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Panopticon - 2010 is rated/received certificates of:
Portugal:(Banned)
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Jon Pertwee at Panopticon - 2003 V is rated/received certificates of:
UK:U
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The cast of Panopticon - 2010 includes: Jan Frycz Piotr Glowacki Adrianna Jaroszewicz Jadwiga Lesiak Katarzyna Maciag
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The Panopticon was designed to not require guards to constantly be on duty, this meant that it would require less staff, therefore be more cost efficient.
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The cast of Jon Pertwee at Panopticon - 2003 includes: Nicholas Courtney as himself Katy Manning as herself Jon Pertwee as himself
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Its somwhere at the panopticon where is some damaged trees,chainsaw and cuten trees.On map its painted brown.
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No, but modern monitoring system would allow all occupants to be observed from a single location without being aware of being observed.
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The cast of Panopticon - 2012 includes: McTyphoon as himself Brenno de Winter as himself Bart Jacobs as himself Alexander Morlang as himself Jan Swinkels as himself Hans van de Sande Ronald van den Berg as himself Rob van Kranenburg as himself Peter Vlemmix as himself Inez Weski as herself
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1. A prison so contructed that the inspector can see each of the prisoners at all times, without being seen.
2. A room for the exhibition of novelties.
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Some good software programs for transaction cost analysis include those marketed by Panopticon like Oracle CEP, Streambase CEP, Thomson Reuters Velocity Analytics.
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Yes when you are in dark places like back o beyond,shady creeks,panopticon,el castillo del diablo.....They are only scary when the time is on 00:00 and weather foggy or storm.Lots of scary s**** happen in those areas at night and with foggy or storm.
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The three figures often referred to as the "holy trinity" of criminology are Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, and Émile Durkheim. Beccaria is known for his work on rational choice theory and deterrence, Bentham for utilitarianism and the panopticon, and Durkheim for his contributions to the understanding of crime as a social phenomenon.
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Inez Weski has: Played Herself - Rood-wit-blauw Contestant in "Raymann is laat" in 2001. Played herself in "De Wereld Draait Door" in 2005. Played Herself - Strafpleiter in "De Wereld Draait Door" in 2005. Played herself in "Kijken in de ziel" in 2009. Played Herself (segment "Open Deur") in "De slimste mens ter wereld" in 2012. Played herself in "Panopticon" in 2012.
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The movie Prison (1988) was made by Empire Pictures and directed by Renny Harlin.
Writing credits:
Irwin Yablans (story)
C. Courtney Joyner (writer)
Renny Harlin (uncredited)
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Foucault argued that power is multi-directional. He challenged the ideas of modernity and structuralism. Foucault believed that much of power is internalized and that individuals constantly exert agency over their own lives and bodies, usually producing "docile bodies." In this way, the state or ruling class need not always use overt forms of force or oppression. Foucault proposed the notion of the panopticon, or the prison in which those in cells can be viewed constantly from every angle. He argued that society functions in this way, but that our very own eyes become the like the eyes of the prison guard, incessantly surveying ourselves through a lens of power.
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<p>I haven't even looked this one up, but I'm guessing from the mention of Wilberforce that they all campaigned against slavery ? Did they all embrace Shaftesbury's and the Duke of Wellington's grand design for expanding the British Empire by taking over the vast lands of the failing Ottoman Empire (especially Syria, the Lebanon and the "Holy Land" ? ) Were they all also "utilitarian" (or "instentalist") in philosophy and politics ? Were they all considered "reformers" or "progressives" in their time ? Did they all embrace Bentham's monstrous "panopticon" as the new paradigm for prisons, hospitals, schools ? See Foucault on Bentham. And understand that the British Empire decided to abolish the international slave trade for purely practical reasons of material self-interest. <p>
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Adrianna Jaroszewicz has: Played Olga in "Na dobre i na zle" in 1999. Played Laborantka in "Bajland" in 2000. Played Helena Sawicka in "M jak milosc" in 2000. Played Policewoman in "Fala zbrodni" in 2003. Played Client in "U fryzjera" in 2006. Played Toska in "Sex FM" in 2007. Played Ala in "Twarza w twarz" in 2007. Played Secretary in "Tylko milosc" in 2007. Performed in "Cisza" in 2010. Played Joanna in "Szpilki na Giewoncie" in 2010. Performed in "Panopticon" in 2010. Played Lena Perska in "Uklad Warszawski" in 2011. Played Zosia in "Iluminacje milosci" in 2012. Played Dorota in "Big Love" in 2012. Played Woman in "Supermarket" in 2012.
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Honda vehicles have a habit of "foaming" their power steering fluid. You can use other fluids for an emergency, say you are on the road and the only fluid a truck stop has is generic, but Honda recommends then draining it out and replacing it with a fluid to their specifications as soon as possible. Using other power steering fluids without as much anti-foaming additive will result in short-term whining in the power steering system and the air bubbles will make the steering sluggish and jerky. Long-term effects of aerated fluid are pump cavitation(damage) and premature wear of the power steering gear (air bubbles don't lubricate). I would stick with what Honda says to use, since it really doesn't cost much more and service intervals for most power steering systems are quite long. Hope this helps.
Sincerely,
Panopticon
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Katarzyna Maciag has: Played Majka in "Pora mroku" in 2008. Played Zosia Chenoir in "Trzeci oficer" in 2008. Played Ewa in "Golgota wroclawska" in 2008. Played Monika in "Hotel 52" in 2010. Played Grazyna Orzechowska in "Hotel 52" in 2010. Played Majka in "Randka w ciemno" in 2010. Played Marta Lukasik in "Szpilki na Giewoncie" in 2010. Performed in "Panopticon" in 2010. Played Mika in "Gleboka woda" in 2011. Played Lulu Biedrzycka in "1920. Wojna i milosc" in 2011. Played Olga Turowska-Grabowska in "Linia zycia" in 2011. Played Kasia in "Bokser" in 2011. Played She in "Scinki" in 2012. Played Jadwiga Nowacka in "Prawo Agaty" in 2012. Played Fairy in "Heavy Mental" in 2013. Played Ania in "Plynace wiezowce" in 2013. Played Zosia in "Facet (nie)potrzebny od zaraz" in 2014.
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'Technology of power' in Michel Foucault refers to the ways in which power operates through various mechanisms such as institutions, discourses, and practices to regulate and control individuals and society. It involves the use of knowledge, surveillance, and techniques of coercion to influence and shape behavior and relationships within a given social context. Foucault's concept highlights the complexity and ubiquity of power relations in modern societies.
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I know several: The largest prison by population and land area is the Southern Michigan Correctional Facility (JMF) in Jackson. It was actually the largest walled prison in the world for many decades. It is actually several prisons in one, and houses over five thousand inmates. Each of the included prisons is known euphemistically by different names: Quarantine or North Side (male intake for the MDOC), 7-Block, 6-Block, 11-Block, etc. It is currently closed, a common tactic of the MDOC as the buildings are condemned periodically by the state. However, the MDOC, using inmate labor "remodels" the facility, changes the name and address and reopens it within a year or two. The largest prison building in the US is Stateville Correctional Center north of Joliet, Illinois. Stateville is built on the panopticon plan, with a central guard house surronded on all sides by tiers (floors or levels) of cells, and houses approzimately 2,700 inmate. Pelican Bay Penitentiary is one of the largest high security prisons in the US. It is comprised of 275 acres and houses 3,461 inmates, mostly with gang affilitions.
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Piotr Glowacki has: Played Wiktor in "Na dobre i na zle" in 1999. Played Teos Kozlowski in "Dlugi weekend" in 2004. Played Michal (segment "Warsaw") in "Oda do radosci" in 2005. Played Michal in "Rozdroze Cafe" in 2005. Played Ostry in "Twarza w twarz" in 2007. Played Krzysztof in "Golgota wroclawska" in 2008. Played Janusz Dziabas in "Dom zly" in 2009. Played Lawyer in "Siostry" in 2009. Performed in "Panopticon" in 2010. Played Icek Frenkiel in "In Darkness" in 2011. Played Anatol in "1920 Bitwa Warszawska" in 2011. Played Sowa in "1920. Wojna i milosc" in 2011. Performed in "Ludzie Normalni" in 2011. Performed in "Los numeros" in 2011. Played Andrzej Kraft in "Komisarz Alex" in 2012. Played Czubak in "Hans Kloss. Stawka wieksza niz smierc" in 2012. Played He in "Scinki" in 2012. Played Lawyer in "Prawo Agaty" in 2012. Played Rubber in "Zasady gry" in 2012. Played Andrzej in "Byc jak Kazimierz Deyna" in 2012. Played Tata in "Smutne Potwory" in 2013. Played Jacek in "Dziewczyna z szafy" in 2013. Played Hans in "Taniec smierci. Sceny z powstania warszawskiego" in 2013. Played Piotr in "Heavy Mental" in 2013. Played Paluch in "Hiszpanka" in 2013. Played Polak in "Discopolo" in 2014. Played Szwaja in "Wkreceni" in 2014.
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well Bigfoot and leatherface are both fiction they gust put it in the game to scar you and king kong is also fake.But before that me and my brother both thinked that all of them were real and I have all ready beat the game.So I looked for them and no sign of them all.
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Katy Manning has: Played Anna in "Armchair Theatre" in 1956. Played Jo Grant in "Blue Peter" in 1958. Played Jo Grant in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played Peggy in "Softly Softly: Task Force" in 1969. Played herself in "This Is Your Life" in 1969. Played Julia Dungarvon in "Man at the Top" in 1970. Played Bride in "Mr Tumbleweed" in 1971. Played Jo Grant in "The Lively Arts" in 1975. Played Hermione in "Eskimo Nell" in 1975. Performed in "Theatre of the Absurd: Luigi Pirandello, Six Characters in Search of an Author" in 1976. Played Joanne in "Target" in 1977. Played Estelle in "Melvin, Son of Alvin" in 1984. Played Mrs. Cannon in "Frog Dreaming" in 1986. Played Jo Grant in "Resistance Is Useless" in 1992. Played herself in "Ruby Wax Meets..." in 1996. Played Greta Franck in "All Saints" in 1998. Performed in "Easter in Bunnyland" in 2000. Played herself in "Jon Pertwee at Panopticon" in 2003. Played Jo Grant in "Behind the Sofa: Robert Holmes and Doctor Who" in 2003. Played herself in "Doctor Who Confidential" in 2005. Played herself in "The Planet of the Doctor" in 2005. Played Jo Grant in "Love Off-Air" in 2006. Played Jo Grant in "The Dalek Tapes" in 2006. Played Jo Grant in "Are Friends Electric" in 2007. Played Jo Grant in "Omega Factor" in 2007. Played Jo Jones in "The Sarah Jane Adventures" in 2007. Played Jo Grant in "What Lies Beneath" in 2008. Played herself in "Celebrity Eggheads" in 2008. Played Jo Grant in "The Ties That Bind Us" in 2008. Played herself in "My Sarah Jane: A Tribute to Elisabeth Sladen" in 2011. Played herself in "The UNIT Family: Part Two" in 2011. Played Herself - Actress in "Tales of Television Centre" in 2012. Performed in "Run for Your Wife" in 2012. Played herself in "Happy Birthday to Who" in 2012. Played Elsa in "Journey Men" in 2012. Played Katy Manning in "The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot" in 2013. Played herself in "Doctor Who Live: The Afterparty" in 2013. Played herself in "Doctor Who Live: The Next Doctor" in 2013. Played Jo Grant in "Doctor Who: The Doctors Revisited" in 2013. Played Susan Payne in "The Haunting of Harry Payne" in 2014. Played Beatrice Cooper in "White Lillies" in 2014.
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Jan Frycz has: Performed in "Zielone - minione..." in 1976. Performed in "Rycerz" in 1980. Played Pawel Budny in "Zielona milosc" in 1980. Played Lt. Stefan Madejski in "Wierne blizny" in 1982. Played Henryk Pasternik in "Blisko, coraz blizej" in 1983. Played Jarek in "Wielki Szu" in 1983. Played Alek in "Mgla" in 1985. Performed in "Nieproszony gosc" in 1987. Performed in "Na srebrnym globie" in 1988. Played Andrzej Glowacki in "Trzy kroki od milosci" in 1988. Performed in "Dzien dobry i do widzenia" in 1990. Played Stach Rosinski in "Crimen" in 1990. Played Atanazy Bazakbal in "Pozegnanie jesieni" in 1990. Performed in "Obywatel swiata" in 1991. Played Marek in "Zwolnieni z zycia" in 1992. Played Herman in "Kawalerskie zycie na obczyznie" in 1992. Played Komendant in "Czarne slonca" in 1992. Played Jeremi in "Dwa ksiezyce" in 1993. Played Manager in "Pozegnanie z Maria" in 1993. Performed in "Czy ktos mnie kocha w tym domu" in 1993. Played Jerzy Zgolka in "Spis cudzoloznic" in 1994. Played Lieutenant Jefimow in "Lagodna" in 1995. Played Armand Duval in "Dama kameliowa" in 1995. Played Jerzy Wawicki in "Horror w Wesolych Bagniskach" in 1996. Performed in "Dzien wielkiej ryby" in 1996. Played Piotr Wlodarczyk in "Dzieci i ryby" in 1997. Played Alex in "Nocne graffiti" in 1997. Played Count Janusz Myszynski (II) in "Slawa i chwala" in 1998. Played Wiktor in "Egzekutor" in 1999. Played Bobicki in "Zakochani" in 2000. Played Filip in "Egoisci" in 2000. Played Gypsy in "To ja, zlodziej" in 2000. Played Stanislaw Wojciechowski (2001) in "Marszalek Pilsudski" in 2001. Performed in "Zerwany" in 2003. Played Businessman in "Powiedz to, Gabi" in 2003. Played Siemian in "Pornografia" in 2003. Played Hotel Director Radek in "Roomservice" in 2004. Played Andrzej Winkler in "Pregi" in 2004. Played Chudy in "Komornik" in 2005. Played Prof. Piotr Rudnicki in "Egzamin z zycia" in 2005. Played Ryszard Marchwinski in "Pieklo, niebo" in 2005. Played Marek Czerski in "Magda M." in 2005. Played Eddie in "Male piwo" in 2005. Played Prezes in "Tylko mnie kochaj" in 2006. Played Harry in "Kolekcja" in 2006. Played Stefan in "Francuski numer" in 2006. Played Michal Wilczek in "Bezmiar sprawiedliwosci" in 2006. Performed in "Widok z szafy" in 2006. Played Gustaw in "Nadzieja" in 2007. Played Filip in "To nie tak jak myslisz, kotku" in 2008. Played General in "Nieruchomy poruszyciel" in 2008. Played Kazimierz in "Czas honoru" in 2008. Played Ernest in "Izolator" in 2008. Played Older Police Officer in "Nie ten czlowiek" in 2010. Played Ben in "Milczenie jest zlotem" in 2010. Played Narrator in "4" in 2010. Played Proffesor Debski in "Hotel 52" in 2010. Performed in "Panopticon" in 2010. Played Gwidon Nochalski in "Wyjazd integracyjny" in 2011. Played Psychoanalitic in "Och, Karol 2" in 2011. Played Julian in "Pokaz kotku, co masz w srodku" in 2011. Played Heller in "Ixjana" in 2012. Played Bitner in "Prawo Agaty" in 2012.
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Nicholas Courtney has: Played Alex in "Armchair Theatre" in 1956. Performed in "Escape" in 1957. Played Bret Vyon in "Blue Peter" in 1958. Played Mark Norman in "No Hiding Place" in 1959. Played Captain Legros in "The Avengers" in 1961. Played King Charles II in "Looking About" in 1961. Played Captain Gifford in "The Avengers" in 1961. Played Alain in "The Saint" in 1962. Played Policeman in "The Saint" in 1962. Performed in "A Little Big Business" in 1963. Played Captain Notley in "The Indian Tales of Rudyard Kipling" in 1963. Played Bret Vyon in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played The Brigadier in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played Brigade Leader Lethbridge Stewart in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played Brigadier Alistair Gordon Lethbridge Stewart in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played Huss in "Sergeant Cork" in 1963. Played Tourist in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played Brigadier Lethbridge Stewart in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played Col. Lethbridge-Stewart in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played Freemantle in "Theatre 625" in 1964. Played Tudor in "Victoria Regina" in 1964. Played Ned in "Theatre 625" in 1964. Played Husband in "The Wednesday Play" in 1964. Played Gilles in "The Man in Room 17" in 1965. Played Benson in "Intrigue" in 1966. Played Bill Page in "Watch the Birdies" in 1966. Played Sergeant in "The Brides of Fu Manchu" in 1966. Played Davidson in "Softly Softly" in 1966. Played Henry Leason in "The Informer" in 1966. Played Freemantle in "Sword of Honour" in 1967. Played David Forbes in "Callan" in 1967. Played Dr. Farley in "The Champions" in 1968. Played James Harding in "The Main Chance" in 1969. Played Max in "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)" in 1969. Played Panel Chairman in "Take a Girl Like You" in 1970. Played Phillip in "Doomwatch" in 1970. Played Dickie Chapman in "The Two Ronnies" in 1971. Played Dr. Straymam in "Jason King" in 1971. Played Hutchinson Hatch in "The Rivals of Sherlock Holmes" in 1971. Played Second Auctioneer in "Endless Night" in 1972. Played himself in "Pebble Mill at One" in 1973. Played French Intelligence Officer in "Soft Beds, Hard Battles" in 1974. Played Brigadier Lethbridge Stewart in "The Lively Arts" in 1975. Played Paul Cotterell in "All Creatures Great and Small" in 1978. Played Raymond Wilkins in "Minder" in 1979. Played Bank Manager in "Shelley" in 1979. Played Superintendent Austin in "Juliet Bravo" in 1980. Played Bank Manager in "Sink or Swim" in 1980. Played himself in "Children in Need" in 1980. Played Henri Beauvoir in "Barriers" in 1980. Performed in "Watch This Space" in 1980. Played Charles in "Only Fools and Horses...." in 1981. Played Lt. Col. Robin Withering in "Then Churchill Said to Me" in 1982. Played Lt. Col. Robert Witherton in "Then Churchill Said to Me" in 1982. Played Lt. Col. Robin Witherton in "Then Churchill Said to Me" in 1982. Played Col. Robin Witherton in "Then Churchill Said to Me" in 1982. Played de Oliveira in "To Catch a King" in 1984. Played Dr. Nigel Botterill in "The Bill" in 1984. Played Judge in "The Bill" in 1984. Played Tim Ayling in "Screen One" in 1985. Played Police Commissioner in "Yes, Prime Minister" in 1986. Played Claude Devigny in "Casualty" in 1986. Played himself in "Myth Makers Vol. 7: Myth Runner" in 1987. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Wartime" in 1987. Played himself in "This Morning" in 1988. Played The Marquis in "French Fields" in 1989. Played Sir Horace in "The Corridor Sketch" in 1991. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Resistance Is Useless" in 1992. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Cybermen: The Early Years" in 1992. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "UNIT Recruitment Film" in 1993. Played Himself - Presenter in "Doctor Who: Thirty Years in the TARDIS" in 1993. Played Himself - Narrator in "Missing in Action" in 1993. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Doctor Who: Dimensions in Time" in 1993. Played himself in "Myth Makers Vol. 12: Ian Marter" in 1994. Played Brigadier Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart in "Downtime" in 1995. Played himself in "The Doctors, 30 Years of Time Travel and Beyond" in 1995. Played English Stan in "Satellite City" in 1996. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Harry Hill" in 1997. Played himself in "Myth Makers: Roger Delgado - A Tribute" in 1997. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Doctor Who: Destiny of the Doctors" in 1997. Played Alistair in "TravelWise" in 2000. Played Edmund Black in "Doctors" in 2000. Played The Brigadier in "Doctor Who: Death Comes to Time" in 2001. Played himself in "Chronotrip" in 2002. Played Brigadier Lethbridge Stewart in "Serial Thrillers" in 2003. Played himself in "Jon Pertwee at Panopticon" in 2003. Played British Narrator in "Soldiers: Heroes of World War II" in 2004. Played The Brigadier in "Highlander: The Jamie McCrimmon Story" in 2005. Played himself in "Doctor Who Confidential" in 2005. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Doctor Who Confidential" in 2005. Played The Brigader in "Paddy Russell: A Life in Television" in 2005. Played The Brigader in "Love Off-Air" in 2006. Played himself in "Can You Hear the Earth Scream" in 2006. Played himself in "Evolution of the Invasion" in 2006. Played Brigader Lethbridge-Stewart in "Flash Frames" in 2006. Played Brigader Lethbridge Stewart in "Changing Time: Living and Leaving Doctor Who" in 2006. Played The Brigadier in "Omega Factor" in 2007. Played The Brigader in "Are Friends Electric" in 2007. Played Brigadier Sir Alistair Lethbridge-Stewart in "The Sarah Jane Adventures" in 2007. Played Brigadier Lethbridge Stewart in "A New Body at Last" in 2007. Played The Brigadier in "The Sarah Jane Adventures" in 2007. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Double Trouble" in 2007. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "The Ties That Bind Us" in 2008. Played himself in "Celebration" in 2008. Played The Brigader in "5 Doctors One Studio" in 2008. Played Archbishop of Canterbury in "Incendiary" in 2008. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "The Cyber Story" in 2008. Played Alastair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart in "Liberty Hall" in 2009. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Down to Earth: Filming Spearhead from Space" in 2011. Played himself in "The UNIT Family: Part Two" in 2011. Played The Briagdier in "Second Time Around: The Troughton Years" in 2012. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Doctor Who Live: The Afterparty" in 2013. Played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in "Doctor Who: The Doctors Revisited" in 2013.
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Jon Pertwee has: Played Minor Role in "A Yank at Oxford" in 1938. Played Rally campaigner in "The Four Just Men" in 1939. Played The Judge in "Toad of Toad Hall" in 1946. Played himself in "Mainly for Women" in 1947. Played Circus Superintendent in "William Comes to Town" in 1948. Played Truelove in "Trouble in the Air" in 1948. Played Mr. Short in "A Piece of Cake" in 1948. Played Detective Sergeant in "Murder at the Windmill" in 1949. Played Plover in "Dear Mr. Prohack" in 1949. Played A Betting Man in "The Gay Dog" in 1954. Played Slowburn Jenks in "A Yank in Ermine" in 1955. Played himself in "Evans Abode" in 1956. Played himself in "Revels of 1957" in 1957. Played himself in "Six-Five Special" in 1957. Played Peter the Peddler in "Ivanhoe" in 1958. Played The Doctor in "Blue Peter" in 1958. Played himself in "Blue Peter" in 1958. Played Champagne Charlie in "Glencannon" in 1959. Played Victor Jekyll in "The Ugly Duckling" in 1959. Played Dan in "Not a Hope in Hell" in 1960. Performed in "The Dickie Henderson Show" in 1960. Played Prendergast in "Just Joe" in 1960. Played Gen. Birkinshaw in "Nearly a Nasty Accident" in 1961. Played Brigadier Whitehead in "The Avengers" in 1961. Played Dr. Who in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played The Doctor in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played Sidney Tait in "Ladies Who Do" in 1963. Played Doctor Who in "Doctor Who" in 1963. Played Soothsayer in "Carry on Cleo" in 1964. Played Himself - Narrator in "The Quay to the Tor" in 1964. Played Storyteller in "Jackanory" in 1965. Performed in "A Slight Case of..." in 1965. Played The Squire in "Mother Goose" in 1965. Performed in "How to Undress in Public Without Undue Embarrassment" in 1965. Played Crassus in "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" in 1966. Played Station Master in "Runaway Railway" in 1966. Played Sheriff Albert Earp in "Carry on Cowboy" in 1966. Played himself in "Jon Pertwee Show" in 1966. Played Himself - Guest Supporter in "Quiz Ball" in 1966. Played Major Henley in "Beggar My Neighbour" in 1966. Played himself in "Frost on Saturday" in 1968. Played Himself - Narrator in "Jack and the Beanstalk" in 1968. Played himself in "This Is Your Life" in 1969. Played Figworthy in "Up in the Air" in 1969. Played himself in "Nationwide" in 1969. Played Himself - Team Captain (1974) in "Jokers Wild" in 1969. Played The Rev. Walter Braithwaite in "No. 1 of the Secret Service" in 1970. Performed in "I Understand" in 1970. Played Himself - Guest in "Looks Familiar" in 1970. Played himself in "Under the Table You Must Go" in 1970. Played Reverend Llewellyn Llewellyn Llewellyn Llewellyn in "The Goodies" in 1970. Played Paul Henderson (segment 4 "The Cloak") in "The House That Dripped Blood" in 1971. Played himself in "Parkinson" in 1971. Performed in "Clapper Board" in 1972. Played Himself - Guest in "The David Nixon Show" in 1972. Played himself in "Pebble Mill at One" in 1973. Played himself in "Just a Nimmo" in 1974. Played himself in "Celebrity Squares" in 1975. Played The Doctor in "The Lively Arts" in 1975. Played Colonel in "One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing" in 1975. Played himself in "Those Wonderful TV Times" in 1976. Performed in "Wombling Free" in 1977. Played Staff in "Four Against the Desert" in 1977. Played Judd Blake in "Adventures of a Private Eye" in 1977. Played Dracula in "3-2-1" in 1978. Played Worzel Gummidge in "Worzel Gummidge" in 1979. Played himself in "Blankety Blank" in 1979. Played himself in "Children in Need" in 1980. Performed in "Game for a Laugh" in 1981. Played The Scarlet Pimpernel in "Wogan" in 1982. Played Dr. Merryweather in "The Curious Case of Santa Claus" in 1982. Played Coastguard in "The Boys in Blue" in 1982. Played himself in "Countdown" in 1982. Played Spottyman in "SuperTed" in 1982. Played himself in "Wogan" in 1982. Played Spottyman (1983-1986) in "SuperTed" in 1982. Played The Storyteller in "Deus ex Machina" in 1984. Performed in "A Century of Stars: The Story of the Grand Order of Water Rats" in 1984. Played Worzel Gummidge in "Worzel Gummidge Down Under" in 1986. Played himself in "Myth Makers Vol. 7: Myth Runner" in 1987. Played himself in "This Morning" in 1988. Played himself in "On the Waterfront" in 1988. Played himself in "Myth Makers Vol. 4: Jon Pertwee" in 1988. Played Spottyman (UK version) (1989) in "The Further Adventures of SuperTed" in 1989. Played Luis Silverado in "Virtual Murder" in 1992. Played Duke of Costa Brava in "Carry on Columbus" in 1992. Played himself in "Good Morning... with Anne and Nick" in 1992. Played The Doctor in "Resistance Is Useless" in 1992. Played himself in "Entertainment Express" in 1993. Played himself in "Doctor Who: Thirty Years in the TARDIS" in 1993. Played himself in "The Hypnotic World of Paul McKenna" in 1993. Played The Third Doctor in "Doctor Who: Dimensions in Time" in 1993. Played himself in "GMTV" in 1993. Played Oliver Threthewey in "The Airzone Solution" in 1993. Performed in "Laugh with the Carry Ons" in 1993. Performed in "Stranger Than Fiction" in 1994. Played Grandfather in "Cloud Cuckoo" in 1994. Played Spottyman in "Myth Makers Vol. 7: Wendy Padbury" in 1994. Performed in "Heroes of Comedy" in 1995. Performed in "Stranger Than Fiction 2" in 1995. Played Gen. Von Kramer in "The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Attack of the Hawkmen" in 1995. Played himself in "The Doctors, 30 Years of Time Travel and Beyond" in 1995. Played himself in "Myth Makers: Roger Delgado - A Tribute" in 1997. Played The Doctor in "Doctor Who: Destiny of the Doctors" in 1997. Played The Doctor in "The Greatest" in 1998. Played himself in "Longleat 83: The Greatest Show in the Galaxy" in 2001. Played Worzel Gummidge in "The 100 Greatest Kids TV Shows" in 2001. Played The Doctor in "Serial Thrillers" in 2003. Played The Doctor in "Comedy Connections" in 2003. Played The Doctor in "Behind the Sofa: Robert Holmes and Doctor Who" in 2003. Played himself in "Jon Pertwee at Panopticon" in 2003. Played The Doctor in "Supernova" in 2005. Played The Doctor in "Nova ScienceNow" in 2005. Played The Doctor in "Paddy Russell: A Life in Television" in 2005. Played The Doctor in "Doctor Who" in 2005. Played The Doctor in "Doctor Who Confidential" in 2005. Played The Doctor in "Changing Time: Living and Leaving Doctor Who" in 2006. Played The Doctor in "The UNIT Family: Part One" in 2006. Played The Doctor in "Can You Hear the Earth Scream" in 2006. Played The Doctor in "Built for War" in 2006. Played The Doctor in "The Dalek Tapes" in 2006. Played The Doctor in "Evolution of the Invasion" in 2006. Played The Doctor in "Love Off-Air" in 2006. Played The Third Doctor Who in "A New Body at Last" in 2007. Played The 3rd Doctor in "Double Trouble" in 2007. Played 3rd Doctor in "Are Friends Electric" in 2007. Played The Doctor in "Omega Factor" in 2007. Played The Doctor in "Rogue Time Lords" in 2007. Played The Doctor in "The Sarah Jane Adventures" in 2007. Played The Doctor in "Terror Nation: Terry Nation and Doctor Who" in 2007. Played The Doctor in "Anti-Matter from Amsterdam" in 2007. Played himself in "Countdown: One Last Consonant Please, Carol" in 2008. Played 3rd Doctor in "5 Doctors One Studio" in 2008. Played himself in "Celebration" in 2008. Played The Third Doctor in "The Ties That Bind Us" in 2008. Played The Doctor in "The Rise and Fall of Gallifrey" in 2008. Played The Doctor in "Going Underground" in 2008. Played The Doctor in "BBC Proms" in 2010. Played The Doctor in "The UNIT Family: Part Two" in 2011. Played The Doctor in "Come in Number Five" in 2011. Played himself in "Second Time Around: The Troughton Years" in 2012. Played The Doctor in "The Women of Doctor Who" in 2012. Played The Doctor in "Doctor Who Live: The Next Doctor" in 2013. Played The Doctor in "William Hartnell: The Original" in 2013. Played The Doctor in "Doctor Who: The Doctors Revisited" in 2013. Played himself in "Return to Scatterbrook: Memories of Worzel" in 2013. Played The Doctor in "Doctor Who Live: The Afterparty" in 2013.
1 answer
Definitions
First, we need to define our terms. "Radical Islam" can mean a number of different things that, in some cases, barely overlap. For this discussion, instead, I will discuss Jihadism, which is the closest any of the "Radical Islamic" groups come to Neo-Conservatism, because it is the most belligerent one.
(For an idea on the diversity of Political Islam alone, never mind the diversity of apoltiical Islamic fundamentalism, see this Related Question: Are all movements of political Islam Identical?- under the definitions in that question "Jihadism" would be "international militaristic" and, in some cases, equally applicable to "national militaristic". To see about fundamentalist Islam in particular, see this Related Question: What is Islamic fundamentalism and why has it become an important force in the politics and religion of Southwest Asia and North Africa?)
Jihadism: To clarify terms, Islam is a religion and Jihad is a religious concept within Islam. Islamism and Jihadism, however, are political ideologies whose goal is to bring the religious tenets of Islam into the daily functioning of a government and its laws. Jihadism not only wishes a particularly repressive version of Islamic Law to be instituted (Islamism), but believes that violence in defense of the faith is the preferred way to do this. Jihadism, like Islamism, is a political ideology rooted in Islamic religious concepts.
Neo-Conservatism: Neo-Conservatism is a political philosophy that asserts a clear set of values prioritizing the political implementation of Human Rights and seeking their promotion abroad. This leads to the acts of war or belligerency in order to promote democracy and Westerns national interests in international affairs. There is a also a strongly negative attitude towards communism and a strong feeling that cultural systems antithetical to democracy or Western influence should be radically altered.
Overlap
There is actually very little overlap between the two ideologies other than two major beliefs. The first is that they seek to radically alter the social and organizational structure of countries whose current social and organizational structures they deem to be immoral or inadequate. To equate the types of changes that each desire is the simple moral equivalence that all forms of violence are equally morally reprehensible regardless of intent or eventual long-term consequences. The other is that both movements deplore and despise moral relativism, holding that there are certain moral values and precepts which are superior to all others. The morals each values are fundamentally different and fundamentally at odds with one another.
Serious Differences
There are a number of key differences between the ideologies. Each point will have an (a) - referring to the perspective of Jihadism - and a (b) - referring to the perspective of Neo-Conservatism
Intentions for the People
(a) Jihadism holds that people should be subject to a constant, violent, totalitarian panopticon. This means the the government will constantly perform surveillance on the population, promote the creation of informants, support a single-thought-process, and enforce this all through violence such as beatings, tortures, and disappearances.
(b) Neo-Conservatism holds that people should be subject to a deregulated, small government that focuses primarily on the issue of national defense and foreign power-extension. As a result Neo-Cons generally approve of large business and business interests, as well as increases in military spending. As concerns individuals, Neo-Cons are generally in favor of personal rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom from search and seizure, freedom to own weapons, freedom of religion, etc., but less concerned about social rights, such as right to education, cultural freedoms, right to employment, freedom of movement, etc.
Values to be Implemented
(a) Jihadism supports a brutally repressive vision of Shari'a or Islamic Religious Law. The values under this form of Islam, such as slavery, discrimination against women and religious minority, death for apostates, critics, and sexual-orientation minorities, banning of alcohol and drugs, and Islam as a state religion are the values that underlie Jihadism. Jihadism embraces strict legal doctrine and segregation, the use of violence in the civilian sphere to enforce the law and to discourage intellectual movements, prompting of violent conquests, hostility to modernity, xenophobia, the use of national propaganda to promote irridentism towards past empires, Judenhass (Anti-Semitism or Jew-hatred), sexual repression, and sees arts and literature as effeminate and degenerate.
(b) Neo-Conservatism supports a world vision similar to the Imperialists of the late 1800s, which is namely a World-Order along a European model of ethics and governmental disposition. They see democracy as something that should be implemented for all people across the planet and that liberal values should form the basis of new societies. They see the military as likely being of use in setting up such systems, but that the resultant governments should have a military subservient to the civilian government. Neo-Conservatives support the development and proliferation of culture, art, music, food, and integration while restricting and narrowing the variety of value-systems.
Intellectual Tradition
(a) Jihadism comes out of the breakup of Islam as a religious organization in the modern period (not the religion per se, but the way it was organized and led). During the Islamic Medieval Period, the Sunni World was led by the Caliph and an informal system where the Qadis or Islamic Judges served as the Islamic Jurists "to the masses" and the Sufis served as the Spiritualists for "the masses". One of the responses to the destruction of this system because of modernity was that of Islamism and Jihadism, arising in the late 1800s and early 1900s, which saw only Islamic Values and Islamic Law is being the rightful government and held that a true merger between Islamic Jurists and the Government could rule morally and properly. Some of the biggest leaders of the Islamism and Jihadism movements include Sayyed Qutb, Al-Maududi, and Hassan al-Banna. (Other movements that arose from modernity include Secularism, Nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Arab Socialism, and Liberalism.)
(b) Neo-Conservatism came from a generally, left-of-center ideology in US politics that was disillusioned with the shift leftward into counterculture and moral relativism of the mainstream left. Views which the mainstream left had previously endorsed, such as the Vietnam War, Israel in the Middle East, and social engineering in domestic American society, were abandoned. Neo-Conservatives drifted further to the right with the incorporation of its strongly pro-military agenda and as it argued that social interference in the US had had largely deleterious effects, taking on more typically conservative libertarian domestic views. As a result, former Democrats like Daniel Patrick Moynihan and lifelong conservatives like Irving Kristol were founders of the movement.
Economic Orientation
(a) Jihadists are usually not terribly concerned about economics, but if they are forced to implement an economic policy, they usually go with Islamic Socialist Economics, which is generally a form of re-distributive economics, similar to Socialism in a European context, but strictly between Muslims. Non-Muslims are required to pay into this system, but not receive any funds from it. As for industries, all are supposed to be organized or guided by the state, in something similar to "capitalism with Chinese characteristics". Of course, under Islamic Law, interest and speculation are banned, so capital is usually raised through direct investment as opposed to loans.
(b) Neo-Conservatives are usually advocates of capitalism with little governmental interaction, if not laissez-faire. They find the idea of government-regulated or government-controlled economy repugnant.
International Relations Orientation
(a) Jihadism has an orientation towards expanding the territory controlled by the Jihadist State until it covers the entire Earth and supporting similar revolutions elsewhere and incorporating them under one leadership. This style is clearly noticeable in the way the al-Qaeda previously and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant is currently soliciting various Jihadist movements around the world to unite under one banner.
(b) Neo-Conservatives generally have a Pro-Western, Pro-Israeli, Pro-Japan/Korea perspective, seeking to align the US more closely with countries that share Western values and traditions. They also advocate military support for regimes seeking to align more closely with Western culture or Western interests or, at the very least, oppose Communism and Socialism.
Territorial Expansion
(a) Jihadists favor continual territorial expansion of the "countries" they control and the incorporation of those territories as part of their governance region.
(b) Neo-Conservatives do not want to have direct maintenance of a large empire, but rather strongly-allied states that function almost like vassals without the requisite upkeep of colonies.
Internal Regulation Methods
(a) Jihadists believe that clerics should rule and preside over all matters. Their vision should be enforced on the civilian population through the use of violent brigands, repressive police, and a system of secret informants.
(b) Neo-Conservatives endorse democratic institutions like legislatures, executive agencies for scientific regulations, and docile police who simply enforce the law.
2 answers
In the aftermath of independence most states amended their criminal punishment statutes. Pennsylvania eliminated the death penalty for robbery and burglary in 1786, and in 1794 retained it only for first degree murder. Other states followed and in all cases the answer to what alternative penalties should be imposed was incarceration. Pennsylvania turned its old jail at Walnut Street into a state prison. New York built Newgate state prison in Greenwich Village and other states followed. But by 1820 faith in the efficacy of legal reform had declined as statuatory changes had no discernable effect on the level of crime and the prisons, where prisoners shared large rooms and booty including alcohol, had become riotous and prone to escapes.
In response, New York developed the Auburn system in which prisoners were confined in separate cells and prohibited from talking when eating and working together, implementing it atAuburn State Prison and Sing Sing at Ossining. The aim of this was rehabilitative: the reformers talked about the penitentiary serving as a model for the family and the school and almost all the states adopted the plan (though Pennsylvania went even further in separating prisoners). The system's fame spread and visitors to the U.S. to see the prisons included de Tocqueville who wrote Democracy in America as a result of his visit.
However by the 1860s, overcrowding became the rule of the day, partly because of the long sentences given for violent crimes, despite increasing severity inside the prison and often cruel methods of gagging and restraining prisoners. An increasing proportion of prisoners were new immigrants. As a result of a tour of prisons in 18 states, Enoch Wines and Theodore Dwight produced a monumental report describing the flaws in the existing system and proposing remedies.[5] Their critical finding was that not one of the state prisons in the United States was seeking the reformation of its inmates as a primary goal.[6] They set out an agenda for reform which was endorsed by a National Congress in Cincinnati in 1870. These ideas were put into practice in the Elmira Reformatory in New York in 1876 run by Zebulon Brockway. At the core of the design was an educational program which included general subjects and vocational training for the less capable. Instead of fixed sentences, prisoners who did well could be released early.
But by the 1890s, Elmira had twice as many inmates as it was designed for and they were not only the first offenders between 16 and 31 for which the program was intended. Although it had a number of imitators in different states, it did little to halt the deterioration of the country's prisons which carried on a dreary life of their own. In the southern states, in which blacks made up more than 75% of the inmates, there was ruthless exploitation in which the states leased prisoners as chain gangs to entrepreneurs who treated them worse than slaves. By the 1920s drug use in prisons was also becoming a problem.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, psychiatric interpretations of social deviance were gaining a central role in criminology and policy making. By 1926, 67 prisons employed psychiatrists and 45 had psychologists. The language of medicine was applied in an attempt to "cure" offenders of their criminality. In fact, little was known about the causes of their behaviour and prescriptions were not much different from the earlier reform methods.[7] A system of probation was introduced, but often used simply as an alternative to suspended sentences, and the probation officers appointed had little training, and their caseloads numbered several hundred making assistance or surveillance practically impossible. At the same time they could revoke the probation status without going through another trial or other proper process.[8]
In 1913, Thomas Mott Osborne became chairman of a commission for the reform of the New York prison system and introduced a Mutual Welfare League at Auburn with a committee of 49 prisoners appointed by secret ballot from the 1400 inmates. He also removed the striped dress uniform at Sing Sing and introduced recreation and movies. Progressive reform resulted in the "Big House" by the late twenties - prisons averaging 2,500 men with professional management designed to eliminate the abusive forms of corporal punishment and prison labor prevailing at the time.
The American prison system was shaken by a series of riots in the early 1950s triggered by deficiencies of prison facilities, lack of hygiene or medical care, poor food quality, and guard brutality. In the next decade all these demands were recognized as rights by the courts.[9] In 1954, the American Prison Association changed its name to the American Correctional Association and the rehabilitative emphasis was formalized in the 1955 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.
Since the 1960s the prison population in the US has risen steadily, even during periods where the crime rate has fallen. This is partly due to profound changes in sentencing practices due to a denunciation of lenient policies in the late sixties and early seventies and assertions that rehabilitative purposes don't work. As a consequence sentencing commissions started to establish minimum as well as maximum sentencing guidelines, which have reduced the discretion of parole authorities and also reduced parole supervision of released prisoners. By 2010, the United States had more prisoners than any other country and a greater percentage of its population was in prison than in any other country in the world. "Mass incarceration" became a serious social and economic problem, as each of the 2.3 million American prisoners costs an average of about $25,000 per year. Recidivism remained high, and useful programs were often cut during the recession of 2009-2010. In 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Plataupheld the release of thousands of California prisoners due to California's inability to provide constitutionally mandated levels of healthcare.
United KingdomEighteenth century English justice used a wide variety of measures to punish crime, including fines, the pillory and whipping. Transportation to America was often offered, until 1776, as an alternative to the death penalty, which could be imposed for many offenses including pilfering. When they ran out of prisons in 1776 they used old sailing vessels which came to be called hulksas places of temporary confinement.Jails contained both felons and debtors - the latter were allowed to bring in wives and children. The jailer made his money by charging the inmates for food and drink and legal services and the whole system was corrupt. One reform of the sixteenth century had been the establishment of the London Bridewell as a house of correction for women and children. This was the only place any medical services were provided.
The most notable reformer was John Howard who, having visited several hundred prisons across England and Europe, beginning when he was high sheriff of Bedfordshire, published The State of the Prisons in 1777.[10] He was particularly appalled to discover prisoners who had been acquitted but were still confined because they couldn't pay the jailer's fees. He proposed that each prisoner should be in a separate cell with separate sections for women felons, men felons, young offenders and debtors. The prison reform charity, the Howard League for Penal Reform, takes its name from John Howard.
The Penitentiary Act which passed in 1779 following his agitation introduced solitary confinement, religious instruction and a labor regime and proposed two state penitentiaries, one for men and one for women. These were never built due to disagreements in the committee and pressures from wars with France and jails remained a local responsibility. But other measures passed in the next few years provided magistrates with the powers to implement many of these reforms and eventually in 1815 jail fees were abolished.
Quakers such as Elizabeth Fry continued to publicize the dire state of prisons as did Charles Dickens in his novel David Copperfield about the Marshalsea. Samuel Romilly managed to repeal the death penalty for theft in 1806, but repealing it for other similar offences brought in a political element that had previously been absent. The Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline, founded in 1816, supported both the Panopticon for the design of prisons and the use of the treadwheel as a means of hard labor. By 1824, 54 prisons had adopted this means of discipline.[11] Robert Peel's Gaols Act of 1823 attempted to impose uniformity in the country but local prisons remained under the control of magistrates until the Prison Act of 1877.
The American separate system attracted the attention of some reformers and led to the creation of Millbank Prison in 1816 and Pentonville prison in 1842. By now the end of transportation to Australia and the use of hulks was in sight and Joshua Jebb set an ambitious program of prison building with one large prison opening per year. The main principles were separation and hard labour for serious crimes, using treadwheels and cranks. However by the 1860s public opinion was calling for harsher measures in reaction to an increase in crime which was perceived to come from the 'flood of criminals' released under the penal servitude system. The reaction from the committee set up under the commissioner of prisons, Colonel Edmund du Cane, was to increase minimum sentences for many offences with deterrent principles of 'hard labour, hard fare, and a hard bed'.[12] In 1877 he encouraged Disraeli's government to remove all prisons from local government and held a firm grip on the prison system till his forced retirement in 1895. He also established a tradition of secrecy which lasted till the 1970s so that even magistrates and investigators were unable to see the insides of prisons.[13] By the 1890s the prison population was over 20,000.
In 1894-5 Herbert Gladstone's Committee on Prisons showed that criminal propensity peaked from the mid-teens to the mid-twenties. He took the view that central government should break the cycle of offending and imprisonment by establishing a new type of reformatory, that was called Borstal after the village in Kent which housed the first one. The movement reached its peak after the first world war when Alexander Paterson became commissioner, delegating authority and encouraging personal responsibility in the fashion of the English Public school: cellblocks were designated as 'houses' by name and had a housemaster. Cross-country walks were encouraged, and no one ran away. Prison populations remained at a low level until after the second world war when Paterson died and the movement was unable to update itself.[14]
Some aspects of Borstal found their way into the main prison system, including open prisons and housemasters, renamed assistant governors and many Borstal-trained prison officers used their experience in the wider service. But in general the prison system in the twentieth century remained in Victorian buildings which steadily became more and more overcrowded with inevitable results.
EuropeThe first public prison in Europe was Le Stinche in Florence, constructed in 1297, copied in several other cities. The more modern use grew from the prison workhouse from 1600 in Holland. The house was normally managed by a married couple, the 'father' and 'mother', usually with a work master and discipline master. The inmates, or journeymen, often spent their time on spinning, weaving and fabricating cloths and their output was measured and those who exceeded the minimum received a small sum of money with which they could buy extras from the indoor father.[15]An exception to the rule of forced labor were those inmates whose families could not look after them and paid for them to be in the workhouse. From the later 17th century private institutions for the insane, called the beterhuis, developed to meet this need.
In Hamburg a different pattern occurred with the spinhausin 1669, to which only infamous criminals were admitted. This was paid by the public treasury and the pattern spread in eighteenth century Germany. In France the use of galley servitude was most common until galleys were abolished in 1748. After this the condemned were put to work in naval arsenalsdoing heavy work. Confinement originated from the hôpitaux généraux which were mostly asylums, though in Paris they included many convicts, and persisted up till the revolution.
The use of capital punishment and judicial torture declined during the eighteenth century and imprisonment came to dominate the system, although reform movements started almost immediately. Many countries were committed to the goal as a financially self-sustaining institution and the organization was often subcontracted to entrepreneurs, though this created its own tensions and abuse. By the mid nineteenth century several countries initiated experiments in allowing the prisoners to choose the trades in which they were to be apprenticed. The growing amount of recidivism in the latter half of the nineteenth century led a number of criminologists to argue that "imprisonment did not, and could not fulfill its original ideal of treatment aimed at reintegrating the offender into the community".[16] Belgium led the way in introducing the suspended sentence for first-time offenders in 1888, followed by France in 1891 and most other countries in the next few years. Parole had been introduced on an experimental basis in France in the 1830s, with laws for juveniles introduced in 1850, and Portugal began to use it for adult criminals from 1861. The parole system introduced in France in 1885 made use of a strong private patronage network. Parole was approved throughout Europe at the International Prison Congress of 1910. As a result of these reforms the prison populations of many European countries halved in the first half of the twentieth century.
Exceptions to this trend included France and Italy between the world wars, when there was a huge increase in the use of imprisonment. The National Socialist state in Germany used it as an important tool to rid itself of its enemies as crime rates rocketed as a consequence of new categories of criminal behavior. Russia, which had only started to reform its penal and judicial system in 1860 by abolishing corporal punishment, continued the use of exile with hard labor as a punishment and this was increased to a new level of brutality under Joseph Stalin, despite early reforms by the Bolsheviks.
Postwar reforms stressed the need for the state to tailor punishment to the individual convicted criminal. In 1965, Sweden enacted a new criminal code emphasizing non-institutional alternatives to punishment including conditional sentences, probation for first-time offenders and the more extensive use use of fines. The use of probation caused a dramatic decline in the number women serving long-term sentences: in France the number fell from 5,231 in 1946 to 1,121 in 1980. Probation spread to most European countries though the level of surveillance varies. In the Netherlands, religious and philanthropic groups are responsible for much of the probationary care. The Dutch government invests heavily in correctional personnel, having 3,100 for 4,500 prisoners in 1959.[17]
However despite these reforms, numbers in prison started to grow again after the 1960s even in countries committed to non-custodial policies.
1 answer
