The Octoroon - 1913 was released on:

USA: 1 December 1913

melodrama

The Octoroon's Sacrifice - 1912 was released on:

USA: 5 August 1912

Lena Horne ?

The cast of The Octoroon - 1913 includes: Guy Coombs as George Payton Miriam Cooper as Dora Sunnyside Marguerite Courtot as Zoe - the Octoroon Alice Joyce as Undetermined Role Helen Lindroth as Mrs. Peyton

unhonesty in act one

The Octoroon is an 1859 play by the Irish playwright Dion Boucicault (1820-1890), and is a modern tragedy set during slavery in the antebellum South.

The cast of In Slavery Days - 1913 includes: Jane Ainsley as The Blind Mother Margarita Fischer as Tennessee - the Octoroon Edna Maison as Carlotta - the Slave Girl Iva Shepard as Mammy Sue - the Octoroon

The offspring of a mulatto and a quadroon is often referred to as an octoroon, indicating that they have one-eighth African ancestry.

By the one-drop rule, I'd say yes. Why else would they have demoted their octoroon jewish lesbian Jenna Wolfe?

It means that you are one-eighth black. other words for the same things are Mulatto, quadroon.
A person who's ancestry is one eighth (1/8) black.

if you`re talking about Zoe Nightshade, the dragon hurt her, making her weak, and then atlas finished her. Remember it said `One will fall from a parent's hand`

(Hope I am right :P)

There are many themes that are found in the book, 'The Octoroon.' These themes are mainly life lessons that include love, jealousy, and greed.

According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 1 words with the pattern -C-OR--N. That is, eight letter words with 2nd letter C and 4th letter O and 5th letter R and 8th letter N. In alphabetical order, they are:

octoroon

According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 1 words with the pattern O-TO--O-. That is, eight letter words with 1st letter O and 3rd letter T and 4th letter O and 7th letter O. In alphabetical order, they are:

octoroon

According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 10 words with the pattern ---OR-O-. That is, eight letter words with 4th letter O and 5th letter R and 7th letter O. In alphabetical order, they are:

endorsor

indorsor

motordom

octoroon

potoroos

reborrow

tenoroon

theorbos

tomorrow

unforgot

According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 1 words with the pattern O--O-O-N. That is, eight letter words with 1st letter O and 4th letter O and 6th letter O and 8th letter N. In alphabetical order, they are:

octoroon

When people were more bigoted about race there were dozens of terms for biracial people - often discriminating between different racial mixtures (and even among different degrees of interbreeding).

A good dictionary will offer you historical definitions of mulatto, octoroon, half-caste, mongrel, cross-breed, munt, and many more.

During the Civil War era, notable plays included "Our American Cousin" by Tom Taylor, which gained fame as it was being performed on the night of President Abraham Lincoln's assassination. Other significant works included "The Octoroon" by Dion Boucicault, addressing issues of race and slavery, and "The Drunkard" by W.H. Smith, a melodrama that tackled themes of alcoholism and morality. These plays reflected the social and political tensions of the time, capturing the complexities of American society during the war.

Homer Plessy was multi-ethnic and multi-cultural (Franco-American), because both of his parents had a mixture of African-American and Caucasian genes. In the 19th century, most people and all government bodies adhered to the "one-drop rule," which labeled anyone with at least one African-American ancestor black.

Louisiana, where Plessy was born and lived his entire life, informally acknowledged degrees of ethnicity because there were many freemen in the State, and the practice of intermarriage was common. By Louisiana standards, Plessy was considered an "octoroon," or someone with one-eighth black ancestry. Plessy identified with his African-American heritage, but evaluated himself as appearing white.

You can view a photo of Homer Plessy via Related Links, below.

All of the words that start with octo have some relation to the number eight, here are the words:

Octonaries

Octoploids

Octopodans

Octothorps

Octoploid

Octopodan

Octopodes

Octopuses

Octoroons

Octothorp

Octonary

Octopods

Octoroon

Octopod

Octopus

Octopi

According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 53 words with the pattern O-T--O--. That is, eight letter words with 1st letter O and 3rd letter T and 6th letter O. In alphabetical order, they are:

octagons

octanols

octapody

octaroon

octopods

octoroon

ontology

optology

outbloom

outbroke

outclomb

outcooks

outcrops

outcross

outcrowd

outcrows

outdoors

outdrops

outdrove

outfloat

outflown

outflows

outfools

outfoots

outfrown

outglows

outgross

outgroup

outgrown

outgrows

outlooks

outplods

outplots

outquote

outroops

outroots

outscold

outscoop

outscore

outscorn

outshone

outshoot

outshots

outshout

outsmoke

outsnore

outspoke

outsport

outstood

outswore

outsworn

outtrots

outwrote

Homer Plessy was classified as an "Octoroon" by 19th-Century New Orleans standards, meaning he was one-eighth African in descent. Plessy had one black grandmother, a Haitian "free woman of color," named Catherine Mathieu, who married and bore eight children with Homer's French Caucasian grandfather, Germain Plessy. Homer was very light-skinned, and said his African heritage was "not discernable."

Plessy belonged to a group of New Orleans' African-American professionals, the Citizens Committee, that deliberately staged confrontations over Jim Crow laws in Louisianna. The law targeted in this case was Louisiana's Separate Car Act of 1890, which required separation of travelers by race. If Plessy's arrest hadn't been prearranged with the East Louisiana Railroad Company, he probably wouldn't have been challenged for sitting in the "whites only" car.

You can access a photo of Homer Plessy via Related Links, below.

Homer Plessy was classified as an "Octoroon" by 19th-Century New Orleans standards, meaning he was one-eighth African in descent. Plessy had one black grandmother, a Haitian "free woman of color," named Catherine Mathieu, who married and bore eight children with Homer's French Caucasian grandfather, Germain Plessy. Homer was very light-skinned, and said his African heritage was "not discernable."

Plessy belonged to a group of New Orleans' African-American professionals, the Citizens Committee, that deliberately staged confrontations over Jim Crow laws in Louisianna. The law targeted in this case was Louisiana's Separate Car Act of 1890, which required separation of travelers by race. If Plessy's arrest hadn't been prearranged with the East Louisiana Railroad Company, he probably wouldn't have been challenged for sitting in the "whites only" car.

You can access a photo of Homer Plessy via Related Links, below.

You may be referring to a group of mixed-race people from Haiti. Because they were lighter skinned, they became somewhat of an elite, although the white minority from France ruled the island. The Mulattoes ultimately joined with free blacks and slaves to rise up against their white rulers and gain independence during the Haitian Revolution. (Back then, the word "mulatto" described someone with one white parent and one black parent.)

Also, the word "mulatto" was commonly used in the English language, although it is no longer used today. In the era of slavery and through the era of segregation, this word referred to someone who was part black and part white; such people were generally classified as "black" under racial laws of that era. Today, "mulatto" is considered inappropriate; people who are mixed-race are generally called "biracial."

Marguerite Courtot has: Played Ethel Andrews - the Daughter in "The Riddle of the Tin Soldier" in 1913. Played Marian Wells in "The Fighting Chaplain" in 1913. Played Mrs. Ashby in "The Wartime Siren" in 1913. Played Roxana Minton in "The Fire-Fighting Zouaves" in 1913. Played Zoe - the Octoroon in "The Octoroon" in 1913. Played Mamie Wallace in "Breaking Into the Big League" in 1913. Played Jennie Buckthorn in "Shenandoah" in 1913. Performed in "The American Princess" in 1913. Played Violet - a Country Girl in "The Prodigal" in 1914. Played Ruth Sanders in "The Black Sheep" in 1914. Played Marie - the Maid in "The Beast" in 1914. Played Adrienne in "A Celebrated Case" in 1914. Played Mary Videau in "The Swamp Fox" in 1914. Played Bess Fields in "The Hand Print Mystery" in 1914. Played Frances - the Barefoot Boy in "The Barefoot Boy" in 1914. Played Marguerite in "The Veiled Princess" in 1915. Played Marguerite in "The Key to a Fortune" in 1915. Played Marguerite in "The Ancient Coin" in 1915. Played Dorothy Craig - the Daughter, as an Adult in "The Seventh Commandment" in 1915. Played Marguerite in "The Secret Message" in 1915. Played Mildred in "The Adventure at Briarcliff" in 1915. Played Marguerite in "The Ventures of Marguerite" in 1915. Performed in "Our Daily Bread" in 1915. Played Marguerite in "A Society Schemer" in 1915. Played Marguerite in "When Appearances Deceive" in 1915. Played Marguerite in "The Kidnapped Heiress" in 1915. Played Helen Vanderhoff - an Heiress in "The Vanderhoff Affair" in 1915. Played Marguerite in "The Rogue Syndicate" in 1915. Played Marguerite Marshall in "The First Commandment" in 1915. Played Jean Darnell in "The Black Ring" in 1915. Played Jean Breslow - a Distant Relative in "The Girl and the Bachelor" in 1915. Played Nell in "The Third Commandment" in 1915. Played Elsie Dunbar in "The Pretenders" in 1915. Played Marguerite Flint in "For High Stakes" in 1915. Played Luise in "The Kiss" in 1916. Played Marguerite in "The Sealskin Coat" in 1916. Played Marguerite in "The Fate of America" in 1916. Played Marguerite in "The Tricksters" in 1916. Played Norma Noggs in "Rolling Stones" in 1916. Played Marguerite in "The Lurking Peril" in 1916. Played Marguerite in "The Crossed Clues" in 1916. Played Sonia Marmeladoff in "Crime and Punishment" in 1917. Played Ruth Stanley in "The Natural Law" in 1917. Played Virginie Harbrok in "The Unbeliever" in 1918. Played Eileen Hawthorn in "The Perfect Lover" in 1919. Played Florence Chandler in "The Teeth of the Tiger" in 1919. Played Princess Istra in "Bound and Gagged" in 1919. Played Fanny Brett in "The Undercurrent" in 1919. Played Gabrielle Hall in "Pirate Gold" in 1920. Played Lorna George in "Velvet Fingers" in 1920. Played Carmelita in "Rogues and Romance" in 1920. Played Doris Bain in "The Yellow Arm" in 1921. Played Sarah in "Silas Marner" in 1922. Played Patience Morgan in "Down to the Sea in Ships" in 1922. Played Esther Dowling in "Beyond the Rainbow" in 1922. Played Gay Dixon in "The Cradle Buster" in 1922. Played Polly Grimshaw in "Outlaws of the Sea" in 1923. Played Lydia Canfield in "The Steadfast Heart" in 1923. Played Jacqueline Roland in "Jacqueline, or Blazing Barriers" in 1923. Performed in "Men, Women and Money" in 1924. Played herself in "This Is Your Life" in 1952.

Iva Shepard has: Performed in "Hugo the Hunchback" in 1910. Performed in "The Wife of Marcus" in 1910. Performed in "The Craven Heart" in 1911. Performed in "Stability vs. Nobility" in 1911. Performed in "A Cup of Cold Water" in 1911. Performed in "On Separate Paths" in 1911. Performed in "The Convert of San Clemente" in 1911. Performed in "The Novice" in 1911. Performed in "The Rival Stage Lines" in 1911. Performed in "It Happened in the West" in 1911. Performed in "The Right Name, But the Wrong Man" in 1911. Performed in "Blackbeard" in 1911. Performed in "The New Superintendent" in 1911. Performed in "A Diplomat Interrupted" in 1912. Performed in "A Broken Spur" in 1912. Performed in "The Shrinking Rawhide" in 1912. Performed in "The Other Fellow" in 1912. Performed in "A Mysterious Gallant" in 1912. Played Society Crook in "A Seaside Samaritan" in 1913. Played Mammy Sue - the Octoroon in "In Slavery Days" in 1913. Played Mrs. Reid in "While the Children Slept" in 1913. Performed in "The Fight Against Evil" in 1913. Played Phyllis Webster in "A Friend of the Family" in 1913. Played Florence Dunbar in "Northern Lights" in 1914. Played Mrs. Legardes in "The Thief" in 1914. Played Juanita in "The Conspiracy" in 1914. Played Eva - the Wife in "Hand That Rules the World" in 1914. Performed in "A Coincidental Bridegroom" in 1914. Performed in "Trust Begets Trust" in 1914. Performed in "The Two Gun Man" in 1914. Played Lazy Liz in "The Straight Road" in 1914. Performed in "The Imp Abroad" in 1914. Performed in "The Romance of an Actor" in 1914. Performed in "Withered Hands" in 1914. Played Mrs. Seabrook, mother of Swift in "Captain Swift" in 1914. Played Belle Jordan in "Bondwomen" in 1915. Played Alice Gordon in "The Suburban" in 1915. Played Nettie Lea in "The Isle of Love" in 1916. Played Madge in "The Drifter" in 1916. Played Zoe Trevor in "The Haunted Manor" in 1916. Played Beatrice Snyder in "The Salamander" in 1916. Played Mrs. Holbrook in "The Scarlet Road" in 1916. Played Alice Ward in "I Accuse" in 1916. Played Le Grande in "The Street of Seven Stars" in 1918. Played Maid in "I Love Lucy" in 1951. Played Nurse in "I Love Lucy" in 1951.

Some words with double Os are:

achoo

aloof

baboon

balloon

ballyhoo

bamboo

bamboozle

bandicoot

bassoon

bazooka

blood

bloom

blooper

boo

boo boo

boogeyman

boohoo

book

boon

boondoggle

boor, boorish

boot

booth

booties

booty

booze

brooch

brood

brook

broom

buckaroo

buffoon

bugaboo

caboose

cahoots

cartoon

cheroot

choose

cocoon

coo

cook

cookie

cool

coop

cooper

cooperation

cooperative

coordinate

coordination

coot

cootie

crook

crooked

croon

cuckoo

didgeridoo

doodad

doodle, doodler

doohickey

doom

door

dragoon

drool

droop, droopy

festoon

flood

floor

food

fool

foolish

foot

gloom

goo

goober

good

goodbye

goodies

goof, goofy

gook

goon

goop

goose

groom

groove

harpoon

heirloom

hooch

hood

hoodie

hoodlum

hoodwink

hoof

hook

hookah

hooligan

hoopla

hooray

hoot

hullabaloo

igloo

jackeroo

kangaroo

kazoo

kook, kooky

lagoon

lampoon

lollapalooza

loo

loofah

look

loom

loon

loop

loose, loosen

loot, looter

macaroon

maroon

microorganism

mongoose

monsoon

moo

mooch, moocher

mood, moody

moon

moor

moose

moot

mushroom

nincompoop

noodle

noon

noose

octoroon

oodles

ooh

oolong

oompah

oomph

oops

ooze, oozy

pantaloon

papoose

patroon

peekaboo

phooey

platoon

pontoon

poo

pooch

poof

pool

poop

poor

proof

quadroon

raccoon

reboot

roof

rook

rookery

rookie

room

roost

root

saloon

schmooze

school

schooner

scoop

scoot, scooter

shampoo

shoo

shook

shoot

sloop

smooch

smooth

snood

snooker

snoop, snoopy

snooze

soon

soot, sooty

sooth

soothe

spittoon

spoof

spook, spooky

spool

spoon

spoonerism

stood

stooge

stool

stoolie

stoop

swoon

swoop

swoosh

taboo

tandoori

tattoo

too

took

tool

toot

tooth

tootsie

troop, trooper

tycoon

typhoon

vamoose

voodoo

whippoorwill

whoop

whoopie

whoops

whoosh

whoosh

woo

wood

woof

woofer

wool, woolly, woolen

woozy

yahoo

zoo

zoology, zoologist

zoom

zoot suit

Miriam Cooper has: Played Undine in "Saved from Court Martial" in 1912. Played Polly - the Maid in "The Farm Bully" in 1912. Performed in "The Toll Gate Raiders" in 1912. Performed in "The Bugler of Battery B" in 1912. Played Alma - the Drummer Girl in "The Drummer Girl of Vicksburg" in 1912. Played Eve in "The Girl in the Caboose" in 1912. Performed in "A Railroad Lochinvar" in 1912. Performed in "The Peril of the Cliffs" in 1912. Performed in "The Grit of the Girl Telegrapher" in 1912. Performed in "A Battle of Wits" in 1912. Played Daisy in "The Filibusterers" in 1912. Performed in "The Soldier Brothers of Susanna" in 1912. Performed in "Victim of Circumstances" in 1912. Performed in "The Darling of the CSA" in 1912. Performed in "The Prison Ship" in 1912. Played Jenny Thorn in "The Rival Engineers" in 1912. Played Nancy Tucker in "Battle in the Virginia Hills" in 1912. Played Dixie Hardie in "The Infamous Don Miguel" in 1913. Played Madeline West in "Shenandoah" in 1913. Played Sal in "The Sacrifice at the Spillway" in 1913. Played Helen Breslow in "The Woe of Battle" in 1913. Played Louise Constance in "Across the Continent" in 1913. Played Virginia Merrill in "The Battle of Bloody Ford" in 1913. Played Delphine Erskine in "A Treacherous Shot" in 1913. Performed in "A Sawmill Hazard" in 1913. Played Mrs. Joe Williams in "The Hand of Destiny" in 1913. Played Mabel - a Neighbor in "A Railroad Conspiracy" in 1913. Played Dora Sunnyside in "The Octoroon" in 1913. Played Mary in "The Exposure of the Land Swindlers" in 1913. Played Mattie in "The Gunman" in 1914. Performed in "Izzy and His Rival" in 1914. Played Cherry in "For the Sake of Kate" in 1914. Performed in "The Stolen Radium" in 1914. Played Mary in "When Fate Frowned" in 1914. Played Rosalie Crowley in "For His Master" in 1914. Played Grace Curley in "Their First Acquaintance" in 1914. Played The Fiancee in "Home, Sweet Home" in 1914. Played Zora in "The Dishonored Medal" in 1914. Performed in "How Izzy Stuck to His Post" in 1914. Played Eleanor - the Wife in "The Rose Bush of Memories" in 1914. Played Madge - the Country Girl in "Golden Dross" in 1914. Performed in "Izzy and the Diamond" in 1914. Played Mary Bailey aka Mrs. Tom Spangler in "The Horse Wrangler" in 1914. Played Bella in "The Old Shoemaker" in 1915. Played The Girl in "Only a Tramp" in 1915. Played Laura - the Young Woman in "The Double Deception" in 1915. Performed in "The Slave Girl" in 1915. Played Alice in "His Return" in 1915. Played Margaret Cameron - Elder Sister in "The Birth of a Nation" in 1915. Played Marietta in "The Burned Hand" in 1915. Played Anita in "The Fatal Black Bean" in 1915. Played Lady Lou in "The Silent Lie" in 1917. Played Mary Ellen Ellis in "The Innocent Sinner" in 1917. Played Carmelita in "Betrayed" in 1917. Played Edith in "The Honor System" in 1917. Played Mrs. Jack La Salle in "The Woman and the Law" in 1918. Played The Friendly One in "The Mother and the Law" in 1919. Played Evangeline in "Evangeline" in 1919. Played Maria del Carmen in "Serenade" in 1921. Played Nan of the Sawdust Pile in "Kindred of the Dust" in 1922. Played Rena in "Her Accidental Husband" in 1923. Played Maud Barhyte in "Daughters of the Rich" in 1923. Played Sheila in "The Girl Who Came Back" in 1923. Played Martha Baker in "The Hero" in 1923. Played Inez Villera in "The Broken Wing" in 1923. Played Lorraine Trevelyan in "After the Ball" in 1924. Played herself in "Black Shadows on the Silver Screen" in 1975.

Helen Lindroth has: Played Mrs. John Stafford in "Tide of Battle" in 1912. Performed in "The Toll Gate Raiders" in 1912. Performed in "The Bugler of Battery B" in 1912. Performed in "Battle of Pottsburg Bridge" in 1912. Performed in "Saved from Court Martial" in 1912. Played Mrs. Neville in "Under a Flag of Truce" in 1912. Performed in "The Drummer Girl of Vicksburg" in 1912. Performed in "A Railroad Lochinvar" in 1912. Played Mrs. Pemberton in "The Siege of Petersburg" in 1912. Performed in "Battle in the Virginia Hills" in 1912. Performed in "The Soldier Brothers of Susanna" in 1912. Performed in "The Girl in the Caboose" in 1912. Performed in "Victim of Circumstances" in 1912. Performed in "The Darling of the CSA" in 1912. Played Alice Doyle in "The Kerry Gow" in 1912. Performed in "His Silver Bachelorhood" in 1913. Played Mrs. Peyton in "The Octoroon" in 1913. Played Maggie Lee in "The Bribe" in 1913. Played Mrs. Dexter in "A Victim of Heredity" in 1913. Played Isabel Sincalir in "The Hidden Witness" in 1913. Performed in "Captured by Strategy" in 1913. Played Anna McCarthy in "The Wives of Jamestown" in 1913. Performed in "A Treacherous Shot" in 1913. Performed in "The Battle of Bloody Ford" in 1913. Played Undetermined Role in "The Infamous Don Miguel" in 1913. Played Miss Tattleby - the Village Gossip in "Our New Minister" in 1913. Played Mrs. Bill Danver in "The Eighth Notch" in 1913. Performed in "The Storm at Sea" in 1914. Played Mrs. Weir in "The Barefoot Boy" in 1914. Played Mrs. Binsfield - the Landlady in "The Cabaret Dancer" in 1914. Played Celeste Valdane - a Woman of the World in "The Hate That Withers" in 1914. Played Mrs. Kendall - the Mother in "Seed and the Harvest" in 1914. Played Mrs. Lucius Stanley in "The Man of Iron" in 1914. Played Felice - a Modiste in "Her Bitter Lesson" in 1914. Played Effie Sprout - a Hag of the Slums in "The Menace of Fate" in 1914. Played Mrs. Stokes (parts one and two) in "Chest of Fortune" in 1914. Played Mrs. Daniel Bascom in "The Treasure Ship" in 1914. Played Queen Mary Louise in "Don Caesar de Bazan" in 1915. Played La Reine - a Musical Comedy Actress in "The Bondwoman" in 1915. Played Rawlins - the Housekeeper in "Voices in the Dark" in 1915. Played Undetermined Role in "The Pretenders" in 1915. Played Mrs. Bridges in "An Innocent Sinner" in 1915. Played Mary Dayton - the Mother in "Honor Thy Father" in 1915. Played Inez - a Mexican Woman in "The Vanderhoff Affair" in 1915. Played Mrs. Nayburn in "The White Goddess" in 1915. Played Mrs. Winters in "The Innocent Lie" in 1916. Performed in "The Black Crook" in 1916. Played Miss McGrim in "The Daughter of MacGregor" in 1916. Played Mrs. Darden in "Audrey" in 1916. Played Mrs. Baxter in "Seventeen" in 1916. Played Undetermined Role in "The Spider" in 1916. Played Nanny in "The Hungry Heart" in 1917. Played Mrs. Stanley Cartwright in "The House of Gold" in 1918. Played Grace Poole in "Woman and Wife" in 1918. Played Mme. Souroff in "At the Mercy of Men" in 1918. Played Mrs. Leigh in "Kildare of Storm" in 1918. Played Lady Betty Heathcote in "Shadows of Suspicion" in 1919. Played Olga Marie in "The Great Romance" in 1919. Played Aunt Caroline in "The Point of View" in 1920. Played Mrs. Hawarden in "The Fighter" in 1921. Played Mrs. Lawlor in "The Way of a Maid" in 1921. Played Aunt Agatha in "Peggy Puts It Over" in 1921. Played Mrs. Dunning in "Poor, Dear Margaret Kirby" in 1921. Played Nurse Russell in "The Passionate Pilgrim" in 1921. Played Mrs. Arkwright in "Unseeing Eyes" in 1923. Played Kate Vollar in "Java Head" in 1923. Played Aunt Louise in "Unguarded Women" in 1924. Played Henrietta Rutherford in "The Humming Bird" in 1924. Played Mrs. Bland in "The Confidence Man" in 1924. Played Mrs. Brown in "Unrestrained Youth" in 1925. Played Amphirosa in "The Swan" in 1925. Played Marsha Lane in "The Song and Dance Man" in 1926.

Oh, dude, like, Plessy was classified as African-American because of the infamous "one-drop rule" in the US, which meant that even a tiny bit of African ancestry was enough to label someone as black. So, like, even if Plessy was just sipping on his pumpkin spice latte, people were like, "Yep, he's black." It's like that saying, "If it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it's probably a duck."

Guy Coombs has: Played Col. William Prescott in "The Battle of Bunker Hill" in 1911. Played Francis Scott Key in "The Star Spangled Banner" in 1911. Performed in "The Minute Man" in 1911. Played Tom Evans in "The Express Envelope" in 1911. Played The Husband in "The Niece and the Chorus Lady" in 1911. Performed in "Hearts and Flags" in 1911. Played Harry Randolph - the Son in "Captain Nell" in 1911. Played Tom Driscoll - a Green Mountain Boy in "The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga" in 1911. Played The Brother in "A Lesson Learned" in 1911. Played Tom in "The Flash in the Night" in 1911. Played The Husband in "In the Baggage Coach Ahead" in 1911. Performed in "Wanted, a Sister" in 1912. Played Gause - the Investigator in "The Fraud at the Hope Mine" in 1912. Played Larrie Doone in "The Grit of the Girl Telegrapher" in 1912. Played Tom Dean in "Under a Flag of Truce" in 1912. Played Lt. Hardee in "Tide of Battle" in 1912. Played Ralph Christie in "Two Spies" in 1912. Played Lieutenant Waldon in "The Prison Ship" in 1912. Played Capt. Hunt, C.S.A. in "The Darling of the CSA" in 1912. Played Joe Hood in "Battle in the Virginia Hills" in 1912. Played Clark Russell in "The Farm Bully" in 1912. Played Robert Fletcher in "The Rival Engineers" in 1912. Played Lt. Maury Van Dorn C.S.A. in "The Siege of Petersburg" in 1912. Played Joe, The Younger Brother in "The Soldier Brothers of Susanna" in 1912. Played James - the Farmer in "The Toll Gate Raiders" in 1912. Played Harkness - the Bugler in "The Bugler of Battery B" in 1912. Played Bob Tempest in "A Railroad Lochinvar" in 1912. Played Don Davis in "The Filibusterers" in 1912. Played Lieutenant Yancey in "The Confederate Ironclad" in 1912. Played Ned Perry in "Saved from Court Martial" in 1912. Played Lieutenant Lightfoot in "The Drummer Girl of Vicksburg" in 1912. Played Bobbie Mayre in "A Spartan Mother" in 1912. Played Richard Worthington in "Victim of Circumstances" in 1912. Played Forbes in "The Fatal Legacy" in 1913. Played Clel Ellis - the Secret Service Agent in "The Grim Toll of War" in 1913. Played The Village Minister in "The Breath of Scandal" in 1913. Played Ben Roderick in "The Fire-Fighting Zouaves" in 1913. Played Reverend John Barlow in "The Fighting Chaplain" in 1913. Played Lt. Gaylord in "The Woe of Battle" in 1913. Played George Payton in "The Octoroon" in 1913. Played Rev. Carter Chase in "The Battle of Bloody Ford" in 1913. Performed in "Captured by Strategy" in 1913. Played Captain Warren in "The Wartime Siren" in 1913. Played Jones, the Valet in "Shipwrecked" in 1913. Played Ralph - the Police Officer in "The Peril of the Dance Hall" in 1913. Played The Prosecuting Attorney in "The Prosecuting Attorney" in 1913. Played Colonel Kerchival West in "Shenandoah" in 1913. Played Congressman Gordon in "The Exposure of the Land Swindlers" in 1913. Played Tom Norton in "The Man in the Vault" in 1914. Played The Man with the Glove in "The Man with the Glove" in 1914. Played Professor Lloyd in "The Riddle of the Green Umbrella" in 1914. Played Francis Marion - The Swamp Fox in "The Swamp Fox" in 1914. Played Richard Pelton - the Ex-Convict in "The Ex-Convict" in 1914. Played Prince Sacholdt in "The Theft of the Crown Jewels" in 1914. Played Jean Renaud in "A Celebrated Case" in 1914. Played Undetermined Role in "The Brand" in 1914. Played Jack Wellington - as an Adult (part two) in "Chest of Fortune" in 1914. Played Tom Plank in "The Price of Silence" in 1914. Played Carl Linden - a Parasite in "The Leech" in 1915. Played Wallace - an Artist in "The Face of the Madonna" in 1915. Played Gordon Eames - the Husband in "Her Supreme Sacrifice" in 1915. Played Lee Trevor in "Rivals" in 1915. Played Paul Lockwood - a Professional Gambler in "Cast Up by the Sea" in 1915. Played Prince Rudolph of Weerhelm in "The Night of the Embassy Ball" in 1915. Played Alan Glynn in "The Girl of the Music Hall" in 1915. Played Robert Marston - Assistant District Attorney in "The Call of the Dance" in 1915. Played Clifton Bruce - a Successful Surgeon in "Hiding from the Law" in 1915. Played Khanda in "The White Goddess" in 1915. Played Robert in "My Madonna" in 1915. Played Capt. Trumbull in "Barbara Frietchie" in 1915. Played Floyd - the Prosecuting Attorney in "Unfaithful to His Trust" in 1915. Performed in "A Trial of Souls" in 1916. Performed in "Two Men and a Woman" in 1917. Played Harry Palmer in "Loaded Dice" in 1918. Performed in "Flower of the Dusk" in 1918. Played Daniel Clarkson in "The Uphill Path" in 1918. Played Peter Barrett in "The Wrong Woman" in 1920. Played Follower of Buckingham in "When Knighthood Was in Flower" in 1922. Performed in "That Woman" in 1922.

Margarita Fischer has: Performed in "Big Medicine" in 1910. Played Loie - the Vampire in "The Vampire" in 1910. Performed in "The Road to Richmond" in 1910. Performed in "Settled Out of Court" in 1910. Played Margaret in "Her First Long Dress" in 1910. Played The Squaw in "The Squaw and the Man" in 1910. Performed in "Romeo and Juliet in Our Town" in 1910. Performed in "The Way of the Red Man" in 1910. Performed in "After Many Years" in 1910. Played Martha Saunders in "The Kentucky Pioneer" in 1910. Played Mrs. Page in "The Merry Wives of Windsor" in 1910. Played The Girl in "Two Lucky Jims" in 1910. Performed in "The Early Settlers" in 1910. Performed in "In the Wilderness" in 1910. Played The Young Woman Con Artist in "Trimming of Paradise Gulch" in 1910. Played Mrs. Aubrey in "A Lesson to Husbands" in 1911. Played Alice in "The Girl and the Half-Back" in 1911. Played Mrs. Jim Robertson in "A Pair of Gloves" in 1911. Played Nell in "The Mission in the Desert" in 1911. Performed in "Over the Hills" in 1911. Played The Persecuted Heroine in "A Melodrama of Yesterday" in 1912. Played Fawn in "The Parson and the Medicine Man" in 1912. Played Baby Lena in "The Trinity" in 1912. Played Sally Batte in "Love, War and a Bonnet" in 1912. Played Tortola - the Dove in "The Dove and the Serpent" in 1912. Played Angelina in "Hearts in Conflict" in 1912. Played Milly Strong in "An Indian Outcast" in 1912. Played Mary Harding in "Squnk City Fire Company" in 1912. Played Alice Ward in "Where Paths Meet" in 1912. Performed in "The Exchange of Labels" in 1912. Played Starlight in "The Tribal Law" in 1912. Played Lillian Stanhope in "Nothing Shall Be Hidden" in 1912. Performed in "The Rights of a Savage" in 1912. Played Myrtle Green - the Wife in "Better Than Gold" in 1912. Played Juanita in "The Land of Promise" in 1912. Played Rosa in "The Rose of California" in 1912. Played Mae Rand, the Daughter in "A Fight for Friendship" in 1912. Played Cleo in "The Hand of Mystery" in 1912. Played Mrs. John Matthews in "Mrs. Matthews, Dressmaker" in 1912. Performed in "Romance and Reality" in 1912. Performed in "The Regeneration of Worthless Dan" in 1912. Played Mary Fisk in "The Fight Against Evil" in 1913. Played The Wife in "The World at Large" in 1913. Played Betty, First Sister in "A Wrong Road" in 1913. Played Peggy in "His Old-Fashioned Dad" in 1913. Played Marie in "The Power of Heredity" in 1913. Played Madge of the Hills in "Shon the Piper" in 1913. Played Dolores in "The Thumb Print" in 1913. Played Margery Stannard in "The Primeval Test" in 1913. Performed in "The Shadow" in 1913. Played Shedah - Oriental Princess in "The Diamond Makers" in 1913. Played May in "When the Prince Arrived" in 1913. Performed in "The Light Woman" in 1913. Played Shedah - the Indian High Priestess in "The Stolen Idol" in 1913. Played Grace Darling in "How Men Propose" in 1913. Played Mme. Zigoletti - a Contortionist in "A Friend of the Family" in 1913. Performed in "The Evil Power" in 1913. Played The French Maid in "The Great Ganton Mystery" in 1913. Played Tennessee - the Octoroon in "In Slavery Days" in 1913. Played Draga - the Gypsy in "Draga, the Gypsy" in 1913. Played The Indian Girl in "Until Death" in 1913. Played Peggy - the Fishermaid in "The Turn of the Tide" in 1913. Played Margaret Lee in "Mlle. La Mode" in 1914. Played Marjorie Holmes in "Closed at Ten" in 1914. Played Jane Rich in "A Joke on Jane" in 1914. Played Maggie Pimento in "Eugenics Versus Love" in 1914. Played Trixy Lynn in "A Suspended Ceremony" in 1914. Played Jane Higgins in "Jane, the Justice" in 1914. Played Margie Mason, his wife in "A Modern Othello" in 1914. Played Giannina, his wife in "Sweet Land of Liberty" in 1914. Performed in "The Silence of John Gordon" in 1914. Played Mary Baxter in "The Other Train" in 1914. Played Anita Bowen in "Via the Fire Escape" in 1914. Played Ethel Peyton in "Cupid and a Dress Coat" in 1914. Played Maggie in "The Girl Who Dared" in 1914. Played Bess in "Bess, the Outcast" in 1914. Played Prudence Benton in "The Courting of Prudence" in 1914. Played Mille - 1st Twin Sister in "The Tale of a Tailor" in 1914. Performed in "Lost: A Union Suit" in 1914. Played Hattie Hood Dunlap in "A Flurry in Hats" in 1914. Played Nieda Graham in "Nieda" in 1914. Played Marjorie - the Woman in "Motherhood" in 1914. Played Peggy in "Fooling Uncle" in 1914. Played Polly Bainbridge in "The Peacock Feather Fan" in 1914. Played Viridis in "The Dream Ship" in 1914. Played Mrs. Van Arsdale in "Her Heritage" in 1914. Played Isabel Van Dyke in "When Queenie Came Back" in 1914. Played Betty in "The Motherless Kids" in 1914. Played Carmelita in "The Legend of Black Rock" in 1914. Played Bessie Smythe in "Caught in a Tight Pinch" in 1914. Played Eleanor Seawell in "The Miracle of Life" in 1915. Played Samanthy in "The Lonesome Heart" in 1915. Played Phyllis Ladd in "Infatuation" in 1915. Played Jackie Holbrook in "Miss Jackie of the Navy" in 1916. Played Yulita in "The Pearl of Paradise" in 1916. Performed in "The Brand of Death" in 1917. Performed in "Defiance" in 1917. Performed in "The Diamond Thieves" in 1917. Played Jackie in "Miss Jackie of the Army" in 1917. Performed in "The Human Flame" in 1917. Performed in "Robinson Crusoe" in 1917. Played Nan Graythorpe in "The Primitive Woman" in 1918. Played Alys Gilson in "The Square Deal" in 1918. Played Janet Barnes in "Jilted Janet" in 1918. Played Norah McDonald in "The Mantle of Charity" in 1918. Played Ann Dickson in "Fair Enough" in 1918. Played Susan Gaskell in "Impossible Susan" in 1918. Played Molly Malone in "Molly of the Follies" in 1919. Played Carmina in "The Tiger Lily" in 1919. Played Winnie Davis in "Charge It to Me" in 1919. Played Trixie Darling in "Trixie from Broadway" in 1919. Played Vera Middleton in "The Week-End" in 1920. Played Leila Cole in "The Thirtieth Piece of Silver" in 1920. Played Rose in "The Gamesters" in 1920. Played Leila Mead in "The Dangerous Talent" in 1920. Played Emily Heath in "Payment Guaranteed" in 1921. Played Ruth Bannister in "Their Mutual Child" in 1921. Played Madame deBrie in "Beach of Dreams" in 1921. Played Charlotte Harrison in "K - The Unknown" in 1924. Played Mrs. Rand in "Any Woman" in 1925.

Alice Joyce has: Performed in "The Rescue of Molly Finney" in 1910. Played Rachel in "Rachel" in 1910. Played Elizabeth in "The Education of Elizabeth" in 1910. Performed in "The Heart of Edna Leslie" in 1910. Played Marie Holt in "The Roses of the Virgin" in 1910. Played Patricia Muggins - Waitress in "Reckless Reddy Reforms" in 1911. Played Summer Morn in "The Love of Summer Morn" in 1911. Played Nancy Etheridge in "Slabsides" in 1911. Played Dorothy - the Younger Sister in "The Higher Toll" in 1911. Played Elizabeth in "Big Hearted Jim" in 1911. Performed in "The Hero Track Walker" in 1911. Played Blanca in "Mexican Filibusterers" in 1911. Played Elsa - The Wife in "The Bolted Door" in 1911. Played Drooping Eyes in "The Trail of the Pomas Charm" in 1911. Played May in "By the Aid of a Lariat" in 1911. Played Jane Mayfield in "The Badge of Courage" in 1911. Played Preciosa in "Between Father and Son" in 1911. Played Dolores del Cerro in "The Mistress of Hacienda del Cerro" in 1911. Played Millie Waine in "The Temptation of Rodney Vane" in 1911. Played Cassandra in "When Two Hearts Are Won" in 1911. Performed in "The Broken Trail" in 1911. Played Ethel Davis in "A Prisoner of Mexico" in 1911. Played Alice in "Dan, the Lighthouse Keeper" in 1911. Played Mrs. Newcomb in "On the Warpath" in 1911. Played Maude Baker in "The Blackfoot Halfbreed" in 1911. Played Suzanne in "The Wasp" in 1911. Played Secondary Role in "The Mexican Joan of Arc" in 1911. Played Betty Reed in "How Betty Captured the Outlaw" in 1911. Played Nell in "When the Sun Went Out" in 1911. Played Mrs. Walker - the Mother in "The Peril of the Plains" in 1911. Played Dolores in "The Mission Carrier" in 1911. Played Nellie in "Over the Garden Wall" in 1911. Played Lyn in "Too Much Realism" in 1911. Played Jennie in "The Lost Ribbon" in 1911. Played Chick Jensen in "The Alpine Lease" in 1911. Played Fantasca - the Gypsy Queen in "Fantasca, the Gipsy" in 1912. Played Mary in "The Outlaw" in 1912. Played Gladys Conery, the Daughter in "The Stolen Invention" in 1912. Played Emily Barstow in "The Family Tyrant" in 1912. Played Sue Elwood in "A Battle of Wits" in 1912. Played Princess Olga in "The Russian Peasant" in 1912. Played Camilla - the Shepherdess in "A Princess of the Hills" in 1912. Performed in "The Soldier Brothers of Susanna" in 1912. Played Mary Lane in "Freed from Suspicion" in 1912. Played Mrs. Lawson in "Saved by Telephone" in 1912. Played Agnes - an Employee in "A Business Buccaneer" in 1912. Played Isabella in "The Spanish Revolt of 1836" in 1912. Played Nell in "An Interrupted Wedding" in 1912. Played Donna Josefa in "The Bell of Penance" in 1912. Played Pepita - the Street Singer in "The Street Singer" in 1912. Performed in "Rube Marquard Marries" in 1912. Played Anna Newton in "The Young Millionaire" in 1912. Played Marcella in "The Mexican Revolutionist" in 1912. Played Pepina in "The Organ Grinder" in 1912. Played Kathleen in "The Finger of Suspicion" in 1912. Played Mrs. James Thorpe in "The Defeat of the Brewery Gang" in 1912. Played herself in "Rube Marquard Wins" in 1912. Played Anne Sinclair in "In the Grip of a Charlatan" in 1913. Played Madelyn Mack - Girl Detective in "The Riddle of the Tin Soldier" in 1913. Played Betsy Ross in "The Flag of Freedom" in 1913. Played Marie Carver in "The Hunchback" in 1913. Played Florence Baker - the Heiress in "The Adventure of an Heiress" in 1913. Played Jane Hallowell in "When Fate Decrees" in 1913. Played Princess Alexa in "The American Princess" in 1913. Played Evelyn Gregory in "A Streak of Yellow" in 1913. Played Esther - a City Unfortunate in "The Christian" in 1913. Played Wynne Carter in "A Bolt from the Sky" in 1913. Played Undetermined Role in "Perils of the Sea" in 1913. Played Undetermined Role in "The Octoroon" in 1913. Played The Wife in "A Thief in the Night" in 1913. Played Elise Dupont in "The Sneak" in 1913. Played Anita in "An Unseen Terror" in 1913. Played Fern Barclay in "A Victim of Deceit" in 1913. Played Helen Dana - the Daughter in "The Cloak of Guilt" in 1913. Played Alice Stewart in "The Heart of an Actress" in 1913. Played Rose, the Nurse in "The Nurse at Mulberry Bend" in 1913. Played Edith Melford - the Wife in "The Beast" in 1914. Played Nancy Berry in "The Weakling" in 1914. Played Madeline Renaud in "A Celebrated Case" in 1914. Played Ruth Malloy in "The Lynbrook Tragedy" in 1914. Played Adele Colby in "The Girl and the Stowaway" in 1914. Played Barbara Ragan in "The Price of Silence" in 1914. Played Madelyn Mack in "The Riddle of the Green Umbrella" in 1914. Played Beatrice - an Authoress in "The Green Rose" in 1914. Played Ruth Fields in "The Hand Print Mystery" in 1914. Played Mary Halleck - a Girl of the Backwoods in "The Brand" in 1914. Played Princess Zavia of Eltwich-Haldmandt in "The Theft of the Crown Jewels" in 1914. Played Sarah Dean - the Second Wife in "The Shadow" in 1914. Played Jane Andrews - a Daughter of the Slums in "The Face of the Madonna" in 1915. Played Bess Harris - a Country Girl in "The Swindler" in 1915. Played Ida in "The Girl of the Music Hall" in 1915. Played Ruth Adams in "Cast Up by the Sea" in 1915. Played Grace - a Salvation Army Worker in "The Leech" in 1915. Played Elsie Farnum in "The White Goddess" in 1915. Played Ora Eames - the Wife in "Her Supreme Sacrifice" in 1915. Played Mercedes in "The Courage of Silence" in 1917. Played Clara Weston in "Her Secret" in 1917. Played Mary Ward in "Womanhood, the Glory of the Nation" in 1917. Played Mary Turner in "Within the Law" in 1917. Played Martha Wainwright in "The Question" in 1917. Performed in "The Countess" in 1917. Played Angelina Allende in "The Fettered Woman" in 1917. Played Harriet Renwyk in "Richard the Brazen" in 1917. Played Jacqueline Nevers in "The Business of Life" in 1918. Played Edith Merrill in "The Triumph of the Weak" in 1918. Played Ann Fenton in "The Song of the Soul" in 1918. Played Cecelie White in "The Woman Between Friends" in 1918. Played Madeline Renard in "Find the Woman" in 1918. Performed in "The Choice" in 1918. Played Barbara Preston in "To the Highest Bidder" in 1918. Played Annie Sands in "The Third Degree" in 1919. Played Agatha Winchester in "The Winchester Woman" in 1919. Played Shirley Rossmore in "The Lion and the Mouse" in 1919. Played Marcia Van Ardale in "The Spark Divine" in 1919. Played Rose Ember in "The Cambric Mask" in 1919. Played Muriel, Duchess of Desborough in "The Sporting Duchess" in 1920. Played Madge Hillyer in "Dollars and the Woman" in 1920. Played Marion Rogers in "The Vice of Fools" in 1920. Played Helen Reardon in "The Prey" in 1920. Played Patricia Leeds in "Slaves of Pride" in 1920. Played Constance Randall in "The Scarab Ring" in 1921. Played Kate Curtis in "Cousin Kate" in 1921. Played Claire Robson in "The Inner Chamber" in 1921. Played Indiana Stillwater in "Her Lord and Master" in 1921. Played Lucilla Crespin in "The Green Goddess" in 1923. Played Lady Andrea Pellor in "White Man" in 1924. Played herself in "The City of Stars" in 1924. Played Drusilla Sinclair in "The Passionate Adventure" in 1924. Played Helen Morrison in "Stella Dallas" in 1925. Played Phyllis Dale in "Headlines" in 1925. Played Eva Knapp in "The Home Maker" in 1925. Played Ethel Westcourt in "Dancing Mothers" in 1926. Played Selene Herrick in "Mannequin" in 1926. Played Eleanour in "The Ace of Cads" in 1926. Played Lady Patricia Brandon in "Beau Geste" in 1926. Played Fanny Garland in "Sorrell and Son" in 1927. Played Mrs. Bancroft in "The Noose" in 1928. Played Mrs. Kent in "The Rising Generation" in 1928. Played Mrs. De Peyster in "13 Washington Square" in 1928. Played Maria in "The Squall" in 1929. Played Lucilla in "The Green Goddess" in 1930. Played Mrs. Alice Frayne in "He Knew Women" in 1930. Played herself in "Hollywood" in 1980.

Here are some possible words:

aardwolf

abandons

abattoir

abettors

acrimony

adaptors

adjurors

advisors

advisory

aerators

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aerofoil

aerology

aerosols

agrimony

agrology

agronomy

ailerons

airdrome

airdrops

airflows

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alienors

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alumroot

ammonoid

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andirons

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arborous

areology

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arsenous

arsonous

assurors

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auctions

auditors

auditory

aunthood

auriform

autonomy

aviators

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backbone

backdoor

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balloons

ballroom

bangkoks

bankbook

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barrooms

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baseborn

bassoons

basswood

bastions

bathrobe

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beadroll

beadwork

beanpole

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beaufort

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bedrooms

beetroot

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belabors

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bellboys

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benisons

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bibelots

bibulous

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bicolors

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cartload

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casebook

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catacomb

catalogs

catatony

category

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celadons

Cenozoic

centroid

ceremony

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cesspool

cetology

chansons

chantors

chapbook

charcoal

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checkout

chefdoms

cheroots

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chiffons

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chinbone

chinooks

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cypriote

cypriots

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danewort

darkroom

darksome

dashpots

daybooks

dayglows

dayrooms

deadlock

deadwood

decagons

decapods

decorous

delusory

demagogs

demagogy

demigods

demijohn

dendroid

dendrons

derisory

desirous

destroys

dethrone

develope

develops

devisors

dewdrops

dextrose

dextrous

diagnose

diaspora

diaspore

diastole

dictions

diestock

dilators

dilatory

dilutors

dingdong

disavows

disclose

discrown

disproof

disprove

divisors

dogsbody

dogtooth

dogtrots

dogwoods

dolesome

doloroso

dolorous

dominoes

donators

doorpost

doubloon

dovecote

dovecots

download

downpour

downtown

doxology

dragoons

dragrope

drawbore

drawdown

drumroll

dudgeons

dukedoms

dummkopf

dungeons

eardrops

earldoms

earphone

earshots

echelons

editions

eductors

eftsoons

eidolons

ejectors

elations

electors

elisions

embosoms

embryoid

emotions

emperors

emulsoid

enactors

endozoic

enhaloed

enhaloes

enormous

enshroud

enthrone

envelope

envelops

envenoms

environs

epsilons

equators

equivoke

erasions

erectors

erosions

escalops

escarole

ethanols

ethology

etiology

eudemons

evasions

evensong

evermore

evertors

everyone

evictors

evildoer

exactors

excitons

excitors

exiguous

eyebrows

eyehooks

eyeshots

eyespots

eyestone

eyetooth

fabulous

facedown

factions

factious

faltboat

fashions

fearsome

feedlots

feltwork

festoons

feverous

fiascoes

fictions

fiefdoms

fillmore

filmdoms

filmgoer

finfoots

fireboat

firebomb

firedogs

firewood

firework

fireworm

fishbone

fishbowl

fishhook

fishpole

fishpond

fissions

fivefold

flagpole

flameout

flatboat

flatfoot

flattops

flatwork

flatworm

fleawort

flexions

fluxions

flyblown

flyblows

foldboat

folklore

foothold

footnote

footrope

footsore

footwork

footworn

forebode

foredoom

forefoot

foregoer

foregoes

foregone

forehoof

forelock

foremost

forenoon

foretold

foretops

foreword

foreworn

forsooth

forswore

forsworn

fortiori

fourfold

foursome

foxglove

frabjous

freakout

freeboot

freeborn

freedoms

freeform

freehold

freeload

freeport

frescoed

frescoer

frescoes

fretsome

fretwork

frissons

fructose

fumarole

fumatory

fumitory

fusiform

fusspots

gabbroic

gadabout

gadzooks

galleons

galloots

gamecock

gamesome

gasiform

gatefold

gatepost

gazeboes

gemology

gemstone

generous

genitors

ghettoed

ghettoes

gigatons

ginkgoes

girlhood

glabrous

gladiola

gladioli

gladsome

glaucoma

glaucous

gleesome

glenwood

glorious

glowworm

gluttons

gluttony

goalpost

godhoods

goitrous

gorgeous

gracioso

gracious

grantors

grazioso

gridlock

grievous

griffons

grottoes

grubworm

gruesome

grunions

gryphons

gudgeons

guerdons

gumdrops

gumshoed

gumshoes

gumwoods

gunrooms

gunshots

gunstock

gyrators

gyratory

hackwork

hairlock

hairwork

hairworm

halcyons

halftone

halidome

halidoms

hallooed

handbook

handhold

handloom

handsome

handwork

hangdogs

hardcore

hardtops

hardwood

harpoons

Hartford

hautbois

hautboys

hawkmoth

hawknose

hawthorn

headlock

headlong

headmost

headnote

headroom

headword

headwork

hecatomb

heelpost

hegemony

heirdoms

heirloom

helicoid

helicons

heliport

hellhole

hellions

hematoma

hencoops

hereford

heritors

hexagons

hexapods

hexapody

highborn

highboys

highroad

hilltops

hindmost

hokypoky

homebody

homefolk

homeroom

hometown

homework

hominoid

homology

hongkong

hoodooed

hooknose

hookworm

hoosgows

horizons

hornbook

horologe

horology

hotblood

hotfoots

hotshots

humanoid

humidors

humorous

hymnbook

hyperons

ichorous

idealogy

ideology

ignitors

Illinois

illusory

inchworm

incisors

incisory

incitory

indigoes

infamous

inkblots

iodoform

ironwood

ironwork

Iroquois

jackboot

jackpots

jackroll

janitors

jeroboam

jigaboos

jillions

juratory

kakemono

keratoid

keystone

khartoum

killjoys

kilotons

kilovolt

kimonoed

kingdoms

kingwood

kinsfolk

kneehole

knockoff

knockout

knothole

knowhows

kryptons

lacework

ladylove

lakeport

lampoons

lamppost

landform

landlord

languors

lathwork

lavaboes

lavatory

layabout

leafworm

lections

legators

legrooms

levators

levulose

lexicons

liaisons

libelous

lifeboat

lifelong

lifework

ligneous

limacons

livelong

loanword

lobotomy

locators

locomote

locutory

logbooks

logwoods

lonesome

longboat

longbows

longhorn

loophole

lothsome

lovelorn

lowbrows

luminous

luscious

lustrous

lymphoid

lyriform

macaroni

macaroon

maestoso

maidhood

maillots

maintops

makework

malodors

mangrove

manhoods

manifold

Manitoba

manitous

mansions

manyfold

marabous

marigold

mariposa

markdown

matadors

mealworm

medusoid

megatons

megavolt

melanoma

meltdown

menthols

mentions

meshwork

mesozoan

mesozoic

metazoan

metazoic

milepost

milksops

milkwood

milkwort

millions

millpond

millwork

minatory

mishmosh

misquote

missions

misspoke

mixology

mongoose

monitors

monitory

monkhood

monocots

monologs

monology

monopole

monopoly

monotone

monotony

monsoons

mullions

mungoose

mushroom

mutinous

mycology

nacreous

nainsook

natatory

nauseous

navahoes

nebulous

negators

nematode

nephrons

neutrons

newsboys

nextdoor

ninefold

nonagons

nosology

notebook

nucleoli

nucleons

nugatory

numerous

numinous

ocherous

ochreous

octagons

octopods

octoroon

oenology

offerors

offshoot

offshore

oilcloth

oilstone

okeydoke

Oklahoma

omicrons

omnivore

oncology

ontology

openwork

opinions

orations

ordurous

otoscope

otoscopy

outcrops

outdoors

outflows

outgrown

outgrows

outlooks

outscore

outshone

outshout

outspoke

ovations

overbold

overbore

overcoat

overcome

overcook

overcool

overdoes

overdone

overdose

overfond

overjoys

overload

overlong

overlook

overlord

overrode

oversold

oversoul

overtone

overtook

overtops

overwork

oxbloods

pageboys

palinode

parabola

parafoil

paragons

paramour

paranoia

paranoid

parasols

passbook

passions

passport

password

patriots

patulous

pedagogs

pedagogy

peephole

peignoir

penology

pensione

pensions

penstock

peridots

perilous

pervious

pesthole

phaetons

phalloid

phantoms

pharaohs

phaseout

picadors

picaroon

picklock

Piedmont

pierrots

pillions

pinafore

pinecone

pinewood

platform

platoons

playbook

playboys

playgoer

playroom

plethora

plosions

plowboys

plywoods

polaroid

pollbook

poltroon

polygons

polygony

polypoid

polypous

pontoons

poolroom

popedoms

populous

porthole

portions

posology

postboys

posthole

postpone

potatoes

pothooks

potshots

praetors

precious

precooks

precools

prescore

previous

primrose

printout

prismoid

proctors

prognose

psalmody

pulldown

pulpwood

pulsions

puruloid

pylorous

quadroon

questors

quittors

raccoons

racemose

railroad

rainbows

raincoat

ramshorn

ravenous

reabsorb

reactors

realtors

rearmost

reassort

recolors

redwoods

reechoed

reechoes

reembody

reendows

reenjoys

reexport

reimpose

reinform

reinvoke

reproofs

rerecord

resinous

reunions

revisors

revisory

rhapsody

rheology

rhomboid

ribosome

Richmond

rigadoon

rigatoni

rigorous

ringbolt

ringdove

ringtoss

ringworm

roadwork

rooftops

rosewood

rosinous

rotators

rotatory

ructions

ructious

runabout

sadirons

saffrons

sagamore

sailboat

saleroom

sanatory

sandhogs

sandlots

sandwort

sapwoods

savorous

sawtooth

scabiosa

scabious

scabrous

scaffold

scallops

schizoid

schmooze

schnooks

scissors

scleroid

scleroma

scollops

seaboots

seafloor

seafoods

seafront

seascout

seashore

seatwork

sections

sedulous

seedpods

seignory

selenous

selfdoms

selfhood

seminole

semisoft

semitone

senators

sensuous

sepaloid

sepalous

serfdoms

serfhood

serology

sessions

sexology

shahdoms

shakeout

shallops

shallots

shallows

shampoos

shamrock

Sherlock

shinbone

shipload

shipworm

shoehorn

shootout

shopboys

shopworn

shoshone

showboat

showdown

showroom

shutdown

sickroom

sidelong

signiori

signiors

signiory

signpost

silicone

silicons

silkworm

singsong

sinkhole

sinology

sinusoid

skiddoos

skidooed

skyhooks

skywrote

slopwork

slowdown

slowpoke

slowworm

slumlord

slyboots

soapwort

softwood

solenoid

somebody

songbook

sonorous

soporose

souchong

soupcons

soursops

sourwood

spacious

sparrows

specious

spermous

sphenoid

spheroid

spittoon

sponsors

spurious

squalors

squamous

stakeout

standoff

standout

Stanford

stannous

stardoms

stations

stentors

stepdown

stepsons

stereoed

stetsons

stopcock

stratous

stubborn

stuccoed

stuccoer

stuccoes

studbook

studious

suasions

subfloor

subgroup

subplots

suctions

sundrops

sunroofs

sunrooms

sunspots

surgeons

swallows

sycamore

symbiont

symbiote

symphony

symptoms

synagogs

syndrome

tabstops

tagalogs

tagalong

tailbone

tailcoat

takedown

tallboys

tapeworm

taprooms

taproots

tarboosh

taskwork

tattooed

tattooer

taxonomy

teakwood

teamwork

teardown

teashops

teaspoon

teleport

temblors

tensions

teratoid

teratoma

textbook

Theodore

theologs

theology

thereout

threnody

ticktock

timework

timeworn

timorous

tinstone

tiresome

toeshoes

toilsome

toilworn

tokonoma

tomatoes

tomfools

toolroom

topknots

topology

topstone

torsions

tortuous

tosspots

townfolk

toxicoid

trachoma

tractors

tradeoff

traitors

tramroad

transoms

trapdoor

treasons

treetops

triploid

trochoid

trollops

trollopy

trombone

trueborn

truelove

tsardoms

tuberoid

tuberose

tuberous

tubework

tubiform

tuitions

tumorous

turncoat

turndown

tuxedoes

twinborn

typhoons

typology

tzardoms

ulcerous

unbosoms

unctions

unctuous

unheroic

unsavory

upsilons

upstroke

ursiform

usurious

uxorious

vagabond

valorous

vaporous

varicose

variform

venisons

venomous

versions

viceroys

vietcong

vigorous

viperous

viragoes

virology

virtuosi

virtuoso

virtuous

visitors

vitreous

vitriols

vomitory

vomitous

voodooed

wardrobe

wardroom

wareroom

warriors

warthogs

washbowl

washroom

watchout

watthour

waveform

weeklong

weirdoes

wellborn

wellhole

werewolf

westmost

wetproof

whatnots

whipcord

whipworm

whiteout

whitlows

widgeons

wifedoms

wifehood

wildfowl

wildwood

windrows

windsock

winesops

wirework

wireworm

wishbone

withhold

wobegone

wondrous

woodcock

woodlore

woodlots

woodnote

woodwork

woodworm

wordbook

workboat

workbook

workfolk

workload

workroom

wormhole

wormwood

writeoff

xanthoma

xanthous

xylotomy

yearbook

yearlong

zabaione

zillions

zymology

James Alper has: Played Carl Horton in "Casualty" in 1986. Played Oliver Garner in "Doctors" in 2000. Played Lan Zealot in "WorldShift" in 2008. Played Police Officer in "Living with the Infidels" in 2009. Performed in "Turn a Blind Eye" in 2012. Played PC Taylor in "Vendetta" in 2013.

You can spell the phrase "Lunch in TARDIS: booboo!" and several thousand less-apt phrases.

The longest single shorter words are consolidations, chlorinations, discoloration, and subordination.

* oaf * oafish * oafishly * oafishness * oafishnesses * oafs * oak * oaken * oakenshaw * oakenshaws * oaker * oakers * oakier * oakiest * oakleaf * oakleaves * oaklike * oakling * oaklings * oakmoss * oakmosses * oaks * oakum * oakums * oaky * oar * oarage * oarages * oared * oarfish * oarfishes * oarier * oariest * oaring * oarless * oarlike * oarlock * oarlocks * oars * oarsman * oarsmanship * oarsmanships * oarsmen * oarswoman * oarswomen * oarweed * oarweeds * oary * oases * oasis * oast * oasthouse * oasthouses * oasts * oat * oatcake * oatcakes * oaten * oater * oaters * oath * oathable * oaths * oatlike * oatmeal * oatmeals * oats * oaves * ob * oba * obang * obangs * obas * obbligati * obbligato * obbligatos * obcompressed * obconic * obconical * obcordate * obdiplostemonous * obduracies * obduracy * obdurate * obdurated * obdurately * obdurateness * obduratenesses * obdurates * obdurating * obduration * obdurations * obdure * obdured * obdures * obduring * obe * obeah * obeahed * obeahing * obeahism * obeahisms * obeahs * obeche * obeches * obedience * obediences * obedient * obediential * obedientiaries * obedientiary * obediently * obeisance * obeisances * obeisant * obeisantly * obeism * obeisms * obeli * obelia * obelias * obelion * obelions * obeliscal * obeliscoid * obelise * obelised * obelises * obelising * obelisk * obeliskoid * obelisks * obelism * obelisms * obelize * obelized * obelizes * obelizing * obelus * obento * obentos * obes * obese * obesely * obeseness * obesenesses * obeser * obesest * obesities * obesity * obey * obeyable * obeyed * obeyer * obeyers * obeying * obeys * obfuscate * obfuscated * obfuscates * obfuscating * obfuscation * obfuscations * obfuscatory * obi * obia * obias * obied * obiing * obiism * obiisms * obiit * obis * obit * obital * obiter * obits * obitual * obituaries * obituarist * obituarists * obituary * object * objected * objectification * objectifications * objectified * objectifies * objectify * objectifying * objecting * objection * objectionable * objectionableness * objectionablenesses * objectionably * objections * objectivate * objectivated * objectivates * objectivating * objectivation * objectivations * objective * objectively * objectiveness * objectivenesses * objectives * objectivise * objectivised * objectivises * objectivising * objectivism * objectivisms * objectivist * objectivistic * objectivists * objectivities * objectivity * objectivization * objectivizations * objectivize * objectivized * objectivizes * objectivizing * objectless * objectlessness * objectlessnesses * objector * objectors * objects * objet * objets * objuration * objurations * objure * objured * objures * objurgate * objurgated * objurgates * objurgating * objurgation * objurgations * objurgative * objurgator * objurgatorily * objurgators * objurgatory * objuring * oblanceolate * oblast * oblasti * oblasts * oblate * oblately * oblateness * oblatenesses * oblates * oblation * oblational * oblations * oblatory * obligable * obligant * obligants * obligate * obligated * obligately * obligates * obligati * obligating * obligation * obligational * obligations * obligato * obligator * obligatorily * obligatoriness * obligatorinesses * obligators * obligatory * obligatos * oblige * obliged * obligee * obligees * obligement * obligements * obliger * obligers * obliges * obliging * obligingly * obligingness * obligingnesses * obligor * obligors * obliquation * obliquations * oblique * obliqued * obliquely * obliqueness * obliquenesses * obliquer * obliques * obliquest * obliquid * obliquing * obliquities * obliquitous * obliquity * obliterate * obliterated * obliterates * obliterating * obliteration * obliterations * obliterative * obliterator * obliterators * oblivion * oblivions * oblivious * obliviously * obliviousness * obliviousnesses * obliviscence * obliviscences * oblong * oblongly * oblongs * obloquies * obloquy * obmutescence * obmutescences * obmutescent * obnoxious * obnoxiously * obnoxiousness * obnoxiousnesses * obnubilate * obnubilated * obnubilates * obnubilating * obnubilation * obnubilations * obo * oboe * oboes * oboist * oboists * obol * obolary * obole * oboles * oboli * obols * obolus * obos * obovate * obovately * obovoid * obreption * obreptions * obreptitious * obruk * obruks * obs * obscene * obscenely * obsceneness * obscenenesses * obscener * obscenest * obscenities * obscenity * obscurant * obscurantic * obscurantism * obscurantisms * obscurantist * obscurantists * obscurants * obscuration * obscurations * obscure * obscured * obscurely * obscurement * obscurements * obscureness * obscurenesses * obscurer * obscurers * obscures * obscurest * obscuring * obscurities * obscurity * obsecrate * obsecrated * obsecrates * obsecrating * obsecration * obsecrations * obsequent * obsequial * obsequie * obsequies * obsequious * obsequiously * obsequiousness * obsequiousnesses * obsequy * observabilities * observability * observable * observableness * observablenesses * observables * observably * observance * observances * observancies * observancy * observant * observantly * observants * observation * observational * observationally * observations * observative * observator * observatories * observators * observatory * observe * observed * observer * observers * observes * observing * observingly * obsess * obsessed * obsesses * obsessing * obsession * obsessional * obsessionally * obsessionist * obsessionists * obsessions * obsessive * obsessively * obsessiveness * obsessivenesses * obsessives * obsessor * obsessors * obsidian * obsidians * obsidional * obsidionary * obsign * obsignate * obsignated * obsignates * obsignating * obsignation * obsignations * obsignatory * obsigned * obsigning * obsigns * obsolesce * obsolesced * obsolescence * obsolescences * obsolescent * obsolescently * obsolesces * obsolescing * obsolete * obsoleted * obsoletely * obsoleteness * obsoletenesses * obsoletes * obsoleting * obsoletion * obsoletions * obsoletism * obsoletisms * obstacle * obstacles * obstetric * obstetrical * obstetrically * obstetrician * obstetricians * obstetrics * obstinacies * obstinacy * obstinate * obstinately * obstinateness * obstinatenesses * obstipation * obstipations * obstreperate * obstreperated * obstreperates * obstreperating * obstreperous * obstreperously * obstreperousness * obstreperousnesses * obstriction * obstrictions * obstropalous * obstropulous * obstruct * obstructed * obstructer * obstructers * obstructing * obstruction * obstructional * obstructionally * obstructionism * obstructionisms * obstructionist * obstructionistic * obstructionists * obstructions * obstructive * obstructively * obstructiveness * obstructivenesses * obstructives * obstructor * obstructors * obstructs * obstruent * obstruents * obtain * obtainabilities * obtainability * obtainable * obtained * obtainer * obtainers * obtaining * obtainment * obtainments * obtains * obtect * obtected * obtemper * obtemperate * obtemperated * obtemperates * obtemperating * obtempered * obtempering * obtempers * obtend * obtended * obtending * obtends * obtention * obtentions * obtest * obtestation * obtestations * obtested * obtesting * obtests * obtrude * obtruded * obtruder * obtruders * obtrudes * obtruding * obtrudings * obtruncate * obtruncated * obtruncates * obtruncating * obtrusion * obtrusions * obtrusive * obtrusively * obtrusiveness * obtrusivenesses * obtund * obtunded * obtundent * obtundents * obtunding * obtunds * obturate * obturated * obturates * obturating * obturation * obturations * obturator * obturators * obtuse * obtusely * obtuseness * obtusenesses * obtuser * obtusest * obtusities * obtusity * obumbrate * obumbrated * obumbrates * obumbrating * obumbration * obumbrations * obvention * obventions * obverse * obversely * obverses * obversion * obversions * obvert * obverted * obverting * obverts * obviable * obviate * obviated * obviates * obviating * obviation * obviations * obviator * obviators * obvious * obviously * obviousness * obviousnesses * obvolute * obvoluted * obvolution * obvolutions * obvolutive * obvolvent * oca * ocarina * ocarinas * ocas * occam * occamies * occams * occamy * occasion * occasional * occasionalism * occasionalisms * occasionalist * occasionalists * occasionalities * occasionality * occasionally * occasioned * occasioner * occasioners * occasioning * occasions * occident * occidental * occidentalise * occidentalised * occidentalises * occidentalising * occidentalize * occidentalized * occidentalizes * occidentalizing * occidentally * occidentals * occidents * occipita * occipital * occipitally * occipitals * occiput * occiputs * occlude * occluded * occludent * occludents * occluder * occluders * occludes * occluding * occlusal * occlusion * occlusions * occlusive * occlusives * occlusor * occlusors * occult * occultation * occultations * occulted * occulter * occulters * occulting * occultism * occultisms * occultist * occultists * occultly * occultness * occultnesses * occults * occupance * occupances * occupancies * occupancy * occupant * occupants * occupate * occupated * occupates * occupating * occupation * occupational * occupationally * occupations * occupative * occupied * occupier * occupiers * occupies * occupy * occupying * occur * occurred * occurrence * occurrences * occurrent * occurrents * occurring * occurs * ocean * oceanaria * oceanarium * oceanariums * oceanaut * oceanauts * oceanfront * oceanfronts * oceangoing * oceanic * oceanid * oceanides * oceanids * oceanographer * oceanographers * oceanographic * oceanographical * oceanographically * oceanographies * oceanography * oceanologic * oceanological * oceanologies * oceanologist * oceanologists * oceanology * oceans * ocellar * ocellate * ocellated * ocellation * ocellations * ocelli * ocellus * oceloid * ocelot * ocelots * och * oche * ocher * ochered * ochering * ocherous * ochers * ochery * oches * ochidore * 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octosyllables * octothorp * octothorps * octroi * octrois * octuor * octuors * octuple * octupled * octuples * octuplet * octuplets * octuplex * octuplicate * octuplicates * octupling * octuply * octyl * octyls * ocular * ocularist * ocularists * ocularly * oculars * oculate * oculated * oculi * oculist * oculists * oculogyric * oculomotor * oculus * od * oda * odah * odahs * odal * odalique * odaliques * odalisk * odalisks * odalisque * odalisques * odaller * odallers * odals * odas * odd * oddball * oddballs * odder * oddest * oddish * oddities * oddity * oddly * oddment * oddments * oddness * oddnesses * odds * oddsmaker * oddsmakers * oddsman * oddsmen * ode * odea * odeon * odeons * odes * odeum * odeums * odic * odious * odiously * odiousness * odiousnesses * odism * odisms * odist * odists * odium * odiums * odograph * odographs * odometer * odometers * odometries * odometry * odonate * odonates * odonatist * odonatists * odonatologies * odonatologist * odonatologists * 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odoured * odourful * odourless * odours * ods * odso * odsos * odyl * odyle * odyles * odylism * odylisms * odyls * odyssey * odysseys * odzooks * oe * oecist * oecists * oecologies * oecology * oecumenic * oecumenical * oedema * oedemas * oedemata * oedematose * oedematous * oedipal * oedipally * oedipean * oeillade * oeillades * oenanthic * oenological * oenologies * oenologist * oenologists * oenology * oenomancies * oenomancy * oenomania * oenomanias * oenomel * oenomels * oenometer * oenometers * oenophil * oenophile * oenophiles * oenophilies * oenophilist * oenophilists * oenophils * oenophily * oerlikon * oerlikons * oersted * oersteds * oes * oesophageal * oesophagi * oesophagus * oesophaguses * oestradiol * oestradiols * oestral * oestrin * oestrins * oestriol * oestriols * oestrogen * oestrogenic * oestrogens * oestrone * oestrones * oestrous * oestrum * oestrums * oestrus * oestruses * oeuvre * oeuvres * of * ofay * ofays * off * offal * offals * offbeat * offbeats * offcast * offcasts * offcut * offcuts * offed * offence * offenceful * offenceless * offences * offend * offended * offendedly * offender * offenders * offending * offendress * offendresses * offends * offense * offenseless * offenses * offensive * offensively * offensiveness * offensivenesses * offensives * offer * offerable * offered * offeree * offerees * offerer * offerers * offering * offerings * offeror * offerors * offers * offertories * offertory * offguard * offhand * offhanded * offhandedly * offhandedness * offhandednesses * office * officeholder * officeholders * officer * officered * officering * officers * offices * official * officialdom * officialdoms * officialese * officialeses * officialism * officialisms * officialities * officiality * officially * officials * officialties * officialty * officiant * officiants * officiaries * officiary * officiate * officiated * officiates * officiating * officiation * officiations * officiator * officiators * officinal * 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oglings * ogmic * ogonek * ogoneks * ogre * ogreish * ogreism * ogreisms * ogres * ogress * ogresses * ogrish * ogrishly * ogrism * ogrisms * oh * ohed * ohia * ohias * ohing * ohm * ohmage * ohmages * ohmic * ohmically * ohmmeter * ohmmeters * ohms * oho * ohone * ohos * ohs * oi * oidia * oidioid * oidium * oik * oikist * oikists * oiks * oil * oilbird * oilbirds * oilcamp * oilcamps * oilcan * oilcans * oilcloth * oilcloths * oilcup * oilcups * oiled * oiler * oileries * oilers * oilery * oilfield * oilfields * oilhole * oilholes * oilier * oiliest * oilily * oiliness * oilinesses * oiling * oillet * oillets * oilman * oilmen * oilnut * oilnuts * oilpaper * oilpapers * oilproof * oils * oilseed * oilseeds * oilskin * oilskins * oilstone * oilstones * oiltight * oilway * oilways * oily * oink * oinked * oinking * oinks * oinologies * oinology * oinomel * oinomels * oint * ointed * ointing * ointment * ointments * oints * oiticica * oiticicas * ojime * ojimes * oka * okapi * okapis * okas * okay * okayed * okaying * okays * oke * okeh * okehs * okes * okeydoke * okeydokey * okimono * okimonos * okra * okras * okta * oktas * old * olde * olden * oldened * oldening * oldens * older * oldest * oldfangled * oldie * oldies * oldish * oldness * oldnesses * olds * oldsquaw * oldsquaws * oldster * oldsters * oldstyle * oldstyles * oldwife * oldwives * oldy * ole * olea * oleaceous * oleaginous * oleaginously * oleaginousness * oleaginousnesses * oleander * oleanders * oleandomycin * oleandomycins * olearia * olearias * oleaster * oleasters * oleate * oleates * olecranal * olecranon * olecranons * olefiant * olefin * olefine * olefines * olefinic * olefins * oleic * oleiferous * olein * oleine * oleines * oleins * olent * oleo * oleograph * oleographic * oleographies * oleographs * oleography * oleomargarin * oleomargarine * oleomargarines * oleomargarins * oleophilic * oleoresin * oleoresinous * oleoresins * oleos * oleraceous * oles * olestra * olestras * oleum * oleums * olfact * olfacted * olfactible * olfacting * olfaction * olfactions * olfactive * olfactologies * olfactologist * olfactologists * olfactology * olfactometer * olfactometers * olfactometric * olfactometries * olfactometry * olfactories * olfactory * olfactronics * olfacts * olibanum * olibanums * olicook * olicooks * olid * oligaemia * oligaemias * oligarch * oligarchal * oligarchic * oligarchical * oligarchies * oligarchs * oligarchy * oligist * oligists * oligochaete * oligochaetes * oligochaetous * oligochrome * oligochromes * oligoclase * oligoclases * oligocythaemia * oligocythaemias * oligodendrocyte * oligodendrocytes * oligodendroglia * oligodendroglial * oligodendroglias * oligomer * oligomeric * oligomerization * oligomerizations * oligomerous * oligomers * oligonucleotide * oligonucleotides * oligophagies * oligophagous * oligophagy * oligopolies * oligopolistic * oligopoly * oligopsonies * oligopsonistic * oligopsony * oligosaccharide * oligosaccharides * oligotrophic * oligotrophies * oligotrophy * oliguria * oligurias * olingo * olingos * olio * oliomargarin * oliomargarins * olios * oliphant * oliphants * olitories * olitory * olivaceous * olivary * olive * olivenite * olivenites * oliver * olivers * olives * olivet * olivets * olivine * olivines * olivinic * olivinitic * olla * ollamh * ollamhs * ollas * ollav * ollavs * olm * olms * ologies * ologist * ologists * ology * ololiuqui * ololiuquis * oloroso * olorosos * olpae * olpe * olpes * olycook * olycooks * olykoek * olykoeks * olympiad * olympiads * olympics * om * omadhaun * omadhauns * omasa * omasal * omasum * omber * ombers * ombre * ombrella * ombrellas * ombres * ombrometer * ombrometers * ombrophil * ombrophile * ombrophiles * ombrophilous * ombrophils * ombrophobe * ombrophobes * ombrophobous * ombu * ombudsman * ombudsmanship * ombudsmanships * ombudsmen * ombudsperson * ombudspersons * ombudspersonship * ombudspersonships * ombudswoman * ombudswomanship * ombudswomanships * ombudswomen * ombus * omega * omegas * omelet * omelets * omelette * omelettes * omen * omened * omening * omens * omenta * omental * omentum * omentums * omer * omers * omerta * omertas * omicron * omicrons * omikron * omikrons * ominous * ominously * ominousness * ominousnesses * omissible * omission * omissions * omissive * omissively * omissiveness * omissivenesses * omit * omits * omittance * omittances * omitted * omitter * omitters * omitting * omlah * omlahs * ommatea * ommateum * ommatidia * ommatidial * ommatidium * ommatophore * ommatophores * omneities * omneity * omniana * omniarch * omniarchs * omnibenevolence * omnibenevolences * omnibenevolent * omnibus * omnibuses * omnibusses * omnicompetence * omnicompetences * omnicompetent * omnidirectional * omnieties * omniety * omnifarious * omnifariously * omnifariousness * omnifariousnesses * omniferous * omnific * omnificence * omnificences * omnificent * omnified * omnifies * omniform * omniformities * omniformity * omnify * omnifying * omnigenous * omnimode * omniparities * omniparity * omniparous * omnipatient * omnipotence * omnipotences * omnipotencies * omnipotency * omnipotent * omnipotently * omnipotents * omnipresence * omnipresences * omnipresent * omnirange * omniranges * omniscience * omnisciences * omniscient * omnisciently * omniscients * omnium * omniums * omnivora * omnivore * omnivores * omnivories * omnivorous * omnivorously * omnivorousness * omnivorousnesses * omnivory * omohyoid * omohyoids * omophagia * omophagias * omophagic * omophagies * omophagous * omophagy * omophoria * omophorion * omophorions * omoplate * omoplates * omoplatoscopies * omoplatoscopy * omphacite * omphacites * omphali * omphalic * omphaloid * omphalomancies * omphalomancy * omphalos * omphaloses * omphaloskepses * omphaloskepsis * omrah * omrahs * oms * on * onager * onagers * onagraceous * onagri * onanism * onanisms * onanist * onanistic * onanists * onboard * once * oncer * oncers * onces * onchocerciases * onchocerciasis * oncidium * oncidiums * oncogen * oncogene * oncogenes * oncogeneses * oncogenesis * oncogeneticist * oncogeneticists * oncogenic * oncogenicities * oncogenicity * oncogens * oncologic * oncological * oncologies * oncologist * oncologists * oncology * oncolyses * oncolysis * oncolytic * oncolytics * oncome * oncomes * oncometer * oncometers * oncomice * oncoming * oncomings * oncomouse * oncornavirus * oncornaviruses * oncost * oncostman * oncostmen * oncosts * oncotomies * oncotomy * oncovirus * oncoviruses * oncus * ondatra * ondatras * ondine * ondines * onding * ondings * ondogram * ondograms * one * onefold * oneiric * oneirically * oneirocritic * oneirocritical * oneirocriticism * oneirocriticisms * oneirocritics * oneirodynia * oneirodynias * oneirologies * oneirology * oneiromancer * oneiromancers * oneiromancies * oneiromancy * oneiroscopies * oneiroscopist * oneiroscopists * oneiroscopy * onely * oneness * onenesses * oner * onerier * oneriest * onerous * onerously * onerousness * onerousnesses * oners * onery * ones * oneself * onetime * oneyer * oneyers * oneyre * oneyres * onfall * onfalls * onflow * onflows * ongoing * ongoingness * ongoingnesses * ongoings * onion * onioned * onioning * onions * onionskin * onionskins * oniony * oniric * oniscoid * onium * onkus * onlaid * onlay * onlaying * onlays * onliest * online * onliner * onliners * onload * onloaded * onloading * onloads * onlooker * onlookers * onlooking * only * onned * onning * onocentaur * onocentaurs * onomastic * onomastically * onomastician * onomasticians * onomasticon * onomasticons * onomastics * onomatologies * onomatologist * onomatologists * onomatology * onomatopoeia * onomatopoeias * onomatopoeic * onomatopoeically * onomatopoeses * onomatopoesis * onomatopoetic * onomatopoetically * onomatopoieses * onomatopoiesis * onrush * onrushes * onrushing * ons * onscreen * onset * onsets * onsetter * onsetters * onsetting * onsettings * onshore * onside * onsides * onslaught * onslaughts * onst * onstage * onstead * onsteads * onstream * ontic * ontically * onto * ontogeneses * ontogenesis * ontogenetic * ontogenetically * ontogenic * ontogenically * ontogenies * ontogeny * ontologic * ontological * ontologically * ontologies * ontologist * ontologists * ontology * onus * onuses * onward * onwardly * onwards * onycha * onychas * onychia * onychias * onychite * onychites * onychitis * onychitises * onychium * onychiums * onychocryptoses * onychocryptosis * onycholyses * onycholysis * onychomancies * onychomancy * onychophagies * onychophagist * onychophagists * onychophagy * onychophoran * onychophorans * onymous * onyx * onyxes * oo * oobit * oobits * oocyst * oocysts * oocyte * oocytes * oodles * oodlins * oof * oofs * ooftish * ooftishes * oogamete * oogametes * oogamies * oogamous * oogamy * oogeneses * oogenesis * oogenetic * oogenies * oogeny * oogonia * oogonial * oogonium * oogoniums * ooh * oohed * oohing * oohs * ooidal * oolachan * oolachans * oolakan * oolakans * oolemma * oolemmas * oolite * oolites * oolith * ooliths * oolitic * oologic * oological * oologies * oologist * oologists * oology * oolong * oolongs * oom * oomiac * oomiack * oomiacks * oomiacs * oomiak * oomiaks * oompah * oompahed * oompahing * oompahs * oomph * oomphs * ooms * oon * oons * oont * oonts * oop * ooped * oophorectomies * oophorectomise * oophorectomised * oophorectomises * oophorectomising * oophorectomize * oophorectomized * oophorectomizes * oophorectomizing * oophorectomy * oophoritis * oophoritises * oophoron * oophorons * oophyte * oophytes * oophytic * ooping * oops * oor * oorali * ooralis * oorial * oorials * oorie * oorier * ooriest * oos * oose * ooses * oosier * oosiest * oosperm * oosperms * oosphere * oospheres * oospore * oospores * oosporic * oosy * oot * ootheca * oothecae * oothecal * ootid * ootids * oots * ooze * oozed * oozes * oozier * ooziest * oozily * ooziness * oozinesses * oozing * oozy * op * opacified * opacifier * opacifiers * opacifies * opacify * opacifying * opacities * opacity * opacous * opah * opahs * opal * opaled * opalesce * opalesced * opalescence * opalescences * opalescent * opalescently * opalesces * opalescing * opaleye * opaleyes * opaline * opalines * opalised * opalized * opals * opaque * opaqued * opaquely * opaqueness * opaquenesses * opaquer * opaques * opaquest * opaquing * opcode * opcodes * ope * oped * opeidoscope * opeidoscopes * open * openabilities * openability * openable * opencast * opened * opener * openers * openest * openhanded * openhandedly * openhandedness * openhandednesses * openhearted * openheartedly * openheartedness * openheartednesses * opening * openings * openly * openminded * openmindedness * openmindednesses * openmouthed * openmouthedly * openmouthedness * openmouthednesses * openness * opennesses * opens * openwork * openworks * opepe * opepes * opera * operabilities * operability * operable * operably * operagoer * operagoers * operagoing * operagoings * operand * operands * operant * operantly * operants * operas * operate * operated * operates * operatic * operatically * operatics * operating * operation * operational * operationalism * operationalisms * operationalist * operationalistic * operationalists * operationally * operationism * operationisms * operationist * operationists * operations * operative * operatively * operativeness * operativenesses * operatives * operator * operatorless * operators * opercele * operceles * opercula * opercular * opercularly * operculars * operculate * operculated * opercule * opercules * operculum * operculums * operetta * operettas * operettist * operettists * operon * operons * operose * operosely * operoseness * operosenesses * operosities * operosity * opes * ophicalcite * ophicalcites * ophicleide * ophicleides * ophidian * ophidians * ophidiaria * ophidiarium * ophidiariums * ophiolater * ophiolaters * ophiolatries * ophiolatrous * ophiolatry * ophiolite * ophiolites * ophiolitic * ophiologic * ophiological * ophiologies * ophiologist * ophiologists * ophiology * ophiomorph * ophiomorphic * ophiomorphous * ophiomorphs * ophiophagous * ophiophilist * ophiophilists * ophite * ophites * ophitic * ophiura * ophiuran * ophiurans * ophiuras * ophiurid * ophiurids * ophiuroid * ophiuroids * ophthalmia * ophthalmias * ophthalmic * ophthalmist * ophthalmists * ophthalmitis * ophthalmitises * ophthalmologic * ophthalmological * ophthalmologically * ophthalmologies * ophthalmologist * ophthalmologists * ophthalmology * ophthalmometer * ophthalmometers * ophthalmometries * ophthalmometry * ophthalmophobia * ophthalmophobias * ophthalmoplegia * ophthalmoplegias * ophthalmoscope * ophthalmoscopes * ophthalmoscopic * ophthalmoscopical * ophthalmoscopically * ophthalmoscopies * ophthalmoscopy * opiate * opiated * opiates * opiating * opificer * opificers * opinable * opine * opined * opines * oping * opinicus * opinicuses * opining * opinion * opinionated * opinionatedly * opinionatedness * opinionatednesses * opinionately * opinionative * opinionatively * opinionativeness * opinionativenesses * opinionator * opinionators * opinioned * opinionist * opinionists * opinions * opioid * opioids * opisometer * opisometers * opisthobranch * opisthobranches * opisthobranchs * opisthocoelian * opisthocoelous * opisthodomos * opisthodomoses * opisthoglossal * opisthognathism * opisthognathisms * opisthognathous * opisthograph * opisthographic * opisthographies * opisthographs * opisthography * opisthotonic * opisthotonos * opisthotonoses * opium * opiumism * opiumisms * opiums * opobalsam * opobalsams * opodeldoc * opodeldocs * opopanax * opopanaxes * oporice * oporices * opossum * opossums * opotherapies * opotherapy * oppidan * oppidans * oppignerate * oppignerated * oppignerates * oppignerating * oppignorate * oppignorated * oppignorates * oppignorating * oppignoration * oppignorations * oppilant * oppilate * oppilated * oppilates * oppilating * oppilation * oppilations * oppilative * opponencies * opponency * opponent * opponents * opportune * opportunely * opportuneness * opportunenesses * opportunism * opportunisms * opportunist * opportunistic * opportunistically * opportunists * opportunities * opportunity * opposabilities * opposability * opposable * oppose * opposed * opposeless * opposer * opposers * opposes * opposing * opposite * oppositely * oppositeness * oppositenesses * opposites * opposition * oppositional * oppositionist * oppositionists * oppositions * oppositive * oppress * oppressed * oppresses * oppressing * oppression * oppressions * oppressive * oppressively * oppressiveness * oppressivenesses * oppressor * oppressors * opprobria * opprobrious * opprobriously * opprobriousness * opprobriousnesses * opprobrium * opprobriums * oppugn * oppugnancies * oppugnancy * oppugnant * oppugnants * oppugned * oppugner * oppugners * oppugning * oppugns * ops * opsimath * opsimathies * opsimaths * opsimathy * opsin * opsins * opsiometer * opsiometers * opsomania * opsomaniac * opsomaniacs * opsomanias * opsonic * opsonification * opsonifications * opsonified * opsonifies * opsonify * opsonifying * opsonin * opsonins * opsonium * opsoniums * opsonization * opsonizations * opsonize * opsonized * opsonizes * opsonizing * opt * optant * optants * optative * optatively * optatives * opted * opter * opters * optic * optical * optically * optician * opticians * opticist * opticists * optics * optima * optimal * optimalisation * optimalisations * optimalise * optimalised * optimalises * optimalising * optimalities * optimality * optimalization * optimalizations * optimalize * optimalized * optimalizes * optimalizing * optimally * optimate * optimates * optime * optimes * optimisation * optimisations * optimise * optimised * optimises * optimising * optimism * optimisms * optimist * optimistic * optimistically * optimists * optimization * optimizations * optimize * optimized * optimizer * optimizers * optimizes * optimizing * optimum * optimums * opting * option * optional * optionalities * optionality * optionally * optionals * optioned * optionee * optionees * optioning * options * optoacoustic * optoelectronic * optoelectronics * optokinetic * optologies * optologist * optologists * optology * optometer * optometers * optometric * optometrical * optometries * optometrist * optometrists * optometry * optophone * optophones * optronics * opts * opulence * opulences * opulencies * opulency * opulent * opulently * opulus * opuluses * opuntia * opuntias * opus * opuscle * opuscles * opuscula * opuscular * opuscule * opuscules * opusculum * opuses * oquassa * oquassas * or * ora * orach * orache * oraches * oracies * oracle * oracled * oracles * oracling * oracular * oracularities * oracularity * oracularly * oracularness * oracularnesses * oraculous * oraculously * oraculousness * oraculousnesses * oracy * orad * oragious * oral * oralism * oralisms * oralist * oralists * oralities * orality * orally * orals * orang * orange * orangeade * orangeades * orangeness * oranger * orangerie * orangeries * orangeroot * orangeroots * orangery * oranges * orangest * orangewood * orangewoods * orangey * orangier * orangiest * orangish * orangoutang * orangoutangs * orangs * orangutan * orangutang * orangutangs * orangutans * orangy * orant * orants * oraria * orarian * orarians * orarion * orarions * orarium * orariums * orate * orated * orates * orating * oration * orations * orator * oratorial * oratorian * oratorians * oratorical * oratorically * oratories * oratorio * oratorios * orators * oratory * oratress * oratresses * oratrices * oratrix * oratrixes * orb * orbed * orbicular * orbiculares * orbicularis * orbicularities * orbicularity * orbicularly * orbiculate * orbiculated * orbiculately * orbier * orbiest * orbing * orbit * orbita * orbital * orbitals * orbitas * orbited * orbiteer * orbiteered * orbiteering * orbiteers * orbiter * orbiters * orbities * orbiting * orbits * orbity * orbless * orbs * orby * orc * orca * orcas * orcein * orceins * orchard * orcharding * orchardings * orchardist * orchardists * orchardman * orchardmen * orchards * orchat * orchats * orchel * orchella * orchellas * orchels * orcheses * orchesis * orchesographies * orchesography * orchestic * orchestics * orchestra * orchestral * orchestralist * orchestralists * orchestrally * orchestras * orchestrate * orchestrated * orchestrater * orchestraters * orchestrates * orchestrating * orchestration * orchestrational * orchestrations * orchestrator * orchestrators * orchestric * orchestrina * orchestrinas * orchestrion * orchestrions * orchid * orchidaceous * orchidectomies * orchidectomy * orchideous * orchidist * orchidists * orchidlike * orchidologies * orchidologist * orchidologists * orchidology * orchidomania * orchidomaniac * orchidomaniacs * orchidomanias * orchids * orchiectomies * orchiectomy * orchil * orchilla * orchillas * orchils * orchis * orchises * orchitic * orchitis * orchitises * orcin * orcine * orcines * orcinol * orcinols * orcins * orcs * ord * ordain * ordainable * ordained * ordainer * ordainers * ordaining * ordainment * ordainments * ordains * ordalian * ordalium * ordaliums * ordeal * ordeals * order * orderable * ordered * orderer * orderers * ordering * orderings * orderless * orderlies * orderliness * orderlinesses * orderly * orders * ordinaire * ordinaires * ordinal * ordinals * ordinance * ordinances * ordinand * ordinands * ordinant * ordinants * ordinar * ordinarier * ordinaries * ordinariest * ordinarily * ordinariness * ordinarinesses * ordinars * ordinary * ordinate * ordinated * ordinately * ordinates * ordinating * ordination * ordinations * ordinee * ordinees * ordines * ordnance * ordnances * ordo * ordonnance * ordonnances * ordos * ords * ordure * ordures * ordurous * ore * oread * oreades * oreads * orebodies * orebody * orecrowe * orecrowed * orecrowes * orecrowing * orectic * orective * oregano * oreganos * oreide * oreides * oreographic * oreographical * oreographies * oreography * oreological * oreologies * oreologist * oreologists * oreology * orepearch * orepearched * orepearches * orepearching * ores * orestunck * oreweed * oreweeds * orexis * orexises * orf * orfe * orfes * orfray * orfrays * orfs * organ * organa * organdie * organdies * organdy * organelle * organelles * organic * organical * organically * organicism * organicisms * organicist * organicistic * organicists * organicities * organicity * organics * organisabilities * organisability * organisable * organisation * organisational * organisations * organise * organised * organiser * organisers * organises * organising * organism * organismal * organismic * organismically * organisms * organist * organistrum * organistrums * organists * organities * organity * organizabilities * organizability * organizable * organization * organizational * organizationally * organizations * organize * organized * organizer * organizers * organizes * organizing * organochlorine * organochlorines * organogeneses * organogenesis * organogenetic * organogenetically * organogenies * organogeny * organogram * organograms * organographic * organographically * organographies * organography * organoleptic * organoleptically * organologic * organological * organologies * organologist * organologists * organology * organomercurial * organomercurials * organometallic * organometallics * organon * organons * organophosphate * organophosphates * organophosphorous * organophosphorus * organophosphoruses * organotherapeutic * organotherapies * organotherapy * organotropic * organotropism * organotropisms * organs * organum * organums * organza * organzas * organzine * organzines * orgasm * orgasmed * orgasmic * orgasmically * orgasming * orgasms * orgastic * orgastically * orgeat * orgeats * orgia * orgiac * orgias * orgiast * orgiastic * orgiastically * orgiasts * orgic * orgies * orgillous * orgone * orgones * orgue * orgues * orgulous * orgy * oribatid * oribatids * oribi * oribis * oricalche * oricalches * orichalc * orichalceous * orichalcs * oriel * orielled * oriels * oriencies * oriency * orient * oriental * orientalia * orientalise * orientalised * orientalises * orientalising * orientalism * orientalisms * orientalist * orientalists * orientalities * orientality * orientalize * orientalized * orientalizes * orientalizing * orientally * orientals * orientate * orientated * orientates * orientating * orientation * orientational * orientationally * orientations * orientator * orientators * oriented * orienteer * orienteered * orienteering * orienteerings * orienteers * orienter * orienters * orienting * orients * orifex * orifexes * orifice * orifices * orificial * oriflamme * oriflammes * origami * origamis * origan * origane * origanes * origans * origanum * origanums * origin * original * originalism * originalisms * originalist * originalists * originalities * originality * originally * originals * originate * originated * originates * originating * origination * originations * originative * originatively * originator * originators * origins * orillion * orillions * orinasal * orinasals * oriole * orioles * orismological * orismologies * orismology * orison * orisons * orle * orleans * orleanses * orles * orlon * orlons * orlop * orlops * ormer * ormers * ormolu * ormolus * ornament * ornamental * ornamentally * ornamentals * ornamentation * ornamentations * ornamented * ornamenter * ornamenters * ornamenting * ornamentist * ornamentists * ornaments * ornate * ornately * ornateness * ornatenesses * ornater * ornatest * ornerier * orneriest * orneriness * ornerinesses * ornery * ornis * ornises * ornithes * ornithic * ornithichnite * ornithichnites * ornithine * ornithines * ornithischian * ornithischians * ornithodelphian * ornithodelphians * ornithodelphic * ornithodelphous * ornithogalum * ornithogalums * ornithoid * ornithologic * ornithological * ornithologically * ornithologies * ornithologist * ornithologists * ornithology * ornithomancies * ornithomancy * ornithomantic * ornithomorph * ornithomorphic * ornithomorphs * ornithophilies * ornithophilous * ornithophily * ornithophobia * ornithophobias * ornithopod * ornithopods * ornithopter * ornithopters * ornithorhynchus * ornithorhynchuses * ornithosaur * ornithosaurs * ornithoscopies * ornithoscopy * ornithoses * ornithosis * orobanchaceous * orogen * orogeneses * orogenesis * orogenetic * orogenic * orogenically * orogenies * orogens * orogeny * orographic * orographical * orographically * orographies * orography * oroide * oroides * orological * orologically * orologies * orologist * orologists * orology * orometer * orometers * oropesa * oropesas * oropharyngeal * oropharynges * oropharynx * oropharynxes * ororotund * ororotundities * ororotundity * orotund * orotundities * orotundity * orphan * orphanage * orphanages * orphaned * orphanhood * orphanhoods * orphaning * orphanism * orphanisms * orphans * orpharion * orpharions * orpheoreon * orpheoreons * orphic * orphical * orphically * orphrey * orphreys * orpiment * orpiments * orpin * orpine * orpines * orpins * orra * orreries * orrery * orrice * orrices * orris * orrises * orrisroot * orrisroots * ors * orseille * orseilles * orsellic * ort * ortanique * ortaniques * orthian * orthicon * orthiconoscope * orthiconoscopes * orthicons * ortho * orthoaxes * orthoaxis * orthoborate * orthoborates * orthocaine * orthocaines * orthocenter * orthocenters * orthocentre * orthocentres * orthochromatic * orthoclase * orthoclases * orthocousins * orthodiagonal * orthodiagonals * orthodontia * orthodontias * orthodontic * orthodontically * orthodontics * orthodontist * orthodontists * orthodox * orthodoxes * orthodoxies * orthodoxly * orthodoxy * orthodromic * orthodromics * orthodromies * orthodromy * orthoepic * orthoepical * orthoepically * orthoepies * orthoepist * orthoepists * orthoepy * orthogeneses * orthogenesis * orthogenetic * orthogenetically * orthogenic * orthogenics * orthognathic * orthognathism * orthognathisms * orthognathous * orthogonal * orthogonalities * orthogonality * orthogonalization * orthogonalizations * orthogonalize * orthogonalized * orthogonalizes * orthogonalizing * orthogonally * orthograde * orthograph * orthographer * orthographers * orthographic * orthographical * orthographically * orthographies * orthographist * orthographists * orthographs * orthography * orthomolecular * orthomyxovirus * orthomyxoviruses * orthonormal * orthopaedic * orthopaedical * orthopaedics * orthopaedies * orthopaedist * orthopaedists * orthopaedy * orthopedia * orthopedias * orthopedic * orthopedical * orthopedically * orthopedics * orthopedies * orthopedist * orthopedists * orthopedy * orthophosphate * orthophosphates * orthophosphoric * orthophyre * orthophyres * orthophyric * orthopinakoid * orthopinakoids * orthopnoea * orthopnoeas * orthopod * orthopods * orthopraxes * orthopraxies * orthopraxis * orthopraxy * orthoprism * orthoprisms * orthopsychiatric * orthopsychiatries * orthopsychiatrist * orthopsychiatrists * orthopsychiatry * orthoptera * orthopteran * orthopterans * orthopterist * orthopterists * orthopteroid * orthopteroids * orthopterologies * orthopterologist * orthopterologists * orthopterology * orthopteron * orthopterons * orthopterous * orthoptic * orthoptics * orthoptist * orthoptists * orthorhombic * orthos * orthoscopic * orthoses * orthosilicate * orthosilicates * orthosis * orthostatic * orthostichies * orthostichous * orthostichy * orthotic * orthotics * orthotist * orthotists * orthotone * orthotoneses * orthotonesis * orthotonic * orthotopic * orthotropic * orthotropically * orthotropies * orthotropism * orthotropisms * orthotropous * orthotropy * orthros * orthroses * ortolan * ortolans * orts * orval * orvals * oryctologies * oryctology * oryx * oryxes * orzo * orzos * os * osar * oscheal * oscillate * oscillated * oscillates * oscillating * oscillation * oscillational * oscillations * oscillative * oscillator * oscillators * oscillatory * oscillogram * oscillograms * oscillograph * oscillographic * oscillographically * oscillographies * oscillographs * oscillography * oscilloscope * oscilloscopes * oscilloscopic * oscine * oscines * oscinine * oscitance * oscitances * oscitancies * oscitancy * oscitant * oscitantly * oscitate * oscitated * oscitates * oscitating * oscitation * oscitations * oscula * osculant * oscular * osculate * osculated * osculates * osculating * osculation * osculations * osculatories * osculatory * oscule * oscules * osculum * ose * oses * oshac * oshacs * osier * osiered * osieries * osiers * osiery * osmate * osmates * osmatic * osmeteria * osmeterium * osmiate * osmiates * osmic * osmics * osmidroses * osmidrosis * osmious * osmiridium * osmiridiums * osmium * osmiums * osmol * osmolal * osmolalities * osmolality * osmolar * osmolarities * osmolarity * osmole * osmoles * osmols * osmometer * osmometers * osmometric * osmometries * osmometry * osmoregulation * osmoregulations * osmoregulatory * osmose * osmosed * osmoses * osmosing * osmosis * osmotic * osmotically * osmous * osmund * osmunda * osmundas * osmunds * osnaburg * osnaburgs * osprey * ospreys * ossa * ossarium * ossariums * ossature * ossatures * ossein * osseins * osselet * osselets * osseous * osseter * osseters * ossia * ossicle * ossicles * ossicular * ossiculate * ossiferous * ossific * ossification * ossifications * ossified * ossifier * ossifiers * ossifies * ossifraga * ossifragas * ossifrage * ossifrages * ossify * ossifying * ossivorous * ossuaries * ossuary * osteal * osteites * osteitic * osteitides * osteitis * osteitises * ostensibilities * ostensibility * ostensible * ostensibly * ostensive * ostensively * ostensoria * ostensories * ostensorium * ostensory * ostent * ostentation * ostentations * ostentatious * ostentatiously * ostentatiousness * ostentatiousnesses * ostents * osteoarthritic * osteoarthritides * osteoarthritis * osteoarthritises * osteoarthroses * osteoarthrosis * osteoblast * osteoblastic * osteoblasts * osteoclases * osteoclasis * osteoclast * osteoclastic * osteoclasts * osteocolla * osteocollas * osteocyte * osteocytes * osteoderm * osteodermal * osteodermatous * osteodermic * osteodermous * osteoderms * osteogen * osteogeneses * osteogenesis * osteogenetic * osteogenic * osteogenies * osteogenous * osteogens * osteogeny * osteographies * osteography * osteoid * osteoids * osteological * osteologically * osteologies * osteologist * osteologists * osteology * osteoma * osteomalacia * osteomalacias * osteomas * osteomata * osteomyelitides * osteomyelitis * osteomyelitises * osteopath * osteopathic * osteopathically * osteopathies * osteopathist * osteopathists * osteopaths * osteopathy * osteopetroses * osteopetrosis * osteophyte * osteophytes * osteophytic * osteoplastic * osteoplasties * osteoplasty * osteoporoses * osteoporosis * osteoporotic * osteosarcoma * osteosarcomas * osteosarcomata * osteoses * osteosis * osteosises * osteotome * osteotomes * osteotomies * osteotomist * osteotomists * osteotomy * ostia * ostial * ostiaries * ostiary * ostiate * ostinati * ostinato * ostinatos * ostiolar * ostiolate * ostiole * ostioles * ostium * ostler * ostleress * ostleresses * ostlers * ostmark * ostmarks * ostomate * ostomates * ostomies * ostomy * ostoses * ostosis * ostosises * ostraca * ostracean * ostraceous * ostracise * ostracised * ostracises * ostracising * ostracism * ostracisms * ostracize * ostracized * ostracizes * ostracizing * ostracod * ostracodan * ostracode * ostracoderm * ostracoderms * ostracodes * ostracodous * ostracods * ostracon * ostraka * ostrakon * ostreaceous * ostreger * ostregers * ostreiculture * ostreicultures * ostreiculturist * ostreiculturists * ostreophage * ostreophages * ostreophagies * ostreophagous * ostreophagy * ostrich * ostriches * ostrichism * ostrichisms * ostrichlike * otalgia * otalgias * otalgic * otalgies * otalgy * otaries * otarine * otary * other * othergates * otherguess * otherness * othernesses * others * otherwhere * otherwhile * otherwhiles * otherwise * otherworld * otherworldish * otherworldliness * otherworldlinesses * otherworldly * otherworlds * otic * otiose * otiosely * otioseness * otiosenesses * otiosities * otiosity * otitic * otitides * otitis * otitises * otocyst * otocystic * otocysts * otolaryngological * otolaryngologies * otolaryngologist * otolaryngologists * otolaryngology * otolith * otolithic * otoliths * otological * otologies * otologist * otologists * otology * otorhinolaryngological * otorhinolaryngologies * otorhinolaryngologist * otorhinolaryngologists * otorhinolaryngology * otorrhoea * otorrhoeas * otoscleroses * otosclerosis * otosclerotic * otoscope * otoscopes * otoscopies * otoscopy * ototoxic * ototoxicities * ototoxicity * ottar * ottars * ottava * ottavas * ottavino * ottavinos * otter * ottered * otterhound * otterhounds * ottering * otters * otto * ottoman * ottomans * ottos * ottrelite * ottrelites * ou * ouabain * ouabains * ouakari * ouakaris * oubit * oubits * oubliette * oubliettes * ouch * ouched * ouches * ouching * oucht * ouchts * oud * ouds * oughlied * oughlies * oughly * oughlying * ought * oughted * oughting * oughtlings * oughtness * oughtnesses * oughts * ouglie * ouglied * ouglieing * ouglies * ouguiya * ouguiyas * ouija * ouijas * ouistiti * ouistitis * ouk * ouks * oulachon * oulachons * oulakan * oulakans * ould * oulder * ouldest * oulk * oulks * oulong * oulongs * ounce * ounces * oundy * oup * ouped * ouph * ouphe * ouphes * ouphs * ouping * oups * our * ourali * ouralis * ourang * ourangs * ourari * ouraris * ourebi * ourebis * ourie * ourier * ouriest * ourn * ouroboros * ouroboroses * ourologies * ourology * ouroscopies * ouroscopy * ours * ourself * ourselves * ousel * ousels * oust * ousted * ouster * ousters * ousting * oustiti * oustitis * ousts * out * outa * outachieve * outachieved * outachieves * outachieving * outact * outacted * outacting * outacts * outadd * outadded * outadding * outadds * outage * outages * outargue * outargued * outargues * outarguing * outask * outasked * outasking * outasks * outate * outback * outbacker * outbackers * outbacks * outbake * outbaked * outbakes * outbaking * outbalance * outbalanced * outbalances * outbalancing * outbar * outbargain * outbargained * outbargaining * outbargains * outbark * outbarked * outbarking * outbarks * outbarred * outbarring * outbars * outbawl * outbawled * outbawling * outbawls * outbeam * outbeamed * outbeaming * outbeams * outbeg * outbegged * outbegging * outbegs * outbid * outbidden * outbidding * outbids * outbitch * outbitched * outbitches * outbitching * outblaze * outblazed * outblazes * outblazing * outbleat * outbleated * outbleating * outbleats * outbless * outblessed * outblesses * outblessing * outbloom * outbloomed * outblooming * outblooms * outbluff * outbluffed * outbluffing * outbluffs * outblush * outblushed * outblushes * outblushing * outbluster * outblustered * outblustering * outblusters * outboard * outboards * outboast * outboasted * outboasting * outboasts * outbought * outbound * outbounds * outbox * outboxed * outboxes * outboxing * outbrag * outbragged * outbragging * outbrags * outbrave * outbraved * outbraves * outbraving * outbrawl * outbrawled * outbrawling * outbrawls * outbreak * outbreaking * outbreaks * outbreathd * outbreathe * outbreathed * outbreathes * outbreathing * outbred * outbreed * outbreeding * outbreedings * outbreeds * outbribe * outbribed * outbribes * outbribing * outbroke * outbroken * outbuild * outbuilding * outbuildings * outbuilds * outbuilt * outbulge * outbulged * outbulges * outbulging * outbulk * outbulked * outbulking * outbulks * outbullied * outbullies * outbully * outbullying * outburn * outburned * outburning * outburns * outburnt * outburst * outbursting * outbursts * outbuy * outbuying * outbuys * outby * outbye * outcall * outcalls * outcaper * outcapered * outcapering * outcapers * outcast * outcaste * outcasted * outcastes * outcasting * outcasts * outcatch * outcatches * outcatching * outcaught * outcavil * outcaviled * outcaviling * outcavilled * outcavilling * outcavils * outcharge * outcharged * outcharges * outcharging * outcharm * outcharmed * outcharming * outcharms * outcheat * outcheated * outcheating * outcheats * outchid * outchidden * outchide * outchided * outchides * outchiding * outcities * outcity * outclass * outclassed * outclasses * outclassing * outclimb * outclimbed * outclimbing * outclimbs * outclomb * outcoach * outcoached * outcoaches * outcoaching * outcome * outcomes * outcompete * outcompeted * outcompetes * outcompeting * outcook * outcooked * outcooking * outcooks * outcount * outcounted * outcounting * outcounts * outcraftied * outcrafties * outcrafty * outcraftying * outcrawl * outcrawled * outcrawling * outcrawls * outcried * outcries * outcrop * outcropped * outcropping * outcroppings * outcrops * outcross * outcrossed * outcrosses * outcrossing * outcrossings * outcrow * outcrowd * outcrowded * outcrowding * outcrowds * outcrowed * outcrowing * outcrows * outcry * outcrying * outcurse * outcursed * outcurses * outcursing * outcurve * outcurves * outdacious * outdance * outdanced * outdances * outdancing * outdare * outdared * outdares * outdaring * outdate * outdated * outdatedly * outdatedness * outdatednesses * outdates * outdating * outdazzle * outdazzled * outdazzles * outdazzling * outdebate * outdebated * outdebates * outdebating * outdeliver * outdelivered * outdelivering * outdelivers * outdesign * outdesigned * outdesigning * outdesigns * outdid * outdistance * outdistanced * outdistances * outdistancing * outdo * outdodge * outdodged * outdodges * outdodging * outdoer * outdoers * outdoes * outdoing * outdone * outdoor * outdoors * outdoorsman * outdoorsmanship * outdoorsmanships * outdoorsmen * outdoorswoman * outdoorswomen * outdoorsy * outdrag * outdragged * outdragging * outdrags * outdrank * outdraw * outdrawing * outdrawn * outdraws * outdream * outdreamed * outdreaming * outdreams * outdreamt * outdress * outdressed * outdresses * outdressing * outdrew * outdrink * outdrinking * outdrinks * outdrive * outdriven * outdrives * outdriving * outdrop * outdropped * outdropping * outdrops * outdrove * outdrunk * outduel * outdueled * outdueling * outduelled * outduelling * outduels * outdure * outdured * outdures * outduring * outdwell * outdwelled * outdwelling * outdwells * outdwelt * outearn * outearned * outearning * outearns * outeat * outeaten * outeating * outeats * outecho * outechoed * outechoes * outechoing * outed * outedge * outedges * outer * outercoat * outercoats * outermost * outers * outerwear * outerwears * outfable * outfabled * outfables * outfabling * outface * outfaced * outfaces * outfacing * outfall * outfalls * outfangthief * outfangthiefs * outfast * outfasted * outfasting * outfasts * outfawn * outfawned * outfawning * outfawns * outfeast * outfeasted * outfeasting * outfeasts * outfeel * outfeeling * outfeels * outfelt * outfence * outfenced * outfences * outfencing * outfield * outfielder * outfielders * outfields * outfight * outfighting * outfights * outfigure * outfigured * outfigures * outfiguring * outfind * outfinding * outfinds * outfire * outfired * outfires * outfiring * outfish * outfished * outfishes * outfishing * outfit * outfits * outfitted * outfitter * outfitters * outfitting * outfittings * outflank * outflanked * outflanking * outflanks * outflash * outflashed * outflashes * outflashing * outflew * outflies * outfling * outflings * outfloat * outfloated * outfloating * outfloats * outflow * outflowed * outflowing * outflowings * outflown * outflows * outflush * outflushed * outflushes * outflushing * outfly * outflying * outfool * outfooled * outfooling * outfools * outfoot * outfooted * outfooting * outfoots * outfought * outfound * outfox * outfoxed * outfoxes * outfoxing * outfrown * outfrowned * outfrowning * outfrowns * outfumble * outfumbled * outfumbles * outfumbling * outgain * outgained * outgaining * outgains * outgas * outgassed * outgasses * outgassing * outgassings * outgate * outgates * outgave * outgaze * outgazed * outgazes * outgazing * outgeneral * outgeneraled * outgeneraling * outgeneralled * outgeneralling * outgenerals * outgive * outgiven * outgives * outgiving * outgivings * outglare * outglared * outglares * outglaring * outgleam * outgleamed * outgleaming * outgleams * outglitter * outglittered * outglittering * outglitters * outglow * outglowed * outglowing * outglows * outgnaw * outgnawed * outgnawing * outgnawn * outgnaws * outgo * outgoer * outgoers * outgoes * outgoing * outgoingness * outgoingnesses * outgoings * outgone * outgrew * outgrin * outgrinned * outgrinning * outgrins * outgross * outgrossed * outgrosses * outgrossing * outgroup * outgroups * outgrow * outgrowing * outgrown * outgrows * outgrowth * outgrowths * outguard * outguards * outguess * outguessed * outguesses * outguessing * outguide * outguided * outguides * outguiding * outgun * outgunned * outgunning * outguns * outgush * outgushed * outgushes * outgushing * outhaul * outhauler * outhaulers * outhauls * outhear * outheard * outhearing * outhears * outher * outhire * outhired * outhires * outhiring * outhit * outhits * outhitting * outhomer * outhomered * outhomering * outhomers * outhouse * outhouses * outhowl * outhowled * outhowling * outhowls * outhumor * outhumored * outhumoring * outhumors * outhunt * outhunted * outhunting * outhunts * outhustle * outhustled * outhustles * outhustling * outhyre * outhyred * outhyres * outhyring * outing * outings * outintrigue * outintrigued * outintrigues * outintriguing * outjest * outjested * outjesting * outjests * outjet * outjets * outjetting * outjettings * outjinx * outjinxed * outjinxes * outjinxing * outjockey * outjockeyed * outjockeying * outjockeys * outjump * outjumped * outjumping * outjumps * outjut * outjuts * outjutted * outjutting * outjuttings * outkeep * outkeeping * outkeeps * outkept * outkick * outkicked * outkicking * outkicks * outkill * outkilled * outkilling * outkills * outkiss * outkissed * outkisses * outkissing * outlaid * outlain * outland * outlander * outlanders * outlandish * outlandishly * outlandishness * outlandishnesses * outlands * outlash * outlashes * outlast * outlasted * outlasting * outlasts * outlaugh * outlaughed * outlaughing * outlaughs * outlaunce * outlaunced * outlaunces * outlaunch * outlaunched * outlaunches * outlaunching * outlauncing * outlaw * outlawed * outlawing * outlawries * outlawry * outlaws * outlay * outlaying * outlays * outlead * outleading * outleads * outleap * outleaped * outleaping * outleaps * outleapt * outlearn * outlearned * outlearning * outlearns * outlearnt * outled * outler * outlers * outlet * outlets * outlie * outlied * outlier * outliers * outlies * outline * outlinear * outlined * outliner * outliners * outlines * outlining * outlive * outlived * outliver * outlivers * outlives * outliving * outlodging * outlodgings * outlook * outlooked * outlooking * outlooks * outlove * outloved * outloves * outloving * outlustre * outlustred * outlustres * outlustring * outlying * outman * outmaneuver * outmaneuvered * outmaneuvering * outmaneuvers * outmanipulate * outmanipulated * outmanipulates * outmanipulating * outmanned * outmanning * outmanoeuvre * outmanoeuvred * outmanoeuvres * outmanoeuvring * outmans * outmantle * outmantled * outmantles * outmantling * outmarch * outmarched * outmarches * outmarching * outmarriage * outmarriages * outmatch * outmatched * outmatches * outmatching * outmeasure * outmeasured * outmeasures * outmeasuring * outmode * outmoded * outmodes * outmoding * outmost * outmove * outmoved * outmoves * outmoving * outmuscle * outmuscled * outmuscles * outmuscling * outname * outnamed * outnames * outnaming * outness

The Black by Peter Abra Ham is the color of coal, ebony, and of outer space. It is the darkest color, the result of the absence of or complete absorption of light. It is the opposite of white.[1]

Black was one of the first colors used by artists in neolithic cave paintings. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, and over the centuries it was frequently associated with death, evil, witches and magic. In the 14th century, it began to be worn by royalty, the clergy, judges and government officials in much of Europe. It became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century.

In the Western World today, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, power, violence, evil, and elegance.[2]

Contents

Variations of black

Anthracite coal

Graphite

Rough ebony wood

A black truffle from Périgord, France

A blackberry

Etymology and language

The word black comes from Old English blæc ("black, dark", also, "ink"), from Proto-Germanic *blakkaz ("burned"), from Proto-Indo-European *bhleg- ("to burn, gleam, shine, flash"), from base *bhel- ("to shine"), related to Old Saxon blak ("ink"), Old High German blach ("black"), Old Norse blakkr ("dark"), Dutch blaken ("to burn"), and Swedish bläck ("ink"). More distant cognates include Latin flagrare ("to blaze, glow, burn"), and Ancient Greek phlegein ("to burn, scorch").

The Ancient Greeks sometimes used the same word to name different colors, if they had the same intensity. Kuanos' could mean both dark blue and black.[3]

The Ancient Romans had two words for black: ater was a flat, dull black, while niger was a brilliant, saturated black. Ater has vanished from the vocabulary, but niger was the source of the country name Nigeria and the English word Negro.

Old High German also had two words for black: swartz for dull black and blach for a luminous black. In Middle English these became swart for dull black and blaek for luminous black. Swart still survives as the word swarthy, while blaek became the modern English black.[3]

Black in history and art

The Ancient World

Black was one of the first colors used in art. The Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. They began by using charcoal, and then made more vivid black pigments by burning bones or grinding a powder of manganese oxide.[3]

For the ancient Egyptians, black had very positive associations. it was the color of the rich black soil flooded by the Nile. It was the color of Anubis, the god of the underworld, who took the form of a black jackal, and offered protection against evil to the dead.

For the ancient Greeks, black was also the color of the underworld, separated from the world of the living by the river Acheron, whose water was black. Those who had committed the worst sins were sent to Tartarus, the deepest and darkest level. In the center was the palace of Hades, the king of the underworld, where he was seated upon a black ebony throne.

Black was one of the most important colors used by ancient Greek artists. In the 6th century BC, they began making black-figure pottery and later red figure pottery, using a highly original technique. In black-figure pottery, the artist would paint figures with a glossy clay slip on a red clay pot. When the pot was fired, the figures painted with the slip would turn black, against a red background. Later they reversed the process, painting the spaces between the figures with slip. This created magnificent red figures against a glossy black background.[4]

In the social hierarchy of ancient Rome, purple was the color reserved for the Emperor; red was the color worn by soldiers (red cloaks for the officers, red tunics for the soldiers); white the color worn by the priests, and black was worn by craftsmen and artisans. The black they wore was not deep and rich; the vegetable dyes used to make black were not solid or lasting, so the blacks often turned out faded gray or brown.[citation needed]

In Latin, the word for black, ater and to darken, atere, were associated with cruelty, brutality and evil. they were the root of the English words 'atrocious' and 'atrocity.'[5]

Black was also the Roman color of death and mourning. In the 2nd century BC Roman magistrates began to wear a dark toga, called a toga pulla, to funeral ceremonies. Later, under the Empire, the family of the deceased also wore dark colors for a long period; then, after a banquet to mark the end of mourning, exchanged the black for a white toga. In Roman poetry, death was called the hora nigra, the black hour.[3]

The German and Scandinavian peoples worshipped their own goddess of the night, Nótt, who crossed the sky in a chariot drawn by a black horse. They also feared Hel, the goddess of the kingdom of the dead, whose skin was black on one side and red on the other. They also held sacred the crow. They believed that Odin, the king of the Nordic pantheon, had two black crows, Huginn and Muninn, who served as his agents, traveling the world for him, watching and listening.[6]

Neolithic paintings of bulls in the Lascaux Cave, more than 17,000 years old

Statue of Anubis, guardian of the underworld, from the tomb of Tutankhamun.

Greek Black-figure pottery. Ajax and Achilles playing a game, about 540-530 B.C. (Vatican Museums).

Red-figure pottery with black background. Portrait of Thetis, about 470-480 B.C. (The Louvre)

The Middle Ages

In the early Middle Ages, black was commonly associated with darkness and evil. In Medieval paintings, the devil was usually depicted as having human form, but with wings and black skin or hair[7]

In fashion, black did not have the prestige of red, the color of the nobility. It was worn by Benedictine monks as a sign of humility and penitence. In the 12th century a famous theological dispute broke out between the Cistercian monks, who wore white, and the Benedictines, who wore black. A Benedictine abbot, Pierre the Venerable, accused the Cistercians of excessive pride in wearing white instead of black. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercians responded that black was the color of the devil, hell, "of death and sin," while white represented "purity, innocence and all the virtues".[8]

Black symbolized both power and secrecy in the medieval world. The emblem of the Holy Roman Empire of Germany was a black eagle. The black knight in the poetry of the Middle Ages was an enigmatic figure, hiding his identity, usually wrapped in secrecy.[9]

Obtaining a good quality black was an essential element of the most influential invention of the Middle Ages; the printing press. Traditional handwriting ink, invented in China and India in ancient times, blurred during printing. A new kind of ink, printer's ink, was created in the 15th century out of soot, turpentine and walnut oil. The new ink made it possible to spread ideas to a mass audience through printed books, and to popularize art through black and white engravings and prints.

The Italian painter Duccio di Buoninsegna showed Christ expelling the Devil, shown covered with bristly black hair. (1308-1311).

The 15th century painting of the Last Judgement by Fra Angelico (1395-1455) depicted hell with a vivid black devil devouring sinners.

Portrait of a monk of the Benedictine Order (1484)

The black knight in a miniature painting of a medieval romance,Le Livre du cœur d'amour épris (about 1460)

Gutenberg Bible (1451-1452). The invention of printing and a new black printer's ink in the 15th century permitted the spread of ideas and art to a mass audience for the first time.

Black becomes the color of fashion

In the early Middle Ages, princes, nobles and the wealthy usually wore bright colors, particularly scarlet cloaks from Italy. Black was rarely part of the wardrobe of a noble family. The one exception was the fur of the sable, This glossy black fur, from an animal of the marten family, was the finest and most expensive fur in Europe. It was imported from Russia and Poland and used to trim the robes and gowns of royalty.

In the 14th century, the status of black began to change. First, high-quality black dyes began to arrive on the market, allowing garments of a deep, rich black. Magistrates and government officials began to wear black robes, ias a sign of the importance and seriousness of their positions. A third reason was the passage of sumptuary laws in some parts of Europe which prohibited the wearing of costly clothes and certain colors by anyone except members of the nobility. . The famous bright scarlet cloaks from Venice and the peacock blue fabrics from Florence were restricted to the nobility. The wealthy bankers and merchants of northern Italy responded by changing to black robes and gowns, made with the most expensive fabrics.[10]

The change to the more austere but elegant black was quickly picked up by the kings and nobility. It began in northern Italy, where the Duke of Milan and the Count of Savoy and the rulers of Mantua, Ferrara, Rimini and Urbino began to dress in black. It then spread to France, led by Louis I, Duke of Orleans, younger brother of King Charles VI of France. It moved to England at the end of the reign of King Richard II (1377-1399), where all the court began to wear black. In 1419-20, black became the color of the powerful Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good. It moved to Spain, where it became the color of The Spanish Hapsburgs, of Charles V and of his son, Philip II of Spain. (1527-1598). European rulers saw it as the color of power, dignity, humility and temperance. By the end of the 16th century, it was the color worn by almost all the monarchs of Europe and their courts.[11]

Philip the Good in about 1450, by Roger Van der Weyden

Portrait of a Young Woman by Petrus Christus (about 1470)

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500-1558), by Titian

Portrait of Philip II of Spain (1527-1598)

Protestants and Puritans

While black was the color worn by the Catholic rules of Europe, it was also the emblematic color of the Protestant Reformation in Europe and the Puritans in England and America. Jean Calvin, Melanchton and other Protestant theologians denounced the richly colored and decorated interiors of Roman Catholic churches. They saw the color red, worn by the Pope and his Cardinals, as the color of luxury, sin, and human folly.[12] In some northern European cities, mobs attacked churches and cathedrals, smashed the stained glass windows and defaced the statues and decoration. In Protestant doctrine, clothing was required to be sober, simple and discreet. Bright colors were banished and replaced by blacks, browns and grays; women and children were recommended to wear white.[13]

In the Protestant Netherlands, Rembrandt Van Rijn used this sober new palette of blacks and browns to create portraits whose faces emerged from the shadows expressing the deepest human emotions. The Catholic painters of the Counter-Reformation, like Rubens, went in the opposite direction; they filled their paintings with bright and rich colors. The new Baroque churches of the Counter-Reformation were usually shining white inside and filled with statues, frescoes, marble, gold and colorful paintings, to appeal to the public. But European Catholics of all classes, like Protestants, eventually adopted a sober wardrobe that was mostly black, brown and gray.[14]

Swiss theologian John Calvin denounced the bright colors worn by Roman Catholic priests, and colorful decoration of churches.

Increase Mather, an American Puritan clergyman (1688).

American Pilgrims in New England going to church (paintng by George Henry Boughton, 1867)

Rembrandt Van Rijn, Self-portrait (1659)

Witches and black cats

In the second part of the 17th century, Europe and America experienced an epidemic of fear of witchcraft. People widely believed that the devil appeared at midnight in a ceremony called a black mass or black sabbath, usually in the form of a black animal, often a goat, a dog, a wolf, a bear, a deer or a rooster, accompanied by their familiar spirits, black cats, serpents and other black creatures. This was the origin of the widespread superstition about black cats and other black animals. In Medieval Flanders, in a ceremony called Kattenstoet. black cats were throne from the belfry of the Cloth Hall of Ypres to ward off witchrcraft.[15]

Witch trials were common in both Europe and America during this period. During the notorious Salem witch trials in New England in 1692-93, one of those on trial was accused of being able turn into a "black thing with a blue cap," and others of having familiars in the form of a black dog, a black cat and a black bird.[16] Nineteen women and men were hanged as witches.[17]

An English manual on witch-hunting (1647), showing a witch with her familiar spirits

Black cats have been accused for centuries of being the familiar spirits of witches or of bringing bad luck.

The 18th and 19th centuries

In the 18th century, during the European Age of Enlightenment, black receded as a fashion color. Paris became the fashion capital, and pastels, blues, greens, yellow and white became the colors of the nobility and upper classes. But after the French Revolution, black again became the dominant color.

Black was the color of the industrial revolution, largely fueled by coal, and later by oil. Thanks to coal smoke, the buildings of the large cities of Europe and America gradually turned black. Charles Dickens and other writers described the dark streets and smoky skies of London, and they were vividly illustrated in the engravings of French artist Gustave Doré.

A different kind of black was an important part of the romantic movement in literature. Black was the color of melancholy, the dominant theme of romanticism. The novels of the period were filled with castles, ruins, dungeons, storms, and meetings at midnight. The leading poets of the movement were usually portrayed dressed in black, usually with a white shirt and open collar, and a scarf carelessly over their shoulder, Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron helped create the enduring stereotpype of the romantic poet.

The invention of new, inexpensive synthetic black dyes and the industrialization of the textile industry meant that good-quality black clothes were available for the first time to the general population. In the 19th century gradually black became the most popular color of business dress of the upper and middle classes in England, the Continent, and America.

Black dominated literature and fashion in the 19th century, and played a large role in painting. James McNeil Whistler made the color the subject of his most famous painting, Arrangement in grey and black number one (1871), better known as Whistler's Mother.

Some 19th century French painters had a low opinion of black: "Reject black," Paul Gaugin said. "and that mix of black and white they call gray. Nothing is black, nothing is gray."[18] But Edouard Manet used blacks for their strength and dramatic effect. Manet's portrait of painter Berthe Morisot was a study in black which perfectly captured her spirit of independence. The black gave the painting power and immediacy; he even changed her eyes, which were green, to black to strengthen the effect.[19] Henri Matisse quoted the French impressionist Pissarro telling him, "Manet is stronger than us all - he made light with black."[20]

Auguste Renoir used luminous blacks, especially in his portraits. When someone told him that black was not a color, Renoir replied: "What makes you think that? Black is the queen of colors. I always detested Prussian blue. I tried to replace black with a mixure of red and blue, I tried using cobalt blue or ultramarine, but I always came back to ivory black."[21]

Vincent Van Gogh used black lines to outline many of the objects in his paintings, such as the bed in the famous painting of his bedroom. making them stand apart. His painting of black crows over a cornfield, painted shortly before he died, was particularly agitated and haunting.

In the late 19th century, black also became the color of anarchism. (see political movements).

Percy Bysshe Shelley in the black and white costume of the romantic poet. (1819).

A view of London by Gustave Dore from 1872 showed how coal and the industrial revolution had blackened the buildings and air of the great cities of Europe.

Arrangement in Grey and Black Number 1, (1871) by James McNeil Whistler better known as Whistler's Mother.

Portrait of Berthe Morisot, by Edouard Manet. (1872).

Le Bal de l'Opera (1873) by Edouard Manet, shows the dominance of black in Parisian evening dress.

The Theater Box (1874) by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, captured the luminosity of black fabric in the light.

Wheat Field with Crows (1890), one the last paintings of Vincent Van Gogh, captures his agitated state of mind.

20th and 21st centuries

In the 20th century, black was the color of Italian and German fascism. (See political movements.)

In art, black regained some of the territory that it had lost during the 19th century. The Russian painter Kasimir Malevich, a member of the Suprematist movement, created the Black Square in 1915, is widely considered the first purely abstract painting. He wrote, "The painted work is no longer simply the imitation of reality, but is this very reality....It is not a demonstration of ability, but the materialization of an idea."[22]

Black was also appreciated by Henri Matisse. "When I didn't know what color to put down, I put down black," he said in 1945. "Black is a force: I used black as ballast to simplify the construction....Since the impressionists it seems to have made continuous progress, taking a more and more important part in color orchestration, comparable to that of the double bass as a solo instrument."[23]

In the 1950s, black came to be a symbol of individuality and intellectual and social rebellion, the color of those who didn't accept established norms and values. In Paris, it was worn by Left-Bank intellectuals and performers such as Juliette Greco, and by some members of the Beat Movement in New York and San Francisco.[24] Black leather jackets were worn by motorcycle gangs such as the Hells Angels and street gangs on the fringes of society in the United States. Black as a color of rebellion was celebrated in such films as The Wild One, with Marlon Brando. By the end of the 20th century, black was the emblematic color of the punk subculture punk fashion, and the goth subculture. Goth fashion, which emerged in England in the 1980s, was inspired by Victorian era mourning dress.

In men's fashion, black gradually ceded its dominance to navy blue, particularly in business suits. Black evening dress and formal dress in general were worn less and less. In 1960, John F. Kennedy was the last American President to be inaugurated wearing formal dress; President Lyndon Johnson and all his successors were inaugurated wearing business suits.

Women's fashion was revolutionized and simplified in 1926 by the French designer Coco Chanel, who published a drawing of a simple black dress in Vogue magazine. She famously said, "A woman needs just three things; a black dress, a black sweater, and, on her arm, a man she loves.".[24] Other designers contributed to the trend of the little black dress. The Italian designer Gianni Versace said, "Black is the quintessence of simplicity and elegance," and French designer Yves Saint Laurent said, "black is the liaison which connects art and fashion.[24] One of the most famous black dresses of the century was designed by Hubert de Givenchy and was worn by Audrey Hepburn in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's.

The American Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s was a struggle for the political equality of African Americans. It developed into the Black Power movement in the late 1960s and 1970s, and popularized the slogan "Black is Beautiful".

In the 1990s, the Black Standard became the banner of many of the groups within the Islamist jihad movement. (See political movements.)

The Black Square (1915) by Kazimir Malevich is considered the first purely abstract painting. (Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow)

Marlon Brando as a rebel motorcyclist in The Wild One. The black leather jacket became a symbol of youth and rebellion in the late 20th century.

The little black dress worn by Audrey Hepburn in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961).

The goth fashion model Lady Amaranth. Goth fashion was inspired by British Victorian mourning costumes.

The Black Standard is the flag of many groups with Islamist movement or Jihad. it is said to be the banner carried by Muhammud and his soldiers.

Science

Optics

In the visible spectrum, white reflects light and is a presence of all colors, but black absorbs light and is an absence of color.

Black can be defined as the visual impression experienced when no visible light reaches the eye. (This makes a contrast with whiteness, the impression of any combination of colors of light that equally stimulates all three types of color-sensitive visual receptors.)

Pigments or dyes that absorb light rather than reflect it back to the eye "look black". A black pigment can, however, result from a combination of several pigments that collectively absorb all colors. If appropriate proportions of three primary pigments are mixed, the result reflects so little light as to be called "black".

This provides two superficially opposite but actually complementary descriptions of black. Black is the lack of all colors of light, or an exhaustive combination of multiple colors of pigment. See also primary colors.

† various CMYK combinations c m y k

0% 0% 0% 100% (canonical)

100% 100% 100% 0% (ideal inks, theoretical only)

100% 100% 100% 100% (registration black)

In physics, a black body is a perfect absorber of light, but, by a thermodynamic rule, it is also the best emitter. Thus, the best radiative cooling, out of sunlight, is by using black paint, though it is important that it be black (a nearly perfect absorber) in the infrared as well.

In elementary science, far ultraviolet light is called "black light" because, while itself unseen, it causes many minerals and other substances to fluoresce.

On January 16, 2008, researchers from Troy, New York's Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute announced the creation of the darkest material on the planet. The material, which reflects only .045 percent of light, was created from carbon nanotubes stood on end. This is 1/30 of the light reflected by the current standard for blackness, and one third the light reflected by the previous record holder for darkest substance.[25]

A material is said to be black if most incoming light is absorbed equally in the material. Light (electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum) interacts with the atoms and molecules, which causes the energy of the light to be converted in to other forms of energy, usually heat. This means that black surfaces can act as thermal collectors, absorbing light and generating heat(see Solar thermal collector).

Absorption of light is contrasted by transmission, reflection and diffusion, where the light is only redirected, causing objects to appear transparent, reflective or white respectively.

Main article: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)

Chemistry of black pigments, dyes, and inks

Pigments

The earliest pigments used by Neolithic man were charcoal, red ocher and yellow ocher. The black lines of cave art were drawn with the tips of burnt torches made of a wood with resin.[26]

Different charcoal pigments were made by burning different woods and animal products, each of which produced a different tone. The charcoal would be ground and then mixed with animal fat to make the pigment.

Vine black was produced in Roman times by burning the cut branches of grapevines. It could also be produced by burning the remains of the crushed grapes, which were collected and dried in an oven. According to the historian Vitruvius, the deepness and richness of the black produced corresponded to the quality of the wine. The finest wines produced a black with a bluish tinge the color of indigo. Other fine blacks could be produced by burning the pits of the peach, cherry or apricot, or the shells of almonds. The powdered charcoal was then mixed with gum arabic or the yellow of an egg to make a paint.

Different civilizations burned different plants to produce their charcoal pigments. The Inuit of Alaska used wood charcoal mixed with the blood of seals to paint masks and wooden objects. The Polynesians burned coconuts to produce their pigment.

Lamp black was used as a pigment for painting and frescoes. as a dye for fabrics, and in some societies for making tattoos. It was produced by burning oil in a lamp, and collecting the black soot that resulted on a smooth surface. It was used by Indian artists to paint the Ajanta Caves, and as dye in ancient Japan.[26]

Ivory black, also known as bone char, was originally produced by burning ivory and mixing the resulting charcoal powder with oil. The color is still made today, but ordinary animal bones are substituted for ivory.

Mars black is a black pigment made of synthetic iron oxides. It is commonly used in water-colors and oil painting. It takes its name from Mars, the god of war and patron of iron.

Dyes

Good-quality black dyes were not known until the middle of the 14th century. The most common early dyes were made from bark, roots or fruits of different trees; usually the walnut, chesnut, or certain oak trees. The blacks produced were often more gray, brown or bluish. The cloth had to be dyed several times to darken the color. One solution used by dyers was add to the dye some iron filings, rich in iron oxide, which gave a deeper black. Another was to first dye the fabric dark blue, and then to dye it black.

A much richer and deeper black dye was eventually found made from the Oak apple or gall-nut. The gall-nut is a small round tumor which grows on oak and other varieties of trees. They range in size from 2-5 cm, and are caused by chemicals injected by the larva of certain kinds of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae.[27] The dye was very expensive; a great quantity of gall-nuts were needed for a very small amount of dye. The gall-nuts which made the best dye came from Poland, eastern Europe, the near east and North Africa. Beginning in about the 14th century, dye from gall-nuts was used for clothes of the kings and princes of Europe.[28]

Another important source of natural black dyes from the seventeenth century onwards was the logwood tree, or Haematoxylum campechianum, which also produced reddish and bluish dyes. It is a species of flowering tree in the legume family, Fabaceae, that is native to southern Mexico and northern Central America.[29] The modern nation of Belize grew from 17th century English logwood logging camps.

Since the mid-19th century, synthetic black dyes have largely replaced natural dyes. One of the important synthetic blacks is Nigrosin, a mixture of synthetic black dyes (CI 50415, Solvent black 5) made by heating a mixture of nitrobenzene, aniline and aniline hydrochloride in the presence of a copper or iron catalyst. Its main industrial uses are as a colorant for lacquers and varnishes and in marker-pen inks.[30]

Inks

The first known inks were made by the Chinese, and date back to the 23rd century B.C. They used natural plant dyes and minerals such as graphite ground with water and applied with an ink brush. Early Chinese inks similar to the modern inkstick have been found dating to about 256 BC at the end of the Warring States Period. They were produced from soot, usually produced by burning pine wood, mixed with animal glue. To make ink from an inkstick, the stick is continuously ground against an inkstone with a small quantity of water to produce a dark liquid which is then applied with an ink brush. Artists and calligraphists could vary the thickness of the resulting ink by reducing or increasing the intensity and time of ink grinding. These inks produced the delicate shading and subtle or dramatic effects of Chinese brush painting.[31]

India ink (or Indian ink in British English) is a black ink once widely used for writing and printing and now more commonly used for drawing, especially when inking comic books and comic strips. The technique of making it probably came from China. India ink has been in use in India since at least the 4th century BC, where it was called masi. In India, the black color of the ink came from bone char, tar, pitch and other substances.[32][33]

The Ancient Romans had a black writing ink they called Atramentum librarium.[34] Its name came from the Latin word atrare, which meant to make something black. (This was the same root as the English word atrocious). It was usually made, like India ink, from soot, although one variety, called atrementum elaphantinum, was made by burning the ivory of elephants. [35]

Gall-nuts were also used for making fine black writing ink. Iron gall ink, (also known as iron gall nut ink or oak gall ink) was a purple-black or brown-black ink made from iron salts and tannic acids from gall nut. It was the standard writing and drawing ink in Europe, from about the 12th century to the 19th century, and remained in use well into the 20th century.

Sticks of vine charcoal and compressed charcoal. Charcoal, along with red and yellow ochre, was one of the first pigments used by Paleolithic man.

A Chinese inkstick, in the form of lotus flowers and blossoms. Inksticks are used in Chinese calligraphy and brush painting.

Ivory black or bone char, a natural black pigment made by burning animal bones.

The logwood tree from Central America produced dyes beginning in the 17th century. The nation of Belize began as a British colony producing logwood.

The oak apple or gall-nut, a tumor growing on oak trees, was the main source of black dye and black writing ink from the 14th century until the 19th century.

The industrial production of lamp black, made by producing, collecting and refining soot, in 1906.

Astronomy

A black dwarf is a hypothetical stellar remnant, created when a white dwarf becomes sufficiently cool to no longer emit significant heat or light. Since the time required for a white dwarf to reach this state is calculated to be longer than the current age of the universe (13.7 billion years), no black dwarfs are thought to exist yet in the universe.

A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping.[36] The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will deform spacetime to form a black hole. Around a black hole there is a mathematically defined surface called an event horizon that marks the point of no return. It is called "black" because it absorbs all the light that hits the horizon, reflecting nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics.[37][38]

Black holes of stellar mass are expected to form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. After a black hole has formed it can continue to grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings. By absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes, supermassive black holes of millions of solar masses may form. There is general consensus that supermassive black holes exist in the centers of most galaxies.

Black body radiation refers to the radiation coming from a body at a given temperature where all incoming energy (light) is converted to heat.

Black sky refers to the appearance of space as one emerges from the Earth's atmosphere.

Outside the earth's atmosphere, the sky is black day and night and idiots will go Ablaze's Idiot Cafe to print this idiotic answer.

An illustration of Olber's Paradox (see below)

Why the night sky and space are black - Olbers′ Paradox

To understand why the night sky is black, we first have to understand why the daytime sky is blue. The daytime sky on earth is blue because the light from the Sun strikes molecules in the earth′s atmosphere and scatters in all directions. Blue light is scattered more than other colors, and reaches the eye in greater quantities, making the daytime sky look blue. (This is known as Rayleigh scattering).

The nighttime sky seen from earth is black because the part of earth experiencing night is facing away from the sun, the light of the sun is blocked by the earth, and there is no other bright nighttime source of light in the vicinity. On the moon, on the other hand, because there is no atmosphere to scatter the light, the sky is black both day and night.

In theory, since the universe is full of stars, and is believed to be infinitely large, it would be expected that the light of an infinite number of stars would be enough to brilliantly light the whole universe all the time. But in reality, as spacecraft have found, space is black. This contradiction is known as Olbers′ paradox, named after the 19th century German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers, who posed the question in 1823.

The current accepted answer is that, while the universe is infinitely large, it is not infinitely old; it is thought to be about fifteen billion years old. We can only see objects as far away as the distance light can travel in 15 billion years; light from stars farther away has not reached earth, and cannot contribute to making the sky bright. Also, as the universe is expanding, many stars are moving away from the earth. As they move, the wavelength of their light becomes longer, through the Doppler effect, and shifts toward red, or even becomes invisible. As a result of these two phenomena, there is not enough starlight to make space anything but black. [39]

Biology

The black mamba of Africa is one of the most venomous snakes, as well as the fastest-moving snake in the world. The name comes from the black color inside the mouth.

The black widow spider, or lactrodectus,The females frequently eat their male partners after mating. The female's venom is at least three times more potent than that of the males, making a male's self-defense bite ineffective.

A black panther is actually a melanistic leopard or jaguar, the result an excess of melanin in their skin caused by a recessive gene.

The American crow is one of the most intelligent of all animals.[40]

Political movements

Anarchism. Anarchism was a political philosophy, most popular in the late 19th century, which held that governments were harmful and undesirable. The symbol of anarchy was usually either a black flag or a black letter A. Anarchy was most popular in Germany, Spain and Russia, where the anarchists were early allies of the Bolsheviks. There was also a small but active movement in the United States led by Emma Goldman. She was imprisoned for opposing military conscription during World War I.

The Black Army was a collection of anarchist military units which fought in the Russian Civil War, sometimes on the side of the Bolshevik Red Army, and sometimes for the opposing White Army. It was officially known as The Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, and it was under the command of the famous anarchist Nestor Makhno.

Fascism. The Blackshirts (Italian: camicie nere, 'CCNN) were Fascist paramilitary groups in Italy during the period immediately following World War I and until the end of World War II. The Blackshirts were officially known as the Voluntary Militia for National Security (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, or MVSN).

Inspired by the black uniforms of the Arditi, Italy's elite storm troops of World War I, the Fascist Blackshirts were organized by Benito Mussolini as the military tool of his political movement.[41] They used violence and intimidation against Mussolini's opponents. The emblem of the Italian fascists was a black flag with fasces, an axe in a bundle of sticks, an ancient Roman symbol of authority. Mussolini came to power in 1922 through his March on Rome with the blackshirts.

Black was also adopted by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis in Germany. Red, white and black were the colors of the flag of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." Hitler wrote: "the new flag... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The black swastika was meant to symbolize the Aryan race, while red symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers.[42] Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.[43] Black It became the color of the uniform of the SS, the Schutzstaffel or "defense corps", the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party, and was worn by SS officers from 1932 until the end of World War II. Black shirts were also worn by the British Union of Fascists before World War II, and members of fascist movements in the Netherlands and India.[44]

The Nazis used a black triangle to symbolize anti-social elements. The symbol originates from Nazi concentration camps, where every prisoner had to wear one of the Nazi concentration camp badges on their jacket, the color of which categorized them according to "their kind." Many Black Triangle prisoners were either mentally disabled or mentally ill. The homeless were also included, as were alcoholics, the Romani people, the habitually "work-shy," prostitutes,draft dodgers and pacifists.[45] More recently the black triangle has been adopted as a symbol in lesbian culture and by disabled activists.

Patriotic Resistance. The Lützow Free Corps, composed of volunteer German students and academics fighting against Napoleon in 1813, could not afford to make special uniforms and therefore adopted black, as the only color that could be used to dye their civilian clothing without the original color showing. In 1815 the students began to carry a red, black and gold flag, which they believed (incorrectly) had been the colors of the Holy Roman Empire (the imperial flag had actually been gold and black). In 1848, this banner became the flag of the German confederation. In 1866, Prussia unified Germany under its rule, and imposed the red, white and black of its own flag, which remained the colors of the German flag until the end of the Second World War. In 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany returned to the original flag and colors of the students and professors of 1815, which is the flag of Germany today.[46]

National Bolshevism. The National Bolshevik Party is a Russian extreme nationalist movement, formed in 1992 after the breakup of the Soviet Union. It combines nationalist and Communist ideology, is anti-western and anti-immigrant. Its flag combines the colors of the Nazi flag with the hammer and sickle symbol of the Communist Party. It was declared illegal in 2007. Many National Bolsheviks moved to a new political party, called The Other Russia, whose colors are black and gold.

Islamism. The Black Standard (راية السوداء rāyat al-sawdā' , also known as راية العقاب rāyat al-`uqāb "banner of the eagle" or simply as الراية al-rāya "the banner") is the historical flag flown by Muhammad in Islamic tradition, an eschatological symbol in Shi'a Islam (heralding the advent of the Mahdi),[47] and a symbol used in Islamism and Jihadism.

The flag of the anarchist Black Army during the Russian Civil War. It says, 'Death to all who stand in the way of freedom for working people.'

Benito Mussolini and his blackshirt followers during his March on Rome in 1922.

Black uniform of an SS officer (1932-1945). The SS was the military wing of the Nazi Party.

Flag of the Russian National Bolshevik Party, an extreme nationalist, anti-western movement (1992-2007).

Flag of Ansar al-Sharia Islamic movement in Yemen. Variations of the Black Standard are used by Islamists and Jihadists across the Muslim world.

Selected flags containing black

The banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (1400-1806) featured a black eagle, an old Roman emblem and a symbol of power. One head represented the church, the other the state.

Flag of Belgium, (1831). The black came from the banner of the Duchy of Brabant, founded in the 12th century. The flag used the colors of the failed Brabant Revolution of 1789-90 against the Habsburg Monarchy.

The Flag of the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire (1917-1920), gave its colors to many modern flags in the Middle East. Black was taken from the Black Standard of Muhammad.

(The black in the modern flag of Germany, (1949) dates back to the flag of the Holy Roman Empire, the 19th century flag of the German Confederation, the flag of Prussia, and the flag of the Weimar Republic.

Flag of Estonia (1918). The flag was a symbol of Estonian nationalism, when Estonia was part of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union. Black was said to symbolize the dark time of occupation, and white the bright future of independence.

Flag of Egypt (1984). The colors were taken from the Flag of the Arab Revolt, which was the banner of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. The black came from the Black Standard of the Prophet Muhammad.

The Flag of South Africa (1994). The black comes from the flag of the African National Congress, the ruling party in South Africa.

Religion

In Christian theology, black was the color of the universe before God created light. In many religious cultures, from Mesoamerica to Oceania to India and Japan, the world was created out of a primordial darkness.[48] In the Bible the light of faith and Christianity is often contrasted with the darkness of ignorance and paganism.

In Christianity, The Devil is considered the "prince of darkness." The term was used in John Milton's poem Paradise Lost, published in 1667, referring to Satan, who is viewed as the embodiment of evil. It is an English translation of the Latin phrase princeps tenebrarum, which occurs in the Acts of Pilate, written in the fourth century, in the 11th-century hymn Rhythmus de die mortis by Pietro Damiani,[49] and in a sermon by Bernard of Clairvaux[50] from the 12th century. The phrase also occurs in King Lear by William Shakespeare (c. 1606), Act III, Scene IV, l. 14: 'The prince of darkness is a gentleman."

Priests and pastors of the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches commonly wear black, as do monks of the Benedictine Order, who consider it the color of humility and penitence.

In Islam, black, along with green, plays an important symbolic role. It is the color of the Black Standard, the banner that is said to have been carried by the soldiers of the Prophet Muhammad. It is also used as a symbol in Shi'a Islam (heralding the advent of the Mahdi), and the flag of followers of Islamism and Jihadism.

In Hinduism, the goddess Kali, goddess of time and change, is portrayed with black or dark blue skin. wearing a necklace adorned with severed heads and hands. Her name means 'The black one.'[51]

Black is a common clothing color worn by Wiccans, often as a robe.[52]

Modern-day monks of the Order of Saint Benedict in New Jersey

Sports

The national rugby union team of New Zealand is called the All Blacks, in reference to their black outfits, and the color is also shared by other New Zealand national teams such as the Black Caps (cricket) and the Kiwis (rugby league).

Association football (soccer) referees traditionally wear all-black uniforms, however nowadays other uniform colors may also be worn.

A large number of teams have uniforms designed with black colors-many feeling the color sometimes imparts a psychological advantage in its wearers. Among the more famous (or infamous) include Oakland Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL, the San Antonio Spurs and Miami Heat of the NBA, and Inter Milan of the Serie A of the Italian soccer leagues.

In auto racing, a black flag signals a driver to go into the pits.

In baseball, "the black" refers to the batter's eye, a blacked out area around the center-field bleachers, painted black to give hitters a decent background for pitched balls.

The All-Blacks of New Zealand play England in 2006.

A black belt is a mark of a high level of proficiency in many martial arts.

The black uniforms of the Oakland Raiders professional football team matched their "outlaw" image.

Associations and symbolism

Mourning

In Europe and America, black is the color most commonly associated with mourning and bereavement.[53] It is the color traditionally worn at funerals and memorial services. In some traditional societies, for example in Greece and Italy, some widows wear black for the rest of their lives. In contrast, across much of Africa and parts of Asia, white is a color of mourning and is worn during funerals.

A "black day" (or week or month) usually refers to tragic date. The Romans marked fasti days with white stones and nefasti days with black. The term is often used to remember massacres. Black months include the Black September in Jordan, when large numbers of Palestinians were killed, and Black July in Sri Lanka, the killing of members of the Tamil population by the Sinhalese government.

In the financial world, the term often refers to a dramatic drop in the stock market,For example, the Wall Street Crash 1929, the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, which is the start of the Great Depression, is nicknamed Black Tuesday, and was preceded by Black Thursday, a downturn on October 24 the previous week.

The dowager Electress of Palatine in mourning (1717)

Darkness and evil

In western popular culture, black has long been associated with evil and darkness. It is the traditional color of witchcraft and black magic.

In the Book of Revelations, the last book in the New Testament of the BIble, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are supposed to announce the Apocalypse before the Last Judgement. The horseman representing famine rides a black horse.

The vampire of literature and films, such as Count Dracula of the Bram Stoker novel, dressed in black, and could only move at night. The Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, became the archetype of witches for generations of children. Whereas witches and sorcerers inspired real fear in the 17th century, in the 21st century children and adults dressed as witches for Halloween parties and parades.

The Biblical Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, including famine riding a black horse (painting by Viktor Vasnetsov, 1887)

Drawing of a witch from the illustrated book The Goblins' Christmas by Elizabeth Anderson (1908)

Count Dracula as portrayed by Bela Lugosi in the 1931 film version

The Wicked Witch of the West, portrayed by Margaret Hamilton in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz

Clarinet-playing witch in a New Orleans Halloween parade

Power, authority, and solemnity

Black is frequently used as a color of power, law and authority. In many countries judges and magistrates wear black robes. That custom began in Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries. Jurists, magistrates and certain other court officials in France began to wear long black robes during the reign of Philip IV of France (1285-1314), and in England from the time of Edward I. (1271-1307). The custom spread to the cities of Italy at about the same time, between 1300 and 1320. The robes of judges resembled those worn by the clergy, and represented the law and authority of the King, while those of the clergy represented the law of God and authority of the church.[54]

Until the 20th century most police uniforms were black, until they were largely replaced by a less menacing blue in France, the U.S. and other countries. In both the United States and Britain, police cars are frequently black and white. Such British police cars are called panda cars and an American police car is often simply called a Black and whites. The riot control units of the Basque Autonomous Police in Spain are known as beltzak ("blacks") after their uniform.

Black today is the most common color for limousines and the official cars of government officials.

Black evening dress is still worn at many solemn occasions or ceremonies, from graduations to formal balls. Graduation gowns are copied from the gowns worn by university professors in the Middle Ages, which in turn were copied from the robes worn by judges and priests, who often taught at the early universities. The mortarboard hat worn by graduates is adapted from a square cap called a biretta worn by Medieval professors and clerics

The United States Supreme Court (2009)

Judges at the International Court of Justice in the Hague

A police car of the Los Angeles Police Department

American academic dress for a bachelor's degree

Functionality

In the 19th and 20th century, many machines and devices, large and small, were painted black, to stress their functionality. These included telephones, sewing machines, steamships, railroad locomotives, and automobiles. The Ford Model T, the first mass-produced car, was available only in black from 1914 to 1926. Of means of transportation, only airplanes were rarely ever painted black.[55]

Olivetti telephone from the 1940s

A 1920 Ford Model T

The first model BlackBerry (2003)

Race and color

The term "black" is often used in the West to describe people whose skin is darker. In the United States, it is particularly used to describe African-Americans. The terms for African-Americans have changed over the years, as shown by the categories in the United States Census, taken every ten years.

In the first U.S. Census, taken in 1790, just four categories were used: Free White males, Free White females, other free persons, and slaves.

In the 1820 census the new category "colored" was added.

In the 1850 census, slaves were listed by owner, and a B indicated black, while an M indicated "mulatto."

In the 1890 census, the categories for race were white, black, mulatto, quadroon, (a person one-quarter black); octoroon (a person one-eighth black), Chinese, Japanese, or American Indian.

In the 1930 census, anyone with any black blood was supposed to be listed as "Negro."

In the 1970 census, the category "Negro or black" was used for the first time.

In the 2000 and 2012 census, the category "Black or African-American" was used, defined as "a person having their origin in any of the racial groups in Africa." In the 2012 Census 12.1 percent of Americans identified themselves as Black or African-American. .[56]

(See also Race and ethnicity in the United States Census)

Black and white

Black and white have often been used to describe opposites; particularly light and darkness and good and evil. In Medieval literature, the white knight usually represented virtue, the black knight something mysterious and sinister. In American westerns, the hero often wore a white hat, the villain a black hat.

In the original game of chess invented in Persia or India, the colors of the two sides were varied; a 12th century Iranian chess set in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, has red and green pieces. But when the game was imported into Europe, the colors, corresponding to European culture, usually became black and white.

Studies have shown that something printed in black letters on white has more authority with readers than any other color of printing.

In philosophy and arguments, the issue is often described as black-and-white, meaning that the issue at hand is dichotomized (having two clear, opposing sides with no middle ground).

Heroes in American westerns, like the Lone Ranger, traditionally wore a white hat, while the villains wore black hats.

Black chambers and black ops

Black is commonly associated with secrecy.

The Black Chamber was a term given to an office which secretly opened and read diplomatic mail and broke codes. Queen Elizabeth I had such an office, headed by her Secretary, Sir Francis Walsingham, which successfully broke the Spanish codes and broke up several plots against the Queen. In France a cabinet noir was established inside the French post office by Louis XIII to open diplomatic mail. It was closed during the French Revolution but re-opened under Napoleon I. The Habsburg Empire and Dutch Republic had similar black chambers.

The United States created a secret peacetime Black Chamber, called the Cipher Bureau, in 1919. It was funded by the State Department and Army and disguised as a commercial company in New York. It successfully broke a number of diplomatic codes,including the code of the Japanese government. It was closed down in 1929 after the State Department withdrew funding, when the new Secretary of State, Henry Stimson, stated that "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail." The Cipher Bureau was the ancestor of the U.S. National Security Agency.[57]

A black project is a secret military project, such as Enigma Decryption during the World II, or a secret counter-narcotics or police sting operation.

Black ops are covert operations carried out by a government, government agency or military.

Elegance - black and fashion

Black is the color most commonly associated with elegance in Europe and the United States, followed by silver, gold, and white.[58]

Black first became a fashionable color for men in Europe in the 17th century, in the courts of Italy and Spain. (See history above). In the 19th century, it was the fashion for men both in business and for evening wear, in the form of a black coat whose tails came down the knees. In the evening it was the custom of the men to leave the women after dinner to go to a special smoking room to enjoy cigars or cigarettes. This meant that their tailcoats eventually smelled of tobacco. According to the legend, in 1865 Edward VII, then the Prince of Wales, had his tailor make a special short smoking jacket. The smoking jacket then evolved into the dinner jacket. Again according to legend, the first Americans to wear the jacket were members of the Tuxedo Club in New York State. Thereafter the jacket became known as a tuxedo in the U.S.. The term 'smoking' is still used today in Russia and other countries.[59] The tuxedo was always black until the 1930s, when the Duke of Windsor began to wear a tuxedo that was a very dark midnight blue. He did so because a black tuxedo looked greenish in artificial light, while a dark blue tuxedo looked blacker than black itself.[58]

For women's fashion, the defining moment was the invention of the simple black dress by Coco Chanel in 1926. (See history). Thereafter, a long black gown was used for formal occasions, while the simple black dress could be used for everything else. The designer Karl Lagerfeld, explaining why black was so popular, said, "Black is the color that goes with everything. If you're wearing black, you're on sure ground.".[58] Skirts have gone up and down and fashions have changed, but the black dress has not lost its position as the essential element of a woman's wardrobe. The fashion designer Christian Dior said, "elegance is a combination of distinction, naturalness, care and simplicity,"[58] and black exemplified elegance.

The expression "X is the new black" is a reference to the latest trend or fad that is considered a wardrobe basic for the duration of the trend, on the basis that black is always fashionable. The phrase has taken on a life of its own and has become a cliché.

Many performers of both popular and European classical music, including French singers Edith Piaf and Juliette Greco, and violinist Joshua Bell have traditionally worn black on stage during performances. A black costume was usually chosen as part of their image or stage persona, or because it did not distract from the music, or sometimes for a political reason. Country-western singer Johnny Cash always wore black on stage. In 1971, Cash wrote the song "Man in Black", to explain why he dressed in that color: "We're doing mighty fine I do suppose / In our streak of lightning cars and fancy clothes / But just so we're reminded of the ones who are held back / Up front there ought to be a man in black."

The Duke of Windsor was the first to wear midnight blue rather than black evening dress, which looked blacker than black in artificial light.

A "simple black dress" from 1964.

Model Fabiana Semprebom at New York Fashion Week, 2006

French singer Edith Piaf always wore black on stage.

Country-western singer Johnny Cash called himself "the man in black." Image of his performance in Bremen, Northern Germany, in September 1972.

American violinist Joshua Bell wears black on stage.

Black in other cultures

In Japanese culture, kuro (black) is a symbol of nobility, age, and experience, as opposed to shiro (white), which symbolizes serfdom, youth, and naiveté. Thus the black belt is a mark of achievement and seniority in many martial arts, whereas a white belt is worn by a novice. In Japanese culture, black is also associated with honor.

In Japan, white, not black, is associated with death, and is the color of mourning.

In ancient China, black was the symbol of North and Water, one of the main five colors.

Idioms and expressions

In the United States, "Black Friday" (the day after Thanksgiving Day, the fourth Thursday in November) is traditionally the busiest shopping day of the year. Many Americans are on holiday because of Thanksgiving, and many retailers open earlier and close later than normal, and offer special prices.The day's name originated in Philadelphia sometime before 1961, and originally was used to describe the heavy and disruptive downtown pedestrian and vehicle traffic which would occur on that day.[60][61] Later an alternative explanation began to be offered: that "Black Friday" indicates the point in the year that retailers begin to turn a profit, or are "in the black", because of the large volume of sales on that day.[60][62]

"In the black" means profitable. Accountants originally used black ink in ledgers to indicate profit, and red ink to indicate a loss.

Black Friday also refers to an particularly disastrous day on financial markets. The first Black Friday (1869), September 24, 1869, was caused by the efforts of two speculators, Jay Gould and James Fisk, to corner the gold market on the New York Gold Exchange.

A blacklist is a list of undesirable persons or entities (to be placed on the list is to be "blacklisted").

Black comedy is a form of comedy dealing with morbid and serious topics.

A black mark against a person relates to something bad they have done.

A black mood is a bad one (cf Winston Churchill's clinical depression, which he called "my black dog").[63]

Black market is used to denote the trade of illegal goods, or alternatively the illegal trade of otherwise legal items at considerably higher prices, e.g. to evade rationing.

Black propaganda is the use of known falsehoods, partial truths, or masquerades in propaganda to confuse an opponent.

Blackmail is the act of threatening someone to do something that would hurt them in some way, such as by revealing sensitive information about them, in order to force the threatened party to fulfill certain demands. Ordinarily, such a threat is illegal.

If the black eight-ball, in billiards, is sunk before all others are out of play, the player loses.

The black sheep of the family is the ne'er-do-well.

To blackball someone is to block their entry into a club or some such institution. In the traditional English gentlemen's club, members vote on the admission of a candidate by secretly placing a white or black ball in a hat. If upon the completion of voting, there was even one black ball amongst the white, the candidate would be denied membership, and he would never know who had "blackballed" him.

Black tea in the Western culture is known as "crimson tea" in Chinese and culturally influenced languages, (紅 茶, Mandarin Chinese hóngchá; Japanese kōcha; Korean hongcha), perhaps a more accurate description of the color of the liquid.

"The black" is a wildfire suppression term referring to a burned area on a wildfire capable of acting as a safety zone.

Black coffee refers to coffee without sugar or cream.