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'Onsager' is not an Irish word; it is a Norwegian surname.
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Lars Onsager won The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1968.
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Lars Onsager was born on November 27, 1903 and died on October 5, 1976. Lars Onsager would have been 72 years old at the time of death or 111 years old today.
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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968 was awarded to Lars Onsager for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
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Lars Onsager won The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1968.
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Yes, it's related to horses and donkeys. It's often referred to as an Asian donkey. Onsager were once domesticated and are mentioned in the Bible as "donkeys", their being native to the Middle East.
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The cast of Sweatshop - 2011 includes: Courtney Amis as Sage Philip Dido as Business Man Noah Harris as Tim Nils Onsager as Business Man Robert Pralgo as Ceo Ryan Puszewski as Alvin
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The cast of Judgement. - 2005 includes: Daniel Burnley Elizabeth Davidovich as Elizabeth Oz Dillman Michael Dinardo as Mikhail Ashlyn DiNardo as Psychic Sarah Falkenburg Terence Jenkins Nils Onsager Patrick Parker as Ringleader Bob Souvorin
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The cast of Entering the Other Side - 2007 includes: Jaimie Alexander as herself Gregg Bishop as himself Stephen Caudill as himself Chad Eikhoff as himself Poncho Hodges as himself Nathan Mobley as himself Nils Onsager as himself Cory Rouse as himself
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The cast of Trollsyn - 1994 includes: Maria Bakketeig Liv Bernhoft Osa as Mor Harald Brenna Karen Dalaker Knut Haugmark Hilde Heier Inger Heldal as Husfrua Merete Hjelle Mona Lamo Hallvard Lydvo Julia Onsager Steen as Maren, Jostedalsrypa Baard Owe as Lars Inge Steinheim as Eiliv Anne Stray Geo von Krogh
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The cast of Dark Angels - 1998 includes: Nelson Barnes as Hood in Restaurant Antwon Bing as Bellhop Susana Brady as Mother on Drugs Lauren Brown as Grace Alan Burrell as Hugh Noland Charles Finnell as Doorman Colin Jackson as Street Preacher Glen Kyle as Horseman-Famine Derek Lee as Clops Jimmi Littles III as Whit Kendall Antwan Mills as Chihuahua Louis Murray as Charles Maine Je Nie Fleming as Angela Bogart Nils Onsager as Horseman-War Patrick Parker as Captain Tassilo Robert Quarterman as Boy on bus Brittany Quarterman as Girl on bus Cheryl Reeves as Deseree Lawson Lee Sharif as Limo Driver Nick Steinbach as Jason Gold Judy Teal as Tanya
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The cast of Soldiers All - 2005 includes: Gordon Bass as Old Andy Kathryn Coombs as 1895 Reunion Spectator Charles Dawson as Father - 1895 Justin Dray as Seth Silas Gaither as Ben Kurt Grauf as Soldier Julianne Herczeg as 1895 Reunion Spectator Mark Joy as Old Ben Hunter Lawhon as 1895 Reunion Spectator Mollie Lawhon as 1895 Reunion Spectator Victoria Lawhon as 1895 Reunion Spectator Beau Marie as Adam Joan Moses as 1895 Reunion Spectator Danny Nunn as Veteran Amputee, Wounded Soldier Erika Onsager as 1895 Reunion Spectator Russ Richards as Confederate Chris Wayne as Andy Stewart Jason Wickersty as Sarcastic Confederate Soldier Stephen Wolfsberger as Veteran at 1895 reunion
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The cast of Brutal Incasso - 2005 includes: Ole Bertelsen as Radiospeaker Karin Bertling as Grethe Jensen, JV Thomas Biehl as Lalle Jesper Blumensaat as Arnold Sami Darr as Shabul Melany Denise as Iben Ole Ernst as Grandpa Anders Filtenborg as Bartender Sima Hosseini Ghaleh Jagh as Bankkunde Allan Hotchkiss as LC Mads Koudal as Psycho Claus Lund as Jim Jacob Melchior as Mimer Yakov Munkebo as Lakaj Steffen Nielsen as Lakaj Tanya Nielsen as Servetrice Glenn Onsager as Lakaj Jakob Rindom Madsen as Lakaj Brian Siig as Bankkunde Tomas Stender as Helt i bank Bo Thomasen as Bastian Jan Tjerrild as Eilert Connie Tronbjerg as Ulla Borg, JV Henrik Vestergaard as Mike
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Sure...
In in the 1950s, O. Penrose and L. Onsager related the quality of superfluidity to the long-range order displayed by a highly correlated bosonic system. Closely related to the frictionless flow of a superfluid is the resistanceless current-flow in certain materials at low enough temperatures, discovered by H. Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911, and reaching a full theoretical explanation based on the approaches of J. Bardeen, L. N. Cooper and J. R. Schrieffer in 1957, who derived a microscopic theory based on phonon-mediated interactions between the electrons of the material. The fermionic helium isotope 3He, for instance, undergoes at a temperature of 3mK a phase transition analogous to superconductivity, with its atoms behaving like conduction electrons, pairing up to bosonic entities, which enter a condensed state.
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The cast of Ten Days That Unexpectedly Changed America - 2006 includes: William Alva as Puritan Arklin Marc Appleby as Capt. John Grant Amy Arbizzani as First Lady Ida McKinley Nathan Bedford as Striking Steelworker Richard Biermann as Leo Szilard Jake Boritt as Striking Steelworker Stephen Brier as himself James Casey as Puritan Zachary Drake as Narrator Byron Faidley as Soldier Ron Ferraro as Dr. Thomas Mann William Folger as Puritan Martha Frick Symington Sanger as herself Buddy Garrett as Artillery commander Greg Harwell as Commander of pinkerton agents Robert Herold as Striking Steelworker Jesse James Youngblood as Piaquot Warrior Terry Kinney as Narrator Princess Lucaj as Pequot Woman Nick Maroon as Leon Czolgosz Raymond Massey as Scientist Cabal Layton Matthews as Puritan Ronald McCormick as PA Militia General Michael McGerr as himself Nevin Millan as Pequot Indian Warrior John Milton Cooper as himself Nicole Montano as Pequot Woman Aldred Montoya as Pequot Chieftan Jared Morrison as Union Soldier David Nasaw as himself John Neely as Union Soldier Erika Onsager as Combative townswoman Eric Rauchway as himself Mark Riccadonna as himself Russell Richards as Chief management negotiator Geoffrey Roecker as Striking Steelworker Pamela Rose Rodriguez as Pequot Woman Lisa Rosier as Peqout woman Brent Rotundo as Henry Clay Frick Dana Segal as Head Nurse William Serrin as himself Glenn Shelhamer as Puritan soldier Les Standiford as himself Richard Strobel as President McKinley Jonah Triebwasser as President Franklin D. Roosevelt Sarah Vowell as herself Lee Wilkof as Voices Brad Wyand as Soldier Jack Youngelson as Striking Steelworker
1 answer
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Lots of scientists got a Nobel prize for their work. After all, a Nobel prize is given out EVERY YEAR, in physics, as well as in chemistry - as well as "physiology or medicine", and economics.Check the Wikipedia article on "List of Nobel laureates" for the complete list.
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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1957 was awarded jointly to Lord Alexander R. Todd for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes and to Darden M. Flory for his research on the structure and synthesis of macromolecules.
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An acid-base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. Several concepts that provide alternative definitions for the reaction mechanisms involved and their application in solving related problems exist. Despite several differences in definitions, their importance becomes apparent as different methods of analysis when applied to acid-base reactions for gaseous or liquid species, or when acid or base character may be somewhat less apparent. The first of these scientific concepts of acids and bases was provided by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, circa 1776.[1]
Historic acid-base theoriesLavoisier's oxygen theory of acidsThe first scientific concept of acids and bases was provided by Antoine Lavoisier circa 1776. Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted tooxoacids, such as HNO3 (nitric acid) and H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids (HF, HCl, HBr, and HI), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning "acid-former" (from the Greek οξυς (oxys) meaning "acid" or "sharp" and γεινομαι (geinomai) meaning "engender"). The Lavoisier definition was held as absolute truth for over 30 years, until the 1810 article and subsequent lectures by Sir Humphry Davy in which he proved the lack of oxygen inH2S, H2Te, and the hydrohalic acids. However, Davy failed to develop a new theory, concluding that "acidity does not depend upon any particular elementary substance, but upon peculiar arrangement of various substances".[2] One notable modification of oxygen theory was provided by Berzelius, who stated that acids are oxides of nonmetals while bases are oxides of metals. Liebig's hydrogen theory of acidsThis definition was proposed by Justus von Liebig circa 1838,[3] based on his extensive works on the chemical composition of organic acids. This finished the doctrinal shift from oxygen-based acids to hydrogen-based acids, started by Davy. According to Liebig, an acid is a hydrogen-containing substance in which the hydrogen could be replaced by a metal.[4] Liebig's definition, while completely empirical, remained in use for almost 50 years until the adoption of the Arrhenius definition.[5] Common acid-base theoriesArrhenius definitionSvante ArrheniusThe Arrhenius definition of acid-base reactions is a development of the hydrogen theory of acids, devised by Svante Arrhenius, which was used to provide a modern definition of acids and bases that followed from his work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution in 1884, and led to Arrhenius receiving theNobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for "recognition of the extraordinary services... rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation".[6]
As defined by Arrhenius, acid-base reactions are characterized by Arrhenius acids, which dissociate in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (H+),[6] and Arrhenius bases, which form hydroxide (OH−) ions. More recent IUPACrecommendations now suggest the newer term "hydronium"[7] be used in favor of the older accepted term "oxonium"[8] to illustrate reaction mechanisms such as those defined in the Brønsted-Lowry and solvent system definitions more clearly, with the Arrhenius definition serving as a simple general outline of acid-base character.[6] The Arrhenius definition can be summarised as "Arrhenius acids form hydrogen ions in aqueous solution with Arrhenius bases forming hydroxide ions."
The universal aqueous acid-base definition of the Arrhenius concept is described as the formation of water from hydrogen and hydroxide ions, or hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from the dissociation of an acid and base in aqueous solution: H+ (aq) + OH− (aq) H2O
(In modern times, the use of H+ is regarded as a shorthand for H3O+, since it is now known that the bare proton H+ does not exist as a free species in solution.)[citation needed]
This leads to the definition that in Arrhenius acid-base reactions, a salt and water is formed from the reaction between an acid and a base.[6] In other words, this is a neutralization reaction. acid + base → salt + water
The positive ion from a base forms a salt with the negative ion from an acid. For example, two moles of sodium ion (Na+) from the base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) combine with one mole of sulfate ion (SO2−
4) from sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form one mole of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) . Two moles of water are also formed. 2 NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
The Arrhenius definitions of acidity and alkalinity are restricted to aqueous solutions, and refer to the concentration of the solvent ions. Under this definition, pureH2SO4 or HCl dissolved in toluene are not acidic, and molten KOH and solutions of sodium amide in liquid ammonia are not alkaline.
Solvent system definitionOne of the limitations of Arrhenius definition was its reliance on water solutions. Edward C. Franklin studied the acid-base reactions in liquid ammonia in 1905 and pointed out the similarities to water-based Arrhenius theory, and Albert F. O. Germann, working with liquid COCl2, generalized Arrhenius definition to cover aprotic solvents and formulated the solvent system theory in 1925.[9]Germann pointed out that in many solvents there is a certain concentration of a positive species, solvonium (earlier lyonium) cations and negative species,solvate (earlier lyate) anions, in equilibrium with the neutral solvent molecules. For example, water and ammonia undergo such dissociation into hydronium andhydroxide, and ammonium and amide, respectively: 2 H2O H3O+ + OH−2 NH3 NH+
4 + NH−
2
Some aprotic systems also undergo such dissociation, such as dinitrogen tetroxide into nitrosonium and nitrate, antimony trichloride into dichloroantimonium and tetrachloroantimonate, and phosgene into chlorocarboxonium and chloride. N2O4 NO+ + NO−
32 SbCl3 SbCl+
2 + SbCl−
4COCl2 COCl+ + Cl−
A solute causing an increase in the concentration of the solvonium ions and a decrease in the solvate ions is defined as an acid and one causing the reverse is defined as a base. Thus, in liquid ammonia, KNH2 (supplying NH−
2) is a strong base, and NH4NO3 (supplying NH+
4) is a strong acid. In liquid sulfur dioxide (SO2),thionyl compounds (supplying SO2+) behave as acids, and sulfites (supplying SO2−
3) behave as bases.
The non-aqueous acid-base reactions in liquid ammonia are similar to the reactions in water: 2 NaNH2 (base) + Zn(NH2)2 (amphiphilic amide) → Na2[Zn(NH2)4]2 NH4I (acid) + Zn(NH2)2 (amphiphilic amide) → [Zn(NH3)4)]I2
Nitric acid can be a base in liquid sulfuric acid: HNO3 (base) + 2 H2SO4 → NO+
2 + H3O+ + 2 HSO−
4
The unique strength of this definition shows in describing the reactions in aprotic solvents, for example in liquid N2O4: AgNO3 (base) + NOCl (acid) → N2O4 (solvent) + AgCl (salt)
Since solvent-system definition depends on the solvent as well as on the compound itself, the same compound can change its role depending on the choice of the solvent. Thus, HClO4 is a strong acid in water, a weak acid in acetic acid, and a weak base in fluorosulfonic acid. This was seen as both a strength and a weakness, since some substances, such as SO3 and NH3, were felt to be acidic or basic on their own right. On the other hand, solvent system theory was criticized as too general to be useful; it was felt that there is something intrinsically acidic about hydrogen compounds, not shared by non-hydrogenic solvonium salts.[2]
Brønsted-Lowry definitionMain article: Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theoryThe Brønsted-Lowry definition, formulated in 1923, independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Martin Lowry in England, is based upon the idea of protonation of bases through the de-protonation of acids - that is, the ability of acids to "donate" hydrogen ions (H+) or protons to bases, which "accept" them.[10] Unlike the previous definitions, the Brønsted-Lowry definition does not refer to the formation of salt and solvent, but instead to the formation of conjugate acids and conjugate bases, produced by the transfer of a proton from the acid to the base.[6][10] In this approach, acids and bases are fundamentally different in behavior from salts, which are seen as electrolytes, subject to the theories of Debye, Onsager, and others. An acid and a base react not to produce a salt and a solvent, but to form a new acid and a new base. The concept of neutralization is thus absent.[2]
According to Brønsted-Lowry definition, an acid is a compound that can donate a proton, and a base is a compound that can receive a proton. An acid-base reaction is, thus, the removal of a hydrogen ion from the acid and its addition to the base.[11] This does not refer to the removal of a proton from the nucleus of an atom, which would require levels of energy not attainable through the simple dissociation of acids, but to removal of a hydrogen ion (H+).
The removal of a proton (hydrogen ion) from an acid produces its conjugate base, which is the acid with a hydrogen ion removed, and the reception of a proton by a base produces its conjugate acid, which is the base with a hydrogen ion added.
For example, the removal of H+ from hydrochloric acid (HCl) produces the chloride ion (Cl−), the conjugate base of the acid: HCl → H+ + Cl−
The addition of H+ to the hydroxide ion (OH−), a base, produces water (H2O), its conjugate acid: H+ + OH− → H2O
Although Brønsted-Lowry acid-base behavior is formally independent of any solvent, it encompasses Arrhenius and solvent system definitions in an unenforced way. For example, protonation of ammonia, a base, gives ammonium ion, its conjugate acid: H+ + NH3 → NH+
4
The reaction of ammonia, a base, with acetic acid in absence of water can be described to give ammonium cation, an acid, and acetate anion, a base: CH3COOH + NH3 → NH+
4 + CH3COO−
This definition also explains the dissociation of water into low concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions: H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH−
Water, being amphoteric, can act as both an acid and a base; here, one molecule of water acts as an acid, donating a H+ ion and forming the conjugate base,OH−, and a second molecule of water acts as a base, accepting the H+ ion and forming the conjugate acid, H3O+.
Acid dissociation and acid hydrolysis are seen to be entirely similar phenomena: HCl (acid) + H2O (base) H3O+ (acid) + Cl− (base)NH+
4 (acid) + H2O (base) H3O+ (acid) + NH3 (base)
as are basic dissociation and basic hydrolysis: NH3 (base) + H2O (acid) NH+
4 (acid) + OH− (base)CH3COO− (base) + H2O (acid) CH3COOH (acid) + OH− (base)
Thus, the general formula for acid-base reactions according to the Brønsted-Lowry definition is: AH + B → BH+ + A−
where AH represents the acid, B represents the base, BH+ represents the conjugate acid of B, and A− represents the conjugate base of AH.
Although Brønsted-Lowry calls hydrogen-containing substances like HCl acids, KOH and KNH2 are not bases but salts containing the bases OH− and NH−
2. Also, some substances, which many chemists considered to be acids, such as SO3 or BCl3, are excluded from this classification due to lack of hydrogen. Gilbert Lewis wrote in 1938, "To restrict the group of acids to those substances that contain hydrogen interferes as seriously with the systematic understanding of chemistry as would the restriction of the term oxidizing agent to substances containing oxygen."[2]
Lewis definitionFurther information: Lewis acids and basesThe hydrogen requirement of Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry was removed by the Lewis definition of acid-base reactions, devised by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1923,[12] in the same year as Brønsted-Lowry, but it was not elaborated by him until 1938.[2] Instead of defining acid-base reactions in terms of protons or other bonded substances, the Lewis definition defines a base (referred to as a Lewis base) to be a compound that can donate an electron pair, and an acid (a Lewis acid) to be a compound that can receive this electron pair.[13]
In this system, an acid does not exchange atoms with a base, but combines with it. For example, consider this classical aqueous acid-base reaction: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)
The Lewis definition does not regard this reaction as the formation of salt and water or the transfer of H+ from HCl to OH−. Instead, it regards the acid to be the H+ion itself, and the base to be the OH− ion, which has an unshared electron pair. Therefore, the acid-base reaction here, according to the Lewis definition, is the donation of the electron pair from OH− to the H+ ion. This forms a covalent bond between H+ and OH−, thus producing water (H2O).
By treating acid-base reactions in terms of electron pairs instead of specific substances, the Lewis definition can be applied to reactions that do not fall under other definitions of acid-base reactions. For example, a silver cation behaves as an acid with respect to ammonia, which behaves as a base, in the following reaction: Ag+ + 2 :NH3 → [H3N:Ag:NH3]+
The result of this reaction is the formation of an ammonia-silver adduct.
In reactions between Lewis acids and bases, there is the formation of an adduct[13] when the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of a molecule, such asNH3 with available lone electron pair(s) donates lone pairs of electrons to the electron-deficient molecule's lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) through aco-ordinate covalent bond; in such a reaction, the HOMO-interacting molecule acts as a base, and the LUMO-interacting molecule acts as an acid.[13] In highly-polar molecules, such as boron trifluoride (BF3),[13] the most electronegative element pulls electrons towards its own orbitals, providing a more positive charge on the less-electronegative element and a difference in its electronic structure due to the axial or equatorial orbiting positions of its electrons, causing repulsive effects from lone pair - bonding pair (Lp-Bp) interactions between bonded atoms in excess of those already provided by bonding pair - bonding pair (Bp-Bp) interactions.[13] Adducts involving metal ions are referred to as co-ordination compounds.[13]
Other acid-base theoriesUsanovich definitionSimultaneously with Lewis, a Soviet chemist Mikhail Usanovich from Tashkent, developed a general theory that does not restrict acidity to hydrogen-containing compounds, but his approach, published in 1938, was even more general than Lewis theory.[2] Usanovich's theory can be summarized as defining an acid as anything that accepts negative species or donates positive ones, and a base as the reverse. This pushed the concept of acid-base reactions to its logical limits, and even redefined the concept of redox (oxidation-reduction) as a special case of acid-base reactions, and so did not become widespread, despite being easier to understand than Lewis theory, which required detailed familiarity with atomic structure. Some examples of Usanovich acid-base reactions include: Na2O (base) + SO3 (acid) → 2 Na+ + SO2−4 (species exchanged: anion O2−)3 (NH4)2S (base) + Sb2S3 (acid) → 6 NH+
4 + 2 SbS2−
4 (species exchanged: anion S2−)Na (base) + Cl (acid) → Na+ + Cl− (species exchanged: electron)
Lux-Flood definitionThis acid-base theory was a revival of oxygen theory of acids and bases, proposed by German chemist Hermann Lux[14][15] in 1939, further improved by Håkon Flood circa 1947[16] and is still used in modern geochemistry and electrochemistry of molten salts. This definition describes an acid as an oxide ion (O2−) acceptor and a base as an oxide ion donor. For example:[17]MgO (base) + CO2 (acid) → MgCO3CaO (base) + SiO2 (acid) → CaSiO3NO−3 (base) + S2O2−
7 (acid) → NO+
2 + 2 SO2−
4
Pearson definitionMain article: HSAB theoryIn 1963,[18] Ralph Pearson proposed an advanced qualitative concept known as Hard Soft Acid Base principle, later made quantitative with help of Robert Parr in 1984. 'Hard' applies to species that are small, have high charge states, and are weakly polarizable. 'Soft' applies to species that are large, have low charge states and are strongly polarizable. Acids and bases interact, and the most stable interactions are hard-hard and soft-soft. This theory has found use in organic and inorganic chemistry.
Acid-alkali reactione the base used is also an alkali. When an acid reacts with an alkali it forms a metal saltand water. Acid-alkali reactions are also a type of neutralization reaction.In general, acid-alkali reactions can be simplified to OH−(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O
by omitting spectator ions.
Acids are in general pure substances that contain hydrogen ions (H+) or cause them to be produced in solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are common examples. In water, these break apart into ions: HCl → H+(aq) + Cl−(aq)H2SO4 → H+(aq) + HSO−
4(aq)
An alkali is a base, a base that contains a metal from column 1 or 2 of the periodic table (the alkali metals or the alkaline earth metals). Alkalis may be defined assoluble bases, which means they must be able to dissolve in water. In general, bases are defined as substances that contain hydroxide ion (OH−) or produce it in solution. Therefore, one may also speak of hydroxide bases that dissolve in water, and thus these would also be alkalis. Some examples, then, of alkalis would be sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Note that only hydroxides with an alkali metal -column 1 - are very soluble in water; hydroxides with an alkaline earth metal - column 2 - are not as soluble. Some sources[19] will even say the alkaline earth metal hydroxides are insoluble.
To produce hydroxide ions in water, the alkali breaks apart into ions as below: NaOH → Na+(aq) + OH−(aq)
However, alkalies may also have a broader definition that includes carbonates (CO2−
3) bonded to a column 1 metal, an ammonium ion (NH+
4), or an amine (NHxradical) as the positive ion. Examples of alkalis would then also include Li2CO3, Na2CO3, and (NH4)2CO3.
There seems to be conflicting information on whether acid-base reactions are neutralization reactions. Some sources define a neutralization reaction as the reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water. Yet, in the book Chemical Misconceptions: Prevention, Diagnosis and Cure by K. Tabor (2002), it is noted that "the term neutralization is usually reserved for acid-alkali reactions." Thus, this does not make acid-alkali a type of neutralization reaction, but the only kind of neutralization reaction.
There are many uses of neutralization reactions that are acid-alkali reactions. A very common use is antacid tablets. These are designed to neutralize excess stomach acid (HCl) that may be causing discomfort in the stomach or lower esophagus. Also in the digestive tract, neutralization reactions are used when food is moved from the stomach to the intestines. In order for the nutrients to be absorbed through the intestinal wall, an alkaline environment is needed, so the pancreas produce an antacid bicarbonate to cause this transformation to occur.[20]
Another common use, though perhaps not as widely known, is in fertilizers and control of soil pH. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or limestone (calcium carbonate) may be worked into soil that is too acidic for plant growth.[21] Fertilizers that improve plant growth are made by neutralizing sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or nitric acid (HNO3) with ammonia gas (NH3), making ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate. These are salts utilized in the fertilizer.[22]
Industrially, a by-product of the burning of coal, sulfur dioxide gas may combine with water vapor in the air to eventually produce sulfuric acid, which falls as acid rain. To prevent the sulfur dioxide from being released, a device known as a scrubber gleans the gas from smoke stacks. This device first blows calcium carbonate into the combustion chamber where it decomposes into calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide. This lime then reacts with the sulfur dioxide produced forming calcium sulfite. A suspension of lime is then injected into the mixture to produce a slurry, which removes the calcium sulfite and any remaining unreacted sulfur dioxide.[23]
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A reaction between an acid and a base is a neutralizatuion chemical reaction.
~
NEUTRALIZATION REACTION!!
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Physics, Daniel C. Tsui
1997 - Chemistry, Paul D. Boyer
Chemistry, Jens C. Skou
Chemistry, John E. Walker
Economics, Robert C. Merton
Economics, Myron S. Scholes
Literature, Dario Fo
Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner
Peace, International Campaign to Ban Landmines
Peace, Jody Williams
Physics, Steven Chu
Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Physics, William D. Phillips
1996 - Chemistry, Robert F. Curl Jr.
Chemistry, Sir Harold Kroto
Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley
Economics, James A. Mirrlees
Economics, William Vickrey
Literature, Wislawa Szymborska
Medicine, Peter C. Doherty
Medicine, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Peace, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
Peace, José Ramos-Horta
Physics, David M. Lee
Physics, Douglas D. Osheroff
Physics, Robert C. Richardson
1995 - Chemistry, Paul J. Crutzen
Chemistry, Mario J. Molina
Chemistry, F. Sherwood Rowland
Economics, Robert E. Lucas Jr.
Literature, Seamus Heaney
Medicine, Edward B. Lewis
Medicine, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Medicine, Eric F. Wieschaus
Peace, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
Peace, Joseph Rotblat
Physics, Martin L. Perl
Physics, Frederick Reines
1994 - Chemistry, George A. Olah
Economics, John C. Harsanyi
Economics, John F. Nash Jr.
Economics, Reinhard Selten
Literature, Kenzaburo Oe
Medicine, Alfred G. Gilman
Medicine, Martin Rodbell
Peace, Yasser Arafat
Peace, Shimon Peres
Peace, Yitzhak Rabin
Physics, Bertram N. Brockhouse
Physics, Clifford G. Shull
1993 - Chemistry, Kary B. Mullis
Chemistry, Michael Smith
Economics, Robert W. Fogel
Economics, Douglass C. North
Literature, Toni Morrison
Medicine, Richard J. Roberts
Medicine, Phillip A. Sharp
Peace, F.W. de Klerk
Peace, Nelson Mandela
Physics, Russell A. Hulse
Physics, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1992 - Chemistry, Rudolph A. Marcus
Economics, Gary S. Becker
Literature, Derek Walcott
Medicine, Edmond H. Fischer
Medicine, Edwin G. Krebs
Peace, Rigoberta Menchú Tum
Physics, Georges Charpak
1991 - Chemistry, Richard R. Ernst
Economics, Ronald H. Coase
Literature, Nadine Gordimer
Medicine, Erwin Neher
Medicine, Bert Sakmann
Peace, Aung San Suu Kyi
Physics, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1990 - Chemistry, Elias James Corey
Economics, Harry M. Markowitz
Economics, Merton H. Miller
Economics, William F. Sharpe
Literature, Octavio Paz
Medicine, Joseph E. Murray
Medicine, E. Donnall Thomas
Peace, Mikhail Gorbachev
Physics, Jerome I. Friedman
Physics, Henry W. Kendall
Physics, Richard E. Taylor
1989 - Chemistry, Sidney Altman
Chemistry, Thomas R. Cech
Economics, Trygve Haavelmo
Literature, Camilo José Cela
Medicine, J. Michael Bishop
Medicine, Harold E. Varmus
Peace, The 14th Dalai Lama
Physics, Hans G. Dehmelt
Physics, Wolfgang Paul
Physics, Norman F. Ramsey
1988 - Chemistry, Johann Deisenhofer
Chemistry, Robert Huber
Chemistry, Hartmut Michel
Economics, Maurice Allais
Literature, Naguib Mahfouz
Medicine, Sir James W. Black
Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion
Medicine, George H. Hitchings
Peace, United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
Physics, Leon M. Lederman
Physics, Melvin Schwartz
Physics, Jack Steinberger
1987 - Chemistry, Donald J. Cram
Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn
Chemistry, Charles J. Pedersen
Economics, Robert M. Solow
Literature, Joseph Brodsky
Medicine, Susumu Tonegawa
Peace, Oscar Arias Sánchez
Physics, J. Georg Bednorz
Physics, K. Alex Müller
1986 - Chemistry, Dudley R. Herschbach
Chemistry, Yuan T. Lee
Chemistry, John C. Polanyi
Economics, James M. Buchanan Jr.
Literature, Wole Soyinka
Medicine, Stanley Cohen
Medicine, Rita Levi-Montalcini
Peace, Elie Wiesel
Physics, Gerd Binnig
Physics, Heinrich Rohrer
Physics, Ernst Ruska
1985 - Chemistry, Herbert A. Hauptman
Chemistry, Jerome Karle
Economics, Franco Modigliani
Literature, Claude Simon
Medicine, Michael S. Brown
Medicine, Joseph L. Goldstein
Peace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
Physics, Klaus von Klitzing
1984 - Chemistry, Bruce Merrifield
Economics, Richard Stone
Literature, Jaroslav Seifert
Medicine, Niels K. Jerne
Medicine, Georges J.F. Köhler
Medicine, César Milstein
Peace, Desmond Tutu
Physics, Carlo Rubbia
Physics, Simon van der Meer
1983 - Chemistry, Henry Taube
Economics, Gerard Debreu
Literature, William Golding
Medicine, Barbara McClintock
Peace, Lech Walesa
Physics, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar
Physics, William A. Fowler
1982 - Chemistry, Aaron Klug
Economics, George J. Stigler
Literature, Gabriel García Márquez
Medicine, Sune K. Bergström
Medicine, Bengt I. Samuelsson
Medicine, John R. Vane
Peace, Alfonso García Robles
Peace, Alva Myrdal
Physics, Kenneth G. Wilson
1981 - Chemistry, Kenichi Fukui
Chemistry, Roald Hoffmann
Economics, James Tobin
Literature, Elias Canetti
Medicine, David H. Hubel
Medicine, Roger W. Sperry
Medicine, Torsten N. Wiesel
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Physics, Nicolaas Bloembergen
Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow
Physics, Kai M. Siegbahn
1980 - Chemistry, Paul Berg
Chemistry, Walter Gilbert
Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
Economics, Lawrence R. Klein
Literature, Czeslaw Milosz
Medicine, Baruj Benacerraf
Medicine, Jean Dausset
Medicine, George D. Snell
Peace, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
Physics, James Cronin
Physics, Val Fitch
1979 - Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown
Chemistry, Georg Wittig
Economics, Sir Arthur Lewis
Economics, Theodore W. Schultz
Literature, Odysseus Elytis
Medicine, Allan M. Cormack
Medicine, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
Peace, Mother Teresa
Physics, Sheldon Glashow
Physics, Abdus Salam
Physics, Steven Weinberg
1978 - Chemistry, Peter Mitchell
Economics, Herbert A. Simon
Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer
Medicine, Werner Arber
Medicine, Daniel Nathans
Medicine, Hamilton O. Smith
Peace, Anwar al-Sadat
Peace, Menachem Begin
Physics, Pyotr Kapitsa
Physics, Arno Penzias
Physics, Robert Woodrow Wilson
1977 - Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine
Economics, James E. Meade
Economics, Bertil Ohlin
Literature, Vicente Aleixandre
Medicine, Roger Guillemin
Medicine, Andrew V. Schally
Medicine, Rosalyn Yalow
Peace, Amnesty International
Physics, Philip W. Anderson
Physics, Sir Nevill F. Mott
Physics, John H. van Vleck
1976 - Chemistry, William Lipscomb
Economics, Milton Friedman
Literature, Saul Bellow
Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg
Medicine, D. Carleton Gajdusek
Peace, Mairead Corrigan
Peace, Betty Williams
Physics, Burton Richter
Physics, Samuel C.C. Ting
1975 - Chemistry, John Cornforth
Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog
Economics, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans
Literature, Eugenio Montale
Medicine, David Baltimore
Medicine, Renato Dulbecco
Medicine, Howard M. Temin
Peace, Andrei Sakharov
Physics, Aage N. Bohr
Physics, Ben R. Mottelson
Physics, James Rainwater
1974 - Chemistry, Paul J. Flory
Economics, Gunnar Myrdal
Economics, Friedrich August von Hayek
Literature, Eyvind Johnson
Literature, Harry Martinson
Medicine, Albert Claude
Medicine, Christian de Duve
Medicine, George E. Palade
Peace, Seán MacBride
Peace, Eisaku Sato
Physics, Antony Hewish
Physics, Martin Ryle
1973 - Chemistry, Ernst Otto Fischer
Chemistry, Geoffrey Wilkinson
Economics, Wassily Leontief
Literature, Patrick White
Medicine, Konrad Lorenz
Medicine, Nikolaas Tinbergen
Medicine, Karl von Frisch
Peace, Le Duc Tho
Peace, Henry Kissinger
Physics, Leo Esaki
Physics, Ivar Giaever
Physics, Brian D. Josephson
1972 - Chemistry, Christian Anfinsen
Chemistry, Stanford Moore
Chemistry, William H. Stein
Economics, Kenneth J. Arrow
Economics, John R. Hicks
Literature, Heinrich Böll
Medicine, Gerald M. Edelman
Medicine, Rodney R. Porter
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, John Bardeen
Physics, Leon N. Cooper
Physics, Robert Schrieffer
1971 - Chemistry, Gerhard Herzberg
Economics, Simon Kuznets
Literature, Pablo Neruda
Medicine, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
Peace, Willy Brandt
Physics, Dennis Gabor
1970 - Chemistry, Luis Leloir
Economics, Paul A. Samuelson
Literature, Alexandr Solzhenitsyn
Medicine, Julius Axelrod
Medicine, Sir Bernard Katz
Medicine, Ulf von Euler
Peace, Norman Borlaug
Physics, Hannes Alfvén
Physics, Louis Néel
1969 - Chemistry, Derek Barton
Chemistry, Odd Hassel
Economics, Ragnar Frisch
Economics, Jan Tinbergen
Literature, Samuel Beckett
Medicine, Max Delbrück
Medicine, Alfred D. Hershey
Medicine, Salvador E. Luria
Peace, International Labour Organization
Physics, Murray Gell-Mann
1968 - Chemistry, Lars Onsager
Literature, Yasunari Kawabata
Medicine, Robert W. Holley
Medicine, H. Gobind Khorana
Medicine, Marshall W. Nirenberg
Peace, René Cassin
Physics, Luis Alvarez
1967 - Chemistry, Manfred Eigen
Chemistry, Ronald G.W. Norrish
Chemistry, George Porter
Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias
Medicine, Ragnar Granit
Medicine, Haldan K. Hartline
Medicine, George Wald
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Hans Bethe
1966 - Chemistry, Robert S. Mulliken
Literature, Shmuel Agnon
Literature, Nelly Sachs
Medicine, Charles B. Huggins
Medicine, Peyton Rous
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Alfred Kastler
1965 - Chemistry, Robert B. Woodward
Literature, Mikhail Sholokhov
Medicine, François Jacob
Medicine, André Lwoff
Medicine, Jacques Monod
Peace, United Nations Children's Fund
Physics, Richard P. Feynman
Physics, Julian Schwinger
Physics, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
1964 - Chemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
Literature, Jean-Paul Sartre
Medicine, Konrad Bloch
Medicine, Feodor Lynen
Peace, Martin Luther King Jr.
Physics, Nicolay G. Basov
Physics, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
Physics, Charles H. Townes
1963 - Chemistry, Giulio Natta
Chemistry, Karl Ziegler
Literature, Giorgos Seferis
Medicine, Sir John Eccles
Medicine, Alan L. Hodgkin
Medicine, Andrew F. Huxley
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Peace, League of Red Cross Societies
Physics, Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Physics, J. Hans D. Jensen
Physics, Eugene Wigner
1962 - Chemistry, John C. Kendrew
Chemistry, Max F. Perutz
Literature, John Steinbeck
Medicine, Francis Crick
Medicine, James Watson
Medicine, Maurice Wilkins
Peace, Linus Pauling
Physics, Lev Landau
1961 - Chemistry, Melvin Calvin
Literature, Ivo Andric
Medicine, Georg von Békésy
Peace, Dag Hammarskjöld
Physics, Robert Hofstadter
Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer
1960 - Chemistry, Willard F. Libby
Literature, Saint-John Perse
Medicine, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Medicine, Peter Medawar
Peace, Albert Lutuli
Physics, Donald A. Glaser
1959 - Chemistry, Jaroslav Heyrovsky
Literature, Salvatore Quasimodo
Medicine, Arthur Kornberg
Medicine, Severo Ochoa
Peace, Philip Noel-Baker
Physics, Owen Chamberlain
Physics, Emilio Segrè
1958 - Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
Literature, Boris Pasternak
Medicine, George Beadle
Medicine, Joshua Lederberg
Medicine, Edward Tatum
Peace, Georges Pire
Physics, Pavel A. Cherenkov
Physics, Il´ja M. Frank
Physics, Igor Y. Tamm
1957 - Chemistry, Lord Todd
Literature, Albert Camus
Medicine, Daniel Bovet
Peace, Lester Bowles Pearson
Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee
Physics, Chen Ning Yang
1956 - Chemistry, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood
Chemistry, Nikolay Semenov
Literature, Juan Ramón Jiménez
Medicine, André F. Cournand
Medicine, Werner Forssmann
Medicine, Dickinson W. Richards
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, John Bardeen
Physics, Walter H. Brattain
Physics, William B. Shockley
1955 - Chemistry, Vincent du Vigneaud
Literature, Halldór Laxness
Medicine, Hugo Theorell
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Polykarp Kusch
Physics, Willis E. Lamb
1954 - Chemistry, Linus Pauling
Literature, Ernest Hemingway
Medicine, John F. Enders
Medicine, Frederick C. Robbins
Medicine, Thomas H. Weller
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Physics, Max Born
Physics, Walther Bothe
1953 - Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger
Literature, Winston Churchill
Medicine, Hans Krebs
Medicine, Fritz Lipmann
Peace, George C. Marshall
Physics, Frits Zernike
1952 - Chemistry, Archer J.P. Martin
Chemistry, Richard L.M. Synge
Literature, François Mauriac
Medicine, Selman A. Waksman
Peace, Albert Schweitzer
Physics, Felix Bloch
Physics, E. M. Purcell
1951 - Chemistry, Edwin M. McMillan
Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg
Literature, Pär Lagerkvist
Medicine, Max Theiler
Peace, Léon Jouhaux
Physics, John Cockcroft
Physics, Ernest T.S. Walton
1950 - Chemistry, Kurt Alder
Chemistry, Otto Diels
Literature, Bertrand Russell
Medicine, Philip S. Hench
Medicine, Edward C. Kendall
Medicine, Tadeus Reichstein
Peace, Ralph Bunche
Physics, Cecil Powell
1949 - Chemistry, William F. Giauque
Literature, William Faulkner
Medicine, Walter Hess
Medicine, Egas Moniz
Peace, Lord Boyd Orr
Physics, Hideki Yukawa
1948 - Chemistry, Arne Tiselius
Literature, T.S. Eliot
Medicine, Paul Müller
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Patrick M.S. Blackett
1947 - Chemistry, Sir Robert Robinson
Literature, André Gide
Medicine, Carl Cori
Medicine, Gerty Cori
Medicine, Bernardo Houssay
Peace, Friends Service Council
Peace, American Friends Service Committee
Physics, Edward V. Appleton
1946 - Chemistry, John H. Northrop
Chemistry, Wendell M. Stanley
Chemistry, James B. Sumner
Literature, Hermann Hesse
Medicine, Hermann J. Muller
Peace, Emily Greene Balch
Peace, John R. Mott
Physics, Percy W. Bridgman
1945 - Chemistry, Artturi Virtanen
Literature, Gabriela Mistral
Medicine, Ernst B. Chain
Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming
Medicine, Sir Howard Florey
Peace, Cordell Hull
Physics, Wolfgang Pauli
1944 - Chemistry, Otto Hahn
Literature, Johannes V. Jensen
Medicine, Joseph Erlanger
Medicine, Herbert S. Gasser
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Isidor Isaac Rabi
1943 - Chemistry, George de Hevesy
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Henrik Dam
Medicine, Edward A. Doisy
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Otto Stern
1942 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1941 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1940 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1939 - Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt
Chemistry, Leopold Ruzicka
Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Medicine, Gerhard Domagk
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Ernest Lawrence
1938 - Chemistry, Richard Kuhn
Literature, Pearl Buck
Medicine, Corneille Heymans
Peace, Nansen International Office for Refugees
Physics, Enrico Fermi
1937 - Chemistry, Norman Haworth
Chemistry, Paul Karrer
Literature, Roger Martin du Gard
Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi
Peace, Robert Cecil
Physics, Clinton Davisson
Physics, George Paget Thomson
1936 - Chemistry, Peter Debye
Literature, Eugene O'Neill
Medicine, Sir Henry Dale
Medicine, Otto Loewi
Peace, Carlos Saavedra Lamas
Physics, Carl D. Anderson
Physics, Victor F. Hess
1935 - Chemistry, Frédéric Joliot
Chemistry, Irène Joliot-Curie
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Hans Spemann
Peace, Carl von Ossietzky
Physics, James Chadwick
1934 - Chemistry, Harold C. Urey
Literature, Luigi Pirandello
Medicine, George R. Minot
Medicine, William P. Murphy
Medicine, George H. Whipple
Peace, Arthur Henderson
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1933 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Ivan Bunin
Medicine, Thomas H. Morgan
Peace, Sir Norman Angell
Physics, Paul A.M. Dirac
Physics, Erwin Schrödinger
1932 - Chemistry, Irving Langmuir
Literature, John Galsworthy
Medicine, Edgar Adrian
Medicine, Sir Charles Sherrington
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Werner Heisenberg
1931 - Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius
Chemistry, Carl Bosch
Literature, Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Medicine, Otto Warburg
Peace, Jane Addams
Peace, Nicholas Murray Butler
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1930 - Chemistry, Hans Fischer
Literature, Sinclair Lewis
Medicine, Karl Landsteiner
Peace, Nathan Söderblom
Physics, Sir Venkata Raman
1929 - Chemistry, Arthur Harden
Chemistry, Hans von Euler-Chelpin
Literature, Thomas Mann
Medicine, Christiaan Eijkman
Medicine, Sir Frederick Hopkins
Peace, Frank B. Kellogg
Physics, Louis de Broglie
1928 - Chemistry, Adolf Windaus
Literature, Sigrid Undset
Medicine, Charles Nicolle
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Owen Willans Richardson
1927 - Chemistry, Heinrich Wieland
Literature, Henri Bergson
Medicine, Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Peace, Ferdinand Buisson
Peace, Ludwig Quidde
Physics, Arthur H. Compton
Physics, C.T.R. Wilson
1926 - Chemistry, The Svedberg
Literature, Grazia Deledda
Medicine, Johannes Fibiger
Peace, Aristide Briand
Peace, Gustav Stresemann
Physics, Jean Baptiste Perrin
1925 - Chemistry, Richard Zsigmondy
Literature, George Bernard Shaw
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, Sir Austen Chamberlain
Peace, Charles G. Dawes
Physics, James Franck
Physics, Gustav Hertz
1924 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Wladyslaw Reymont
Medicine, Willem Einthoven
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Manne Siegbahn
1923 - Chemistry, Fritz Pregl
Literature, William Butler Yeats
Medicine, Frederick G. Banting
Medicine, John Macleod
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Robert A. Millikan
1922 - Chemistry, Francis W. Aston
Literature, Jacinto Benavente
Medicine, Archibald V. Hill
Medicine, Otto Meyerhof
Peace, Fridtjof Nansen
Physics, Niels Bohr
1921 - Chemistry, Frederick Soddy
Literature, Anatole France
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, Hjalmar Branting
Peace, Christian Lange
Physics, Albert Einstein
1920 - Chemistry, Walther Nernst
Literature, Knut Hamsun
Medicine, August Krogh
Peace, Léon Bourgeois
Physics, Charles Edouard Guillaume
1919 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Carl Spitteler
Medicine, Jules Bordet
Peace, Woodrow Wilson
Physics, Johannes Stark
1918 - Chemistry, Fritz Haber
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Max Planck
1917 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Karl Gjellerup
Literature, Henrik Pontoppidan
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Charles Glover Barkla
1916 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Verner von Heidenstam
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1915 - Chemistry, Richard Willstätter
Literature, Romain Rolland
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, William Bragg
Physics, Lawrence Bragg
1914 - Chemistry, Theodore W. Richards
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Robert Bárány
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Max von Laue
1913 - Chemistry, Alfred Werner
Literature, Rabindranath Tagore
Medicine, Charles Richet
Peace, Henri La Fontaine
Physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1912 - Chemistry, Victor Grignard
Chemistry, Paul Sabatier
Literature, Gerhart Hauptmann
Medicine, Alexis Carrel
Peace, Elihu Root
Physics, Gustaf Dalén
1911 - Chemistry, Marie Curie
Literature, Maurice Maeterlinck
Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand
Peace, Tobias Asser
Peace, Alfred Fried
Physics, Wilhelm Wien
1910 - Chemistry, Otto Wallach
Literature, Paul Heyse
Medicine, Albrecht Kossel
Peace, Permanent International Peace Bureau
Physics, Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1909 - Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald
Literature, Selma Lagerlöf
Medicine, Theodor Kocher
Peace, Auguste Beernaert
Peace, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
Physics, Ferdinand Braun
Physics, Guglielmo Marconi
1908 - Chemistry, Ernest Rutherford
Literature, Rudolf Eucken
Medicine, Paul Ehrlich
Medicine, Ilya Mechnikov
Peace, Klas Pontus Arnoldson
Peace, Fredrik Bajer
Physics, Gabriel Lippmann
1907 - Chemistry, Eduard Buchner
Literature, Rudyard Kipling
Medicine, Alphonse Laveran
Peace, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
Peace, Louis Renault
Physics, Albert A. Michelson
1906 - Chemistry, Henri Moissan
Literature, Giosuè Carducci
Medicine, Camillo Golgi
Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Peace, Theodore Roosevelt
Physics, J.J. Thomson
1905 - Chemistry, Adolf von Baeyer
Literature, Henryk Sienkiewicz
Medicine, Robert Koch
Peace, Bertha von Suttner
Physics, Philipp Lenard
1904 - Chemistry, Sir William Ramsay
Literature, José Echegaray
Literature, Frédéric Mistral
Medicine, Ivan Pavlov
Peace, Institute of International Law
Physics, Lord Rayleigh
1903 - Chemistry, Svante Arrhenius
Literature, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Medicine, Niels Ryberg Finsen
Peace, Randal Cremer
Physics, Henri Becquerel
Physics, Pierre Curie
Physics, Marie Curie
1902 - Chemistry, Emil Fischer
Literature, Theodor Mommsen
Medicine, Ronald Ross
Peace, Élie Ducommun
Peace, Albert Gobat
Physics, Hendrik A. Lorentz
Physics, Pieter Zeeman
1901 - Chemistry, Jacobus H. van 't Hoff
Literature, Sully Prudhomme
Medicine, Emil von Behring
Peace, Henry Dunant
Peace, Frédéric Passy
Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Now you have them all, so tomorrow there will be a test and you will be expected to list them all in alphabetical order.
3 answers
