre should be understood as warm light within a painting's strongly-lit interior, which reflects its multiple colours onto the wall. In this way, he created a world more perfect than any he had witnessed.[Liedtke 3] This working method most probably was inspired by Vermeer's understanding of Leonardo's observations that the surface of every object partakes of the colour of the adjacent object.[11] This means that no object is ever seen entirely in its natural colour.

A comparable but even more remarkable, yet effectual, use of natural ultramarine is in The Girl with a Wineglass. The shadows of the red satin dress are underpainted in natural ultramarine, and, owing to this underlying blue paint layer, the red lake and vermilion mixture applied over it acquires a slightly purple, cool and crisp appearance that is most powerful.

Even after Vermeer's supposed financial breakdown following the so-called rampjaar (year of disaster) in 1672, he continued to employ natural ultramarine generously, such as in Lady Seated at a Virginal. This could suggest that Vermeer was supplied with materials by a collector, and would coincide with John Michael Montias' theory of Pieter Claesz van Ruijven being Vermeer's patron.

Vermeer painted mostly domestic interior scenes. His works are largely genre pieces and portraits, with the exception of two cityscapes and two allegories. His subjects offer a cross-section of seventeenth century Dutch society, ranging from the portrayal of a simple milkmaid at work, to the luxury and splendour of rich notables and merchantmen in their roomy houses. Besides these subjects, religious, poetical, musical, and scientific comments can also be found in his work.

WorksThe Music Lesson or A Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman, c. 1662-65; Vermeer

See also: List of paintings by Johannes Vermeer and Category:Johannes Vermeer paintings

Only three paintings are dated: The Procuress (1656, Dresden, Gemäldegalerie), The Astronomer (1668, Paris, Louvre), and The Geographer (1669, Frankfurt, Städelsches Kunstinstitut). Two pictures are generally accepted as earlier than The Procuress; both are history paintings, painted in a warm palette and in a relatively large format for Vermeer - Christ in the House of Mary and Martha (Edinburgh, National Gallery) and Diana and her Companions (The Hague, Mauritshuis).

Vermeer's mother-in-law, Maria Thins, owned Dirck van Baburen's 1622 oil-on-canvas Procuress (or a copy of it), which appears in the background of two of Vermeer's paintings. The same subject was also painted by Vermeer. After his own The Procuress almost all of Vermeer's paintings are of contemporary subjects in a smaller format, with a cooler palette dominated by blues, yellows and greys. It is to this period that practically all of his surviving works belong. They are usually domestic interiors with one or two figures lit by a window on the left. They are characterized by a serene sense of compositional balance and spatial order, unified by a pearly light. Mundane domestic or recreational activities become thereby imbued with a poetic timelessness (e.g. Woman Reading a Letter at an Open Window, Dresden, Gemäldegalerie). To this period also have been allocated Vermeer's two townscapes, View of Delft (The Hague, Mauritshuis) and A Street in Delft (Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum).

A few of his paintings show a certain hardening of manner and these are generally thought to represent his late works. From this period come The Allegory of Faith (c 1670, New York, Metropolitan Museum) and The Letter (c 1670, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum).

Legacy
  • Upon the rediscovery of Vermeer's work in the 19th century, several prominent Dutch artists, including Simon Duiker, modelled their style on his work.
  • Vermeer's View of Delft features in a pivotal sequence of Marcel Proust's The Captive.
  • Salvador Dalí, with great admiration for Vermeer, painted his own version of The Lacemaker and pitted large copies of the original against a rhinoceros in some now-famous surrealist experiments. Dali also immortalized the Dutch Master in The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table, 1934.
  • Han van Meegeren was a Dutch painter who worked in the classical tradition. Lured by the huge sums an authentic Vermeer would command, van Meegeren forged several works in Vermeer's style in several of his own paintings with the intention of selling them as works of Vermeer.[12]
  • Peter Greenaway's film A Zed & Two Noughts (1985) contains a plot line about an orthopedic surgeon named Van Meegeren who stages highly exact scenes from Vermeer paintings in order to paint copies of them.
  • Dutch composer Louis Andriessen based his opera, Writing to Vermeer (1997-98, libretto by Peter Greenaway), on the domestic life of Vermeer.
  • Tracy Chevalier's novel Girl with a Pearl Earring and the film of the same name are named after the painting; they present a fictional account of its creation by Vermeer and his relationship with the model.
  • Susan Vreeland's novel Girl in Hyacinthe Blue follows eight individuals with a relataionship to a painting of Vermeer. The novel follows a reverse chronology from the current period to the time of Vermeer.
  • The young adult novel Chasing Vermeer by Blue Balliett centers around the fictitious theft of Vermeer's A Lady Writing.
  • Historian Timothy Brook's Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World (2007) examines six of Vermeer's paintings for evidence of world trade and globalization during the Dutch Golden Age.
See also
  • Théophile Thoré-Bürger
ReferencesNotes
  1. ^ His name was Reijnier or Reynier Janszoon, always written in Dutch as Jansz. or Jansz; this was his patronym. As there was another Reijnier Jansz at that time in Delft, it seemed necessary to use the Pseudonym "Vos", meaning Fox. From 1640 onward he had changed his alias to Vermeer.
  2. ^ In 1647 Gertruy, Vermeer's only sister, married a frame maker. She kept on working at the inn helping her parents, serving drinks and making beds.
  3. ^ In the 17th century it was common for the upper classes to marry outside the city walls, maybe for romantic reasons, or most likely, to avoid criticism because of their religious beliefs.
  4. ^ Catholicism was not a forbidden religion, but tolerated in the Dutch Republic, due to the Dutch Revolt. Services were held in hidden churches (so-called Schuilkerk) and Catholics were restrained in their careers, unable to get high ranking jobs in city administration or the national government. After 1648 some people were tired of the religious wars and returned to the Catholic church.
  5. ^ A roman-catholic chapel is found nowadays at this spot
  6. ^ When Catharina Bolnes was buried in 1688, she was registered as the "widow of Johan Vermeer". In the seventeenth century Johannes was a popular name and spelling was not consistent. The name could be spelled in the Dutch (Johan or Johannes), French (Joan), Italian (Giovanni), Greek (Johannis), or other style depending on background, education or family tradition.
  7. ^ As the parish registers of the Delft Catholic church do not exist anymore, it is impossible to prove but very likely that his children were baptized in a hidden church.
  8. ^ Van Ruijven's son-in-law Jacob Dissius owned 21 paintings by Vermeer, listed in his heritage in 1695. These paintings were sold the year after in Amsterdam in a much studied auction, published by Gerard Hoet.
Citations
  1. ^ "Jan Vermeer". The Bulfinch Guide to Art History. Artchive. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/V/vermeer.html. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  2. ^ "An Interview with Jørgen Wadum". Essential Vermeer. 5 February 2003. http://www.essentialvermeer.com/interviews_newsletter/wadum_interview.html. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  3. ^ Barker, Emma, et al. The Changing Status of the Artist, p. 199. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-300-07740-8
  4. ^ If largely unknown to the general public, Vermeer's reputation was not totally eclipsed after his death: "While it is true that he did not achieve widespread fame until the nineteenth century, his work had always been valued and admired by well-informed connoisseurs." Blankert, Albert, et al. Vermeer and his Public, p. 164. New York: Overlook, 2007, ISBN 9781585679799,
  5. ^ "Vermeer: A View of Delft". The Economist. 1 April 2001. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200104/ai_n18271955. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  6. ^ "Vermeer's Name". Essential Vermeer. http://www.essentialvermeer.com/vermeers_name.html. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  7. ^ "Digital Family Tree of the Municipal Records Office of the City of Delft". Beheersraad Digitale Stamboom. 2004. http://www.archief.delft.nl/main.asp?lang=en. Retrieved 21 September 2009. "The painter is recorded as: Child=Joannis; Father=Reijnier Jansz; Mother=Dingnum Balthasars; Witnesses=Pieter Brammer, Jan Heijndricxsz, Maertge Jans; Place=Delft; Date of baptism=31 October 1632."
  8. ^ Vermeer and His Milieu: A Web of Social History By John Michael Montias [1]
  9. ^ "Vermeer biography". National Gallery of Art. http://www.nga.gov/feature/vermeer/bio.shtm. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  10. ^ Essential Vermeer Retrieved 29 September 2009
  11. ^ B. Broos, A. Blankert, J. Wadum, A.K. Wheelock Jr. (1995) Johannes Vermeer, Waanders Publishers, Zwolle
  12. ^ Dolnick, Edward (2008). HarperCollins. ISBN 0060825413, 9780060825416.

Further reading

  • Liedtke, Walter A. (2007). Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  1. ^ W. Liedtke, p. 893.
  2. ^ W. Liedtke, p. 866.
  3. ^ W. Liedtke, p. 867.
  • Montias, John Michael (1991). Vermeer and His Milieu: A Web of Social History (reprint, illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691002897.
  1. ^ pp. 370-371
  2. ^ pp. 344-345. The number of children seems inconsistent, but 11 was stated by his wife in a document for the city councel. One child died after this document was written.
  3. ^ pp. 339-344.
  • Huerta, Robert D. (2003). Giants of Delft: Johannes Vermeer and the Natural Philosophers: the Parallel Search for Knowledge During the Age of Discovery. Bucknell University Press. ISBN 9780838755389.
  1. ^ pp. 42-43
  • Kreuger, Frederik H. (2007). New Vermeer, Life and Work of Han van Meegeren. Rijswijk: Quantes. pp. 54, 218 and 220 give examples of Van Meegeren fakes that were removed from their museum walls. Pages 220/221 give an example of a non-Van Meegeren fake attributed to him. ISBN 978-90-5959-047-2. http://www.quantes.nl/uitgeverij.php?aut=4. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  • Schneider, Nobert (1993). Vermeer. Cologne.
  • Sheldon, Libby; Nicola Costaros (February 2006). "Johannes Vermeer's 'Young woman seated at a virginal". The Burlington Magazine (1235).
  • Steadman, Philip (2002). Vermmeer's Camera, the truth behind the masterpieces. Oxford University Press. isbn= 0-19-280302-6
  • Wadum, J. (1998). "Contours of Vermeer". in I. Gaskel and M. Jonker. Vermeer Studies. Studies in the History of Art. Washington/New Haven: Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers XXXIII. pp. 201-223. .
  • Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. (1981,1988). Jan Vermeer. New York: Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-1737-8.
External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to: Johannes Vermeer
  • (Videos): Vermeer: Master of Light - at the National Gallery of Art, Washington
    • Part 1: The Music Lesson
    • Part 2: Girl with the Red Hat
    • Part 3: Woman Holding a Balance
    • Part 4: Camera Obscura
  • Vermeer's Woman Holding a Balance In-depth discussion of this painting in the National Gallery of Art along with discussion of the artist's life, conservation, illustration of related works.
  • Essential Vermeer, In-depth coverage of Vermeer's life, works, and environment
  • Jan Vermeer, Dutch Neoclassic Painter - Profile
  • Entry in Britannica encyclopaedia
  • www.Vermeer-Foundation.org Familiar biography and 111 images of works by Vermeer
  • Virtual Vermeer, Familiar biography, interesting entries.
  • Vermeercentrum, housed at the site of the former St. Lucas Guild in Delft. (The Vermeer Centre offers a visual voyage of discovery through the life, work and city of Johannes Vermeer.)
  • Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies. ULAN Full Record Display for Jan Vermeer. Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California.
  • Painting discovered in Vermeer

PersondataNAMEvan Vermeer, JohannesALTERNATIVE NAMESDelft, Jan VermeerSHORT DESCRIPTIONPainterDATE OF BIRTHBaptized 31 October 1632PLACE OF BIRTHDelft, NetherlandsDATE OF DEATH16 December 1675PLACE OF DEATHDelft, Netherlands

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