Micropropagation is a technique used to rapidly produce genetically identical plants from small plant tissue samples, such as meristem or node, under sterile conditions. This method allows for the mass production of elite plants with desirable traits, such as disease resistance or high yield, in a short period of time. The resulting plants can be used for commercial purposes or conservation efforts.
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Mohammed Hassan Assareh has written:
'In vitro plant regeneration through organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and photoautotrophic micropropagation of some Eucalyptus spp' -- subject(s): Eucalyptus, Morphogenesis, Micropropagation, Somatic embryogenesis
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certainly, there are more varieties that have NOT been micropropogated than those that have been
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Micropropagation is a technique, which is used to propagate plants that are
(1) Threatened/endangered
(2) Difficult to propagate conventional methods
(3) Poor seed availability (poor sexual reproduction)
The reason behind the use of the technique varied depends upon user/plant.
The technique is not a expensive one when it used properly.
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Yes, micropropagation is a method of tissue culture where small pieces of plant tissue are cultured in a nutrient medium to produce multiple identical plants. This technique is commonly used for rapid propagation of plants.
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example of dolly the sheep.
Comp. With micropropagation.
The advantages of a single parent.
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There are three primary types of propagation: sexual propagation, asexual propagation, and micropropagation. Sexual propagation involves the use of seeds or spores to create new plants, while asexual propagation uses plant parts like cuttings, grafting, or division to create new plants. Micropropagation involves growing plants from small plant parts in a laboratory setting.
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Lii Jang Liu has written:
'Tropical plant cell and tissue culture' -- subject(s): Plant biotechnology, Plant cell culture, Plant micropropagation, Plant tissue culture
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Plant hormones like auxins and cytokinins are commonly used in micropropagation to stimulate cell division, elongation, and differentiation. Auxins help in root formation, while cytokinins promote shoot regeneration and multiplication of shoots in tissue culture. By carefully manipulating the levels and ratios of these hormones in the culture medium, it is possible to efficiently propagate plants on a large scale.
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It provides rapid propagation of identical individuals. This technique is very productive for superior varieties.
It can be applied to inter-specific hybrids.
It is very useful in cases where the seeds are dormant. In these the embryo can be cultured and micro propagated.
Answered by-
Satyapal Singh
STD: VIII
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Dermot Lynch has written:
'Disease elimination by tissue culture and testing of potato breeding clones' -- subject(s): Potatoes, Control, Clones, Virus diseases of plants, Seed potatoes, Micropropagation, Diseases and pests
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they come from the original plant itself, so it would contain the same DNA of the original plant. However, the plant would not have the exact same characteristics because it isn't growing off the plant, it has been cut off and will become its own, new plant, but will be of the same origin.
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Orchid cloning, or micropropagation, is a technique used to produce genetically identical orchid plants. This is typically done by taking a small piece of tissue from a parent plant and growing it in a nutrient-rich medium under sterile conditions to produce new plants. This method allows for the rapid multiplication of orchids with desirable traits.
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Micropropagation is a plant tissue culture technique used to produce multiple copies of a plant using small pieces of plant tissue (such as shoot tips or nodal segments) in a nutrient-rich medium. It allows for the rapid production of disease-free and genetically identical plants on a large scale. This technique is often used in commercial nurseries for the mass production of plants.
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Protoplasts are plant or bacterial cells with the cell wall removed. They are commonly used in genetic engineering, plant breeding, and cell fusion experiments due to their ability to take up foreign DNA, enabling gene transfer and genetic modifications. Protoplast regeneration can also be used in plant transformation and micropropagation techniques.
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Stage 0- Picking an plant
stage 1- taking plant and disecting roots, shoots etc and placing into media
stage 2- taking grown plant from stage 1 and disecting shoots and roots etc again and placing into media (growing roots)
stage3- transferring plant to soil to acclimitize it before you plant out doors
stage4- replanting plant in soil outside and letting it grow/survive
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To produce a tulip exactly like the parent use a small bulbil that will grow from the parent.
If you want to try and produce a worthwhile new cultivar grow some from the seed of the parent.
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Meristem culture is typically done by excising the meristematic tissue from a plant, sterilizing it, and then culturing it on a nutrient-rich agar medium. The meristems will develop into new plants through the process of micropropagation, where they will be grown under controlled conditions in a growth chamber or greenhouse. This technique allows for the rapid production of genetically identical plants on a large scale.
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Clonal propagation is a method of plant propagation where new plants are produced by taking cuttings or dividing the parent plant. This results in genetically identical plants, known as clones, to the parent plant. It is commonly used in agriculture and horticulture to maintain desirable traits in crops and ornamental plants.
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Ramon C. Barba is renowned for his pioneering work in plant tissue culture and micropropagation, particularly in the field of tropical fruit crops. His development of techniques for the mass propagation of mango, banana, and other species has significantly advanced agricultural practices and improved crop yields. Barba's contributions have not only enhanced the efficiency of fruit production but also promoted sustainable agriculture and food security in tropical regions. His research has had a lasting impact on horticulture and agricultural biotechnology.
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Right now many people are trying to save endangered plants by growing them in a special place where they won't be harmed by nature's weather, animals, people etc. to make them reporduce as much as possible. If that plan doesn't work then scientists will have to use a method called "micropropagation" to clone hundreds of identical plants from just one paret plant!
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TISSUE CULTURE-
Introduction
Plant tissue culture is the culture and maintenance of plant cells or organs in sterile, nutritionally and environmentally supportive conditions (in vitro). Plant cell and tissue culture include the cultural techniques for regeneration of functional plants from embryonic tissues, tissue fragments, calli, isolated cells, or protoplasts. It has applications in research and commerce. In commercial settings, tissue culture is often referred to as micro-propagation, which is in fact one of the techniques in tissue culture. Micro-propagation refers to the production of whole plants from cell cultures derived from explants (the initial piece of tissue put into culture) or meristem cells.
The success for plant tissue culture is based on the principle called totipotency - the ability of undifferentiated plant tissues to differentiate into functional plants when cultured in vitro.
Plant tissue culture is used widely in plant science; it also has a number of commercial applications. Applications include:
Micro-propagation is widely used in forestry and in floriculture. Micro-propagation can also be used to conserve rare or endangered plant species.
Micropropagation and cryopreservation are tools with multiple applications and benefits
within an integrated plant conservation research program. CREW's Endangered Plant
Propagation Program has adapted and applied these methods to a broad range of
endangered U.S. species, in collaboration with a number of U.S. botanical gardens within
the Center for Plant Conservation network. In vitro methods are developed for species
for which traditional methods of propagation are not adequate. In addition to standard
tissue culture propagation, techniques for in vitro germination and in vitro collecting can
be used to initiate shoot forming cultures, while in vitro rooting may overcome specific
problems encountered with traditional rooting methods. Micropropagation can also
alleviate stress on the in situ population by providing plants for lab/greenhouse research,
education, reintroduction, augmentation or the establishment of new populations for field
research. Horticultural expertise is important for the successful acclimation of
micropropagated plants for these uses. Cryopreservation banking for long-term
germplasm storage can be applied to a variety of propagules, including seeds, embryos,
spores, pollen, gametophytes, shoot tips, and embryogenic callus cultures. No one
technique will be applicable to every endangered plant, and examples of all of these are
in CREW's liquid nitrogen storage facility, or 'Frozen Garden'. In addition to long-term
storage of rare germplasm, cryopreservation can also help overcome specific problems:
species with seeds or embryos that are short-lived or which have recalcitrant seeds;
species that are not producing many viable seeds; species for which in vitro propagation
protocols have been developed, but for which no habitat is presently suited for
reintroduction. Each species presents a unique opportunity to draw from the variety of
micropropagation and cryopreservation methods in order to develop techniques to
address its specific conservation challenges.
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Dr. De Guzman was lauded for her outstanding contribution on the growth and development, in vitro, of the makapuno coconut embryo, resulting in a faster propagation of pure macapuno trees. As a result of this effort, she has revolutionized the old ratio of the makapuno-bearing nuts in the tropics which produce only 3-5 makapuno nuts in every raceme bearing 14-19 nuts. Dr. de Guzman produced 100% all makapuno-bearing in the raceme. Aside from these, she is also recognized for devising tissue culture techniques for rapid propagation of abaca and banana.
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Some recent advances in Plant Tisuue Culture would be * Legume Transformation http://www.foragegenetics.com/biotechnology.htm * Micropropagation of woody trees * In vitro selection of disease resistant plants- alternate to genetic engineering * Biotechnology intervention in the propagation of Curcuma. * Hepatitis vaccine (A to E) using tissue culture * Monoterpene indole alkaloids production using metabolic engineering
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Man-made methods of vegetative reproduction are usually enhancements of natural processes, but range from simple cloning such as rooting of cuttings to grafting and artificial propagation by laboratory tissue cloning. It is very commonly practised to propagate cultivars with individual desirable characteristics. Fruit tree propagation is frequently performed by budding or grafting desirable cultivars (clones), onto rootstocks that are also clones, propagated by layering.
In horticulture, a "cutting" is a branch that has been cut off from a mother plant below an inter node and then rooted, often with the help of a rooting liquid or powder containing hormones. When a full root has formed and leaves begin to sprout anew, the clone is a self-sufficient plant, genetically identical to the mother plant. Examples are cutting from the stems of blackberries (Rubus occidentalis), cutting from leaves of African violets (Saintpaulia), and cutting the stems of verbenas (Verbena) to create new plants. A related form of regeneration is that of grafting. This is a process of taking a bud and grafting onto a plants stem. Many nurseries now sell trees that can produce four or more varieties of apples (Malus spp.) from stems grafted to a common rootstock.
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A cutting is a portion of a parent plant severed completely from the parent and induced to root. Cuttings are potentially taken from sections of stem with or without a growing tip or leaves, individual leaves and portions of the root system. Stem cuttings taken from woody plants are classified as softwood, semi-hardwood or hardwood. This refers to the age of the wood. After a cutting is taken, it is sometimes treated with a rooting hormone to encourage better rooting and typically placed in a well-drained, low-fertility medium kept evenly moist and around 65 degrees Fahrenheit until a root system capable of supporting the plant develops.
Layering:Layering encourages the formation of roots on a parent plant to form new plants before detaching that section from the parent. Air layering involves slitting open a portion of stem, holding it open with a toothpick, covering that section of stem with moist peat moss and wrapping the site in plastic wrap or polyethylene then tying it in place. The stem is cut off the parent plant once roots form in the peat moss. Simple layering describes bending a stem to the ground and securing a portion of it against the soil until roots develop. Tip, compound and mound, or stool, are other types of layering.
Micropropagation:Micropropagation, or tissue culture, involves extracting a very small amount of plant tissue, sometimes individual cells, and encouraging cellular division until organs and eventually a plantlet develop. Micropropagation is challenging, requiring appropriate, sterile equipment and medium and careful handling, as the environment necessary to encourage the plant to grow is also ideal for the growth of harmful microbes. This generally makes it not a feasible vegetative propagation method for the casual home grower.
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(1) Bioinformatics. Makes the rapid organization and analysis of biological data possible via computational techniques.
(2) Blue biotechnology. Marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, used to improve cleanup of toxic spills, improve yields of fisheries, etc.
(3) Green biotechnology. Agricultural uses of biotechnology, such as the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation, designing transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental conditions .Benefits are crops with better taste, texture, appearance, aroma, nutrition, yield, robustness in adverse environmental conditions, and resistance to herbs, fungi, and pests.
(4) Red biotechnology. Application of biotechnology to medicine, including the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation. Other areas:
(a) Drug production.
(b) Pharmacogenomics.
(c) Gene therapy.
(d) Genetic testing.
(e) Improved vaccines.
(f) Biopharmaceuticals.
(g) New medical therapies.
(h) Diagnostics.
(5) White biotechnology. Also known as industrial biotechnology. Exemplified by the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical, the use of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals, and the development of biotechnological processes that consume fewer resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods.
(4) Bioeconomics. Investment in applied biotechnologies to increase economic output
DISADVANTAGES:
(1) Loss of privacy via loss of medical and genetic information.
(2) Discrimination of people with genetic or medical anomalies.
(3) Cloning. It is considered to be unethical among various groups and can result in eugenic practises.
(4) Transformations of wild species into "super species" with resistance to pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides.
(5) Loss of biodiversity. Development of genetically modified crops or domestic livestock could reduce genetic variety among both domesticated and wild species.
(6) Harmful chemicals. Although biotechnology will generate many new and valuable chemicals, some chemicals with unknown or damaging environmental impacts are likely to be developed.
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In tissue culture embryo-like structured called EMBRYOIDS are developed either from the callus or directly from the explant. These embryoids develop from somatic tissue. They are transferred to other culture media for development into complete plants. In order to store or transport them the embryoids are encapsulated in sodium alginate. These encapsulated embryoids are called as SYNTHETIC SEEDS or ARTIFICIAL SEEDS. Progress in biotechnological research during the last two decades has opened up unprecedented opportunities in many areas of basic and applied biological research. Plant tissue culture, which is an important component of plant biotechnology, presents new strategies for the improvement of cereals, legumes, forest trees, plantation crops and ornamental plants. Besides, plant cell cultures provide a good system for many basic studies in plant breeding, plant physiology, genetics and cell biology. Cell manipulations through the sophisticated methods of genetic engineering for plant quality and product improvement has to rely on plant tissue culture for the final goal. Micropropagation is an area of plant tissue culture which has received maximum attention of researchers for its potential commercial applications. The regeneration of plants through the techniques of plant tissue culture and their subsequent acclimatization and delivery to the field poses many problems to make tissue culture technology a viable alternative proposition. The successful demonstration of encapsulation of tissue culture derived propagules in a nutrient gel has initiated a new line of research on synthetic seeds. Synthetic seeds are basically defined as, "encapsulated somatic embryos which functionally mimic seeds and can develop into seedlings under sterile conditions". In a broader sense, it would also refer to encapsulated buds or any other form of meristems which can develop into plants. The main thrust idea is to prepare a simple, inexpensive delivery unit of tissue culture propagated plants and a method for direct sowing of encapsulated material in the field. The encapsulating matrix has the ability to incorporate nutrients, biofertlizers, pesticides, nitrogen - fixing bacteria, antibiotics or other essential additives. The direct delivery of encapsulated material will save many subcultures to obtain plants and also eliminate the difficult stage of acclimatization of in vitro plants. The uniform and simultaneous production of encapsulated propagules followed by uniform germination could possibly remove many drawbacks associated with natural seeds. Many plant systems are known to produce abundant number of embryos in culture which share many properties similar to natural embryos including germination leading to plant production. To mimic the natural seeds, embryos from cultures are encapsulated in a nutrient gel containing essential organic/inorganic salts, carbon source, plant hormones and antimicrobial agents and coated completely to protect the embryos from mechanical damages during handling and to allow the development and germination to occur without any undesirable variations. Several agents have been attempted for encapsulation and sodium alginate complexing with calcium chloride is found to be the most suitable. By this method, two types of synthetic seeds are prepared: hydrated and desiccated. Hydrated synthetic seeds consist of embryos individually encapsulated in a hydrogel, whereas in desiccated type the coating mixture is allowed to dry for several hours in a sterile hood. The Plant Cell Culture Technology Group of Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division had initiated research on synthetic seeds in the late 1980s working with sandalwood and mulberry. Eventually other crop systems such as banana, cardamom and rice have also been taken up for the production of synthetic seeds. In general, the method used is as follows : The propagules ( embryos / axillary buds / shoot tips ) are carefully isolated from aseptic cultures and blot dried on filter paper, and are then mixed in sodium alginate prepared in nutrient medium.
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Gottlieb Haberlandt is credited as the "father of tissue culture" for his pioneering work in 1902 on the concept of plant cell culture and regeneration. His research laid the foundation for the development of modern techniques in tissue culture.
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