Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder in which an abnormal amount of hemoglobin builds up in the blood. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying molecule found in red blood cells. In some cases of methemoglobinemia, the hemoglobin is unable to carry oxygen effectively to body tissues.

Hemoglobin M disease; Erythrocyte reductase deficiency; Generalized reductase deficiency

Methemoglobinemia may be passed down through families (inherited). Or, it may result from exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or foods (acquired).

There are two forms of inherited methemoglobinemia. The first form is passed on by both parents. The parents usually do not have the condition themselves, but they carry the gene that causes the condition. It occurs when there is a problem with an enzyme called cytochrome b5 reductase.

There are two types of this form of methemoglobinemia:

• Type 1 (also called erythrocyte reductase deficiency) occurs when red blood cells lack the enzyme.
• Type 2 (also called generalized reductase deficiency) occurs when the enzyme doesn't work anywhere in the body.

The second form of inherited methemoglobinemia, called hemoglobin M disease, is caused by defects in the hemoglobin molecule itself. Only one parent needs to pass on the abnormal gene in order for the child to inherit the disease.

Acquired methemoglobinemia is more common than the inherited forms. It occurs after exposure to certain chemicals and drugs, including:

• Anesthetics such as benzocaine and Xylocaine
• Benzene
• Certain antibiotics (including dapsone and chloroquine)
• Nitrites (used as additives to prevent meat from spoiling)

The condition may also occur in infants who are very ill or who are fed too many vegetables containing nitrates (such as beets).

Symptoms of type 1 methemoglobinemia (erythrocyte reductase deficiency) include:

• Bluish coloring of the skin

Symptoms of type 2 methemoglobinemia (generalized reductase deficiency) include:

• Developmental delay
• Failure to thrive
• Mental retardation
• Seizures

Symptoms of hemoglobin M disease include:

• Bluish coloring of the skin

Symptoms of acquired methemoglobinemia include:

• Bluish coloring of the skin
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Lack of energy

Methemoglobinemia can be diagnosed with a blood test.

A baby with this condition will have bluish skin color (cyanosis) at birth or shortly thereafter. Arterial blood gases and pulse oximetry results will be normal, making the condition challenging to diagnose.

A medicine called methylene blue is used to treat persons with severe methemoglobinemia. Note: Methylene blue may be dangerous in patients who have or may be at risk for a blood disease called G6PD deficiency, and should not be used. If you or your child has G6PD deficiency, always tell your health care provider before receiving treatment.

Ascorbic acidmay also be used to reduce the level of methemoglobin.

Alternative treatments include hyperbaric oxygen therapyand exchange transfusions.

In most cases of mild acquired methemoglobinemia, no treatment is required. However, you should avoid the medicine or chemical that caused the problem. Severe cases may need treatment, such as a blood transfusion.

People with Type 1 methemoglobinemia and hemoglobin M disease usually do well. Type 2 methemoglobinemia is much more serious, and usually causes death within the first few years of life.

People with acquired methemoglobinemia usually do very well once the drug, food, or chemical that caused the problem is identified and avoided.

• Shock
• Seizures
• Death

Call your health care provider if you have a family history of methemoglobinemia and you develop symptoms of this disorder.

Call your health care provider or emergency services immediately if you have severe shortness of breath.

Genetic counseling is recommended for couples with a family history of methemoglobinemia who are considering having children.

DeBaun MR, Vichinsky E. Hemoglobinopathies. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th Ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 462.

Gregg XT, Prchal JT. Red blood cell enzymopathies. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr., Shattil SS, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingston; 2008: chap 45.

Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder in which the body cannot reuse hemoglobinafter it is damaged. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying molecule found in red blood cells. In some cases of methemoglobinemia, the hemoglobin is unable to effectively carry oxygen to body tissues.

Acquired methemoglobinemia results from exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or foods.

The condition may also be passed down through families (inherited). See: Methemoglobinemia

Steinberg MH. Sickle cell disease and associated hemoglobinopathies. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 167.

Nonselective MAO-A/MAO-B Inhibitors

Hydrazines

• Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
• Nialamide (Niamid)
• Phenelzine (Nardil, Nardelzine)
• Hydracarbazine

Non-Hydrazines

• Tranylcypromine (Parnate, Jatrosom)

Selective MAO-A Inhibitors

Moclobemide (Aurorix, Manerix)

Pirlindole (Pirazidol) (available in Russia)

Toloxatone (Humoryl) (available in France)

Selective MAO-B Inhibitors

Rasagiline (Azilect)

Selegiline (Deprenyl, Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar)

Others

Linezolid is an antibiotic drug with weak MAO inhibiting activity.

Methylene blue, the antidote indicated for drug-induced methemoglobinemia, among many other off-label uses, is a highly potent, reversible MAO inhibitor.

Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause liver and kidney damage. May cause methemoglobinemia, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), convulsions, and death. May cause severe digestive tract irritation with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Ingestion of large quantities may cause severe hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria.

Ingestion: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid.

Look up the Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for naphthalene for more details.

Note: just three balls is almost certainly well below the LD50 (human) dose and may do no harm, but consult appropriate medical personnel to be sure.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of nitrate as nitrogen (NO3-N) at 10 mg/L (or 10 parts per million) for the safety of drinking water. Nitrate levels at or above this level have been known to cause a potentially fatal blood disorder in infants under six months of age called methemoglobinemia or "blue-baby" syndrome; in which there is a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. The symptoms of blue-baby syndrome can be subtle and often confused with other illnesses. An infant with mild to moderate blue-baby syndrome may have diarrhea, vomiting, and/or be lethargic. In more serious cases, infants will start to show obvious symptoms of cyanosis: the skin, lips or nailbeds may develop a slate-gray or bluish color and the infant could have trouble breathing. A sample of the infant's blood can easily confirm a diagnosis of blue-baby syndrome. It is difficult to determine the true incidence of blue-baby syndrome in Washington State because it is not a reportable disease.

There are more than 9,500 English words that begin with the letter M. Here are some of the longer ones:

14-letter words

machicolations, machineability, macroaggregate, macroeconomics, macroevolution, macroglobulins, macromolecular, macromolecules, macronucleuses, macronutrients, macrostructure, magnetizations, magnetometries, magnetospheres, magnetospheric, magnifications, magniloquences, magniloquently, maidenlinesses, malabsorptions, malacostracans, maladaptations, maladjustments, maladministers, malapertnesses, malapportioned, malariologists, malcontentedly, malfunctioning, malleabilities, malodorousness, manageableness, manifestations, manifoldnesses, manipulability, manipulatively, mannerlinesses, manometrically, manufacturings, mariculturists, martyrizations, martyrologists, masterlinesses, mastigophorans, materialnesses, mathematically, mathematicians, matriculations, meaningfulness, mechanizations, meddlesomeness, meditativeness, megakaryocytes, megakaryocytic, megalomaniacal, megalopolitans, megascopically, megasporangium, megasporophyll, melodramatised, melodramatises, melodramatists, melodramatized, melodramatizes, memorabilities, mendaciousness, mercantilistic, mercaptopurine, mercerizations, merchandisings, merchandizings, mercifulnesses, meretriciously, mesdemoiselles, mesotheliomata, metafictionist, metalinguistic, metallizations, metallographer, metallographic, metamorphosing, metaphorically, metaphosphates, metaphysically, metaphysicians, metapsychology, metastatically, metathetically, metempsychoses, metempsychosis, meteoriticists, meteorological, meteorologists, methemoglobins, methodicalness, methodological, methodologists, methoxyflurane, methylxanthine, meticulosities, meticulousness, metronidazoles, metronomically, microanatomies, microbarograph, microbiologies, microbiologist, microbreweries, microcassettes, microcephalics, microcephalies, microcircuitry, microcomputers, microeconomics, microelectrode, microevolution, microfibrillar, microfilaments, microgravities, microinjecting, microinjection, micrometeorite, micrometeoroid, microminiature, micronucleuses, micronutrients, microorganisms, microparticles, microplanktons, microprocessor, microprojector, micropublisher, micropulsation, micropunctures, microspherical, microsporangia, microsporocyte, microstructure, microsurgeries, microtechnique, militantnesses, militarization, millenarianism, millennialisms, millennialists, milliroentgens, mindlessnesses, mineralization, miraculousness, mirthfulnesses, misallocations, misapplication, misapprehended, misappropriate, misarticulated, misarticulates, misassumptions, misattributing, misattribution, miscalculating, miscalculation, miscegenations, mischannelling, misclassifying, miscomputation, misconceptions, misconnections, miscorrelation, misdescription, misemphasizing, misemployments, misestimations, misevaluations, misfunctioning, misgovernments, misidentifying, misimpressions, misinformation, misinterpreted, mismanagements, misorientation, misperceptions, mispositioning, misprogramming, mispronouncing, misregistering, misremembering, misrepresented, missionization, mistranscribed, mistranscribes, mistranslating, mistranslation, misunderstands, misutilization, mitogenicities, moderatenesses, moderatorships, modernisations, modernizations, modulabilities, mollifications, moneygrubbings, mongrelization, monocarboxylic, monochromatism, monochromators, monocotyledons, monoglycerides, monolithically, monomaniacally, monometallisms, monometallists, mononucleotide, monophonically, monopolization, monopropellant, monosaccharide, monotheistical, monotonicities, monotonousness, monounsaturate, monumentalized, monumentalizes, moralistically, morganatically, mortifications, motherlessness, motherlinesses, motionlessness, motivationally, mountaineering, mournfulnesses, movelessnesses, mucilaginously, muddleheadedly, mulligatawnies, multichambered, multicharacter, multicomponent, multiconductor, multidialectal, multielectrode, multifactorial, multifilaments, multiformities, multifrequency, multilaterally, multilingually, multimegawatts, multimolecular, multinationals, multinucleated, multiparameter, multiplication, multiplicative, multiplicities, multipotential, multiprocessor, multiracialism, multireligious, multitrillions, multiversities, mummifications, municipalities, municipalizing, musicalization, mutagenicities, mutinousnesses, mutualizations, myelencephalic, myelencephalon, myrmecological, myrmecologists, myrmecophilous, mysteriousness, mystifications, mythologically

15-letter words

machinabilities, macroaggregated, macroaggregates, macrocosmically, macroevolutions, macrophotograph, macroscopically, macrostructural, macrostructures, magistratically, magnanimousness, magnetoelectric, maintainability, majoritarianism, maladministered, maladroitnesses, maldistribution, maliciousnesses, malpractitioner, manageabilities, maneuverability, marginalization, marketabilities, marriageability, martensitically, marvelousnesses, masculinization, masochistically, masterfulnesses, mastoidectomies, materfamiliases, materialization, mathematization, meaninglessness, measurabilities, mechanistically, mechanochemical, mechanoreceptor, medulloblastoma, megacorporation, megagametophyte, megasporophylls, mellifluousness, melodiousnesses, melodramatising, melodramatizing, memorablenesses, mensurabilities, mercaptopurines, mercenarinesses, merchantability, mercilessnesses, mercurialnesses, meritoriousness, meroblastically, metafictionists, metalinguistics, metallographers, metallographies, metallurgically, metamathematics, metamorphically, metastabilities, methamphetamine, methoxyfluranes, methylcellulose, methylmercuries, methylphenidate, methylxanthines, microanalytical, microanatomical, microbarographs, microbiological, microbiologists, microcosmically, microdissection, microearthquake, microelectrodes, microelectronic, microevolutions, microgametocyte, microinjections, micromanagement, micrometeorites, micrometeoritic, micrometeoroids, micromorphology, microphotograph, microphotometer, microphotometry, microphysically, microporosities, microprocessors, microprojection, microprojectors, micropublishers, micropublishing, micropulsations, microradiograph, microscopically, microseismicity, microsporangium, microsporocytes, microsporophyll, microstructural, microstructures, microtechniques, microtonalities, militarizations, millenarianisms, millionairesses, mineralizations, mineralogically, miniaturization, misapplications, misapprehending, misapprehension, misappropriated, misappropriates, misarticulating, misattributions, miscalculations, miscegenational, miscellaneously, mischaracterize, mischievousness, miscomputations, misconstruction, miscorrelations, misdescriptions, misdistribution, miserablenesses, misguidednesses, misinformations, misinterpreting, misorientations, misrecollection, misregistration, misrepresenting, missionizations, mistranscribing, mistranslations, mistrustfulness, misutilizations, misvocalization, modifiabilities, momentarinesses, momentousnesses, mongrelizations, monochromatisms, monocrystalline, monomolecularly, mononucleosises, mononucleotides, monopolizations, monopropellants, monosaccharides, monospecificity, monosyllabicity, monounsaturated, monounsaturates, monstrousnesses, montmorillonite, monumentalities, monumentalizing, morphologically, morphophonemics, mountaineerings, mountainousness, mountebankeries, mouthwateringly, multidiscipline, multidivisional, multifunctional, multilateralism, multilateralist, multilingualism, multimillennial, multiplications, multipolarities, multiprocessing, multiprocessors, multiracialisms, multitudinously, multiwavelength, murderousnesses, musculoskeletal, musicalizations, myelofibrosises

16-letter words

machineabilities, macroinstruction, macrolepidoptera, macrophotographs, macrophotography, magnetostriction, magnetostrictive, majoritarianisms, maladministering, malapportionment, malcontentedness, maldistributions, malodorousnesses, malpractitioners, manageablenesses, manipulabilities, manipulativeness, marginalizations, masculinizations, materializations, mathematizations, meaningfulnesses, mechanochemistry, mechanoreception, mechanoreceptive, mechanoreceptors, meddlesomenesses, meditativenesses, medulloblastomas, megacorporations, megagametophytes, megalomaniacally, megasporogeneses, megasporogenesis, melodramatically, mendaciousnesses, meretriciousness, meristematically, mesembryanthemum, metamathematical, metapsychologies, meteorologically, methamphetamines, methodicalnesses, methodologically, methylcelluloses, methylphenidates, meticulousnesses, microcalorimeter, microcalorimetry, microcircuitries, microcirculation, microcirculatory, microcrystalline, microdissections, microearthquakes, microelectronics, microencapsulate, microenvironment, microgametocytes, micrographically, microinstruction, microlepidoptera, micromanagements, micromanipulator, micrometeorology, microphotographs, microphotography, microphotometers, microphotometric, microprogramming, microprojections, micropublishings, microradiographs, microradiography, microsporangiate, microsporophylls, microvasculature, militaristically, miniaturizations, miraculousnesses, misanthropically, misapprehensions, misappropriating, misappropriation, mischaracterized, mischaracterizes, miscommunication, miscomprehension, misconstructions, misdistributions, mispronunciation, misrecollections, misregistrations, mistranscription, misunderstanding, misvocalizations, monochromaticity, monocotyledonous, monopolistically, monosyllabically, monosynaptically, monotheistically, monotonousnesses, montmorillonites, montmorillonitic, morphometrically, motherlessnesses, motionlessnesses, muddleheadedness, multibillionaire, multicellularity, multiculturalism, multidimensional, multidirectional, multidisciplines, multifactorially, multifariousness, multihandicapped, multilateralisms, multilateralists, multilingualisms, multimillionaire, multiplicatively, multiprocessings, multiprogramming, municipalization, mysteriousnesses

17-letter words

macroevolutionary, macroglobulinemia, macroglobulinemic, macroinstructions, magnanimousnesses, magnetoresistance, magnetostrictions, maintainabilities, maladministration, malapportionments, maneuverabilities, marriageabilities, materialistically, meaninglessnesses, mechanoreceptions, medulloblastomata, mellifluousnesses, melodramatization, merchantabilities, meritoriousnesses, mesembryanthemums, metapsychological, methemoglobinemia, methylnaphthalene, microbiologically, microcalorimeters, microcalorimetric, microcirculations, microdensitometer, microdensitometry, microencapsulated, microencapsulates, microenvironments, microevolutionary, microinstructions, micromanipulation, micromanipulators, microminiaturized, micromorphologies, micropaleontology, microphotographed, microphotographer, microphotographic, microphotometries, microprogrammings, microradiographic, microreproduction, microseismicities, microsporogeneses, microsporogenesis, microvasculatures, mineralocorticoid, misadministration, misappropriations, miscellaneousness, mischaracterizing, mischievousnesses, misclassification, miscommunications, miscomprehensions, misidentification, misinterpretation, mispronunciations, misrepresentation, misrepresentative, mistranscriptions, mistrustfulnesses, misunderstandings, monochromatically, monospecificities, monosyllabicities, morphogenetically, mountainousnesses, multibillionaires, multiculturalisms, multidisciplinary, multigenerational, multimillionaires, multiprogrammings, multitudinousness, municipalizations

18-letter words

macroglobulinemias, macrophotographies, magnetoresistances, magnetostrictively, maladministrations, malcontentednesses, manipulativenesses, mechanochemistries, melodramatizations, meretriciousnesses, metallographically, methemoglobinemias, methylcholanthrene, methylnaphthalenes, methylprednisolone, microcalorimetries, microcrystallinity, microdensitometers, microdensitometric, microencapsulating, microencapsulation, microenvironmental, microlepidopterous, micromanipulations, micrometeorologies, micrometeorologist, micromorphological, micropaleontologic, microphotographers, microphotographies, microphotographing, microradiographies, microreproductions, mineralocorticoids, misadministrations, misclassifications, misidentifications, misinterpretations, misrepresentations, monochromaticities, mucopolysaccharide, muddleheadednesses, multicellularities, multifariousnesses, myeloproliferative

19-letter words

magnetohydrodynamic, meningoencephalitic, meningoencephalitis, methylcholanthrenes, methylprednisolones, microdensitometries, microelectronically, microencapsulations, micrometeorological, micrometeorologists, micropaleontologies, micropaleontologist, miscellaneousnesses, mischaracterization, mucopolysaccharides, multidimensionality, multitudinousnesses

20-letter words

magnetofluiddynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, microcrystallinities, microelectrophoreses, microelectrophoresis, microelectrophoretic, microminiaturization, micropaleontological, micropaleontologists, microphotometrically, mischaracterizations

21-letter words

meningoencephalitides, microminiaturizations, multidimensionalities

22-letter words

microspectrophotometer, microspectrophotometry

23-letter words

microspectrophotometers, microspectrophotometric

24-letter words

microelectrophoretically, microspectrophotometries

3-letter words

pia, ria, via

4-letter words

amia, aria, chia, glia, ilia, inia, ixia, obia, ohia, raia

5-letter words

aecia, agria, amnia, atria, ceria, cilia, cobia, coria, curia, dulia, entia, facia, feria, folia, gonia, labia, lamia, logia, mafia, mania, maria, media, milia, noria, nubia, oidia, ossia, ostia, podia, redia, retia, sepia, stria, tafia, telia, tenia, tibia, uncia, urbia, varia, xenia, zamia

6-letter words

abasia, abulia, acacia, acedia, alexia, alodia, amusia, anemia, anopia, anoxia, anuria, ataxia, boccia, cambia, cardia, cassia, clivia, codeia, crania, dahlia, eluvia, exuvia, fascia, funkia, gambia, gloria, hernia, hydria, ischia, kalmia, kerria, latria, lithia, lochia, loggia, maffia, myopia, nutria, obelia, pallia, pennia, pereia, phobia, pyemia, pyuria, qualia, raffia, raphia, realia, salvia, scoria, scotia, stadia, taenia, taffia, tarsia, terbia, thoria, thulia, trivia, urania, uredia, uremia, utopia, yautia, yttria, zinnia, zoaria, zoysia

7-letter words

aboulia, abrosia, acapnia, accidia, acequia, acholia, acrasia, acromia, actinia, aecidia, aerobia, agnosia, albizia, allodia, alluvia, amentia, ammonia, amnesia, anaemia, analgia, anergia, angaria, anopsia, anosmia, aphagia, aphasia, aphelia, aphonia, aplasia, apraxia, apteria, aquaria, arcadia, ascidia, astasia, asteria, atresia, babesia, banksia, basidia, begonia, biennia, bohemia, bolivia, bothria, brachia, breccia, bulimia, buzukia, camelia, camisia, celosia, ciboria, clarkia, comitia, conidia, coremia, cymatia, daphnia, deliria, deutzia, diluvia, dysuria, ectopia, emporia, encomia, entasia, episcia, eugenia, eulogia, exordia, exurbia, filaria, fimbria, freesia, fuchsia, galabia, ganglia, gonidia, gynecia, himatia, hymenia, hypoxia, ignatia, illuvia, imperia, indicia, indusia, inertia, latakia, lixivia, lobelia, logania, macchia, mahonia, malaria, melodia, meropia, militia, minutia, morphia, myalgia, mycelia, oogonia, opuntia, otalgia, patagia, peculia, peloria, peridia, petunia, pogonia, puparia, pyaemia, pygidia, pyrexia, pyxidia, quassia, ratafia, refugia, regalia, rosaria, sangria, scandia, scholia, sedilia, senopia, sequoia, shortia, silesia, sinopia, solaria, solatia, splenia, sthenia, sudaria, syconia, synovia, talaria, tilapia, titania, toxemia, uraemia, valonia, vedalia, velaria, viremia, vivaria, woodsia

8-letter words

abrachia, academia, acidemia, aciduria, adularia, adynamia, agenesia, agraphia, agrypnia, albizzia, alleluia, alopecia, ambrosia, amphibia, anoopsia, anorexia, anoxemia, anthelia, anthemia, anthodia, apimania, apologia, arythmia, asphyxia, asthenia, astigmia, ataraxia, atrophia, aubretia, azotemia, azoturia, bacteria, baptisia, battalia, bauhinia, bedsonia, bignonia, boltonia, branchia, bronchia, buddleia, cachexia, calcaria, caldaria, calvaria, cambogia, camellia, carpalia, cercaria, chalazia, coccidia, collegia, colluvia, collyria, contagia, copremia, coxalgia, criteria, ctenidia, cymbidia, decennia, dementia, dentalia, dichasia, diplegia, diplopia, dyslexia, dystaxia, dystocia, dystonia, dystopia, ecclesia, effluvia, egomania, encaenia, epicedia, epimysia, epopoeia, estancia, esthesia, eupepsia, euphoria, exonumia, fantasia, galleria, gambusia, gammadia, gardenia, gelsemia, gerardia, gesneria, gloxinia, gymnasia, gynaecia, gynoecia, hamartia, haplopia, hatteria, hemiolia, herbaria, hospitia, hyphemia, hyponoia, hysteria, insignia, insomnia, intarsia, ischemia, leucemia, leukemia, lithemia, magnesia, magnolia, malvasia, manubria, marsupia, mazaedia, myotonia, oliguria, palladia, panmixia, paranoia, parhelia, petechia, phelonia, photopia, pignolia, pizzeria, planaria, pollinia, polyuria, presidia, progeria, pterygia, pycnidia, quillaia, rhizobia, sacraria, sapremia, scotopia, sensoria, septaria, sinfonia, stapelia, stokesia, strontia, subtopia, suburbia, sympodia, symposia, syncytia, synergia, terraria, tithonia, toxaemia, trapezia, triennia, triforia, uredinia, urinemia, uropygia, vaccinia, valencia, veratria, vestigia, victoria, weigelia, wistaria, wisteria, ytterbia, zirconia, zoomania

9-letter words

achalasia, alfilaria, amblyopia, ametropia, amyotonia, analgesia, anaplasia, androecia, anhedonia, apothecia, aquilegia, araucaria, artemisia, ascogonia, auditoria, bilharzia, bousoukia, bouzoukia, cafeteria, catamenia, catatonia, causalgia, chlamydia, cineraria, clintonia, colloquia, compendia, consortia, dyscrasia, dyspepsia, dysphagia, dysphasia, dysphonia, dysphoria, dysplasia, echeveria, echolalia, eclampsia, epicardia, epithelia, euphorbia, exodontia, forsythia, frambesia, genitalia, glochidia, haustoria, hematuria, honoraria, hypanthia, hyperemia, hyperopia, hypomania, hypotonia, hypoxemia, ischaemia, juvenilia, lacunaria, laminaria, leukaemia, luminaria, macadamia, militaria, millennia, miracidia, monomania, moratoria, myocardia, natatoria, naumachia, neophilia, neoplasia, nephridia, neuralgia, neuroglia, nostalgia, oceanaria, ommatidia, osmeteria, paramecia, parapodia, paulownia, peperomia, perihelia, perimysia, philistia, phyllodia, plasmodia, pneumonia, porphyria, praesidia, primordia, principia, procambia, prostomia, psalteria, puerperia, pyromania, rafflesia, rauwolfia, rudbeckia, sanatoria, sanitaria, sanitoria, sclerotia, sententia, sestertia, sicklemia, simplicia, souvlakia, spermatia, sporangia, sudatoria, trattoria, triclinia, tularemia, urticaria, vagotonia

10-letter words

acrophobia, adventitia, algolagnia, anesthesia, antependia, antheridia, archegonia, arrhythmia, arthralgia, bacteremia, basophilia, carpogonia, clostridia, columbaria, cornucopia, crematoria, cyclopedia, cystinuria, diphtheria, dipsomania, dysarthria, dyskinesia, enchiridia, endocardia, endometria, endothecia, endothelia, equilibria, erythremia, euthanasia, florilegia, gaillardia, gametangia, glycosuria, hemiplegia, hemophilia, hesperidia, homophobia, hormogonia, hypermania, hypertonia, hypolimnia, hypoplasia, latifundia, leishmania, leprosaria, leukopenia, marginalia, mesothelia, metaplasia, monochasia, multimedia, myasthenia, mythomania, mythopoeia, nyctalopia, ophthalmia, ostensoria, paramnesia, paraplegia, pedophilia, penetralia, penicillia, pericardia, pericrania, perineuria, peripeteia, perithecia, planetaria, poinsettia, polydipsia, polyphagia, presbyopia, prothallia, quadrennia, rickettsia, sarracenia, saturnalia, scriptoria, sensibilia, septicemia, sporogonia, staminodia, stylopodia, termitaria, tillandsia, washateria, washeteria, xenophobia

BONUS WORDS:

11-letter words

agoraphobia, albuminuria, anaesthesia, aniseikonia, antimalaria, antonomasia, appressoria, archesporia, azoospermia, bacchanalia, bacteriuria, bibliomania, bradycardia, coprophilia, cryptomeria, cyclopaedia, cyclothymia, definientia, differentia, dysrhythmia, epithalamia, fritillaria, glossolalia, hebephrenia, hydrophobia, hypercapnia, hypermnesia, hyperphagia, hyperplasia, hypokalemia, hypothermia, kinesthesia, kleptomania, leukoplakia, megalomania, melancholia, memorabilia, menorrhagia, metasequoia, necrophilia, negrophobia, nymphomania, orthodontia, paresthesia, paronomasia, passacaglia, perionychia, photophobia, proteinuria, prothalamia, pseudopodia, psychedelia, quinquennia, rhizoctonia, sanguinaria, sansevieria, spermagonia, steatopygia, synesthesia, tachycardia, thalassemia

12-letter words

achlorhydria, armamentaria, balletomania, decalcomania, deuteranopia, encyclopedia, eosinophilia, galactosemia, gynecomastia, hyperkinesia, hyperlipemia, hyperpyrexia, hyperthermia, hypocalcemia, hypochondria, hypoglycemia, metacercaria, metrorrhagia, microfilaria, mitochondria, mycobacteria, neurasthenia, normothermia, onomatopoeia, osteomalacia, pancytopenia, paraesthesia, perichondria, pharmacopeia, phosphaturia, polycythemia, preeclampsia, prosopopoeia, quadriplegia, stichomythia, synaesthesia, technophobia, thalassaemia, tradescantia, zoosporangia

13-letter words

aminoaciduria, anisometropia, chondrocrania, cyanobacteria, dieffenbachia, disequilibria, encyclopaedia, hypercalcemia, hyperesthesia, hyperglycemia, hypermetropia, hyperuricemia, megasporangia, nonequilibria, panleukopenia, paraphernalia, pharmacopoeia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, spermatogonia, syringomyelia, xerophthalmia

14-letter words

achondroplasia, archaebacteria, claustrophobia, computerphobia, corynebacteria, enterobacteria, hemoglobinuria, hyperaesthesia, hyperlipidemia, hypomagnesemia, intelligentsia, microsporangia, phantasmagoria, telangiectasia

15-letter words

oligodendroglia, phenylketonuria, pleuropneumonia, tachyarrhythmia

16-letter words

bronchopneumonia, thrombocytopenia

17-letter words

antischizophrenia, macroglobulinemia, methemoglobinemia, triskaidekaphobia

18-letter words

agammaglobulinemia, polychromatophilia

20-letter words

hypercholesterolemia

802 words found.

Cyanosis is a bluish color to the skin or mucus membranes due to a lack of oxygen in the blood.

Lips - bluish; Fingernails - bluish; Cyanosis; Bluish lips and fingernails; Bluish skin

The coloration of the skin is caused by the amount of pigment in the skin and the blood flowing through it. Blood that is saturated with oxygen is bright red. Blood that has lost its oxygen is dark bluish-red. People whose blood is low in oxygen tend to have a bluish color to their skin, called cyanosis.

Cyanosis can be caused by:

• Lack of oxygen (such as in suffocation or cyanotic heart disease)
• Abnormal hemoglobin (such as methemoglobinemia)
• Toxins (such as cyanide)

Most cyanosis occurs as a result of:

• Heart disease (such as congestive heart failure)
• Lung disease
• A potentially fatal event, such as the stopping of heart and lung function (cardiopulmonary arrest)

Mild cyanosis may be hard to detect. Usually the oxygen saturation of the blood has to drop from the normal level of nearly 100% to below 90% before cyanosis occurs.

In dark-skinned people, cyanosis may be easier to see in the mucus membranes (lips, gums, around the eyes) and nail beds, rather than in the skin. It may also appear on the feet, nose, and ears.

People with a problem called Raynaud's phenomenon may develop a blue color in their fingers or hands when they are exposed to cold.

A blood clot that blocks the blood supply to a leg, foot, hand, or arm will cause bluish skin.

Other causes of bluish skin (cyanosis) include:

Problems with the lungs

• Pneumonia(severe)
• Bronchiolitis
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other chronic lung problems
• Blood clot in the arteries of the lungs (pulmonary embolism)
• Hyaline membrane disease due to prematurity
• Pulmonary hypertension

Problems with the airways leading to the lungs

• Choking on something stuck in the airways
• Croup
• Epiglottitis

Problems with the heart

• The heart stops working (cardiac arrest)
• Heart failure
• Heart defects that are present at birth (congenital)

Other problems

• Exposure to cold air or water
• High altitudes
• Breath-holding
• Seizures that last a long time
• Drug overdoses (narcotics, benzodiazepines, sedatives)
• Toxins such as cyanide
• Drowning or near-drowning

For cyanosis caused by exposure to cold, dress warmly when going outside or stay in a well-heated room.

Bluish skin (cyanosis) can be a sign of many serious medical problems and should be taken seriously.

For adults, call your doctor or 911 if you have bluish skin and:

• Your breathing is getting harder, faster, or you cannot get a deep breath.
• You need to lean forward when sitting.
• You are using muscles around the ribs more.
• You have chest pain.
• You are having headaches more often than usual.
• You feel sleepy or confused.
• You have a fever.
• You are coughing up dark mucus.

For children, call the doctor or 911 if your child has bluish skin and:

• Is having a hard time breathing
• The child's chest muscles are pulling in with each breath
• Is breathing faster than 50 to 60 breaths per minute (when not crying)
• Is making a grunting noise
• Is sitting with shoulders hunched over
• Is very tired
• Is not moving around very much
• Has a limp or floppy body
• The nostrils are flaring out when the child breathes
• Loses his or her appetite
• Is irritable
• Has trouble sleeping

Call or visit your health care provider if you have any unexplained changes in the color of your skin or mucus membranes.

Your health care provider will perform a physical examination, which includes listening to your breathing and heart sounds. In emergency situations (such as shock), the patient will be stabilized first.

Medical history questions may include:

• When did it develop?
• Did it develop suddenly?
• Has it been developing slowly?
• Are your lips blue?
• Are your nailbeds blue?
• Is your body blue all over?
• Have you been exposed to cold?
• Have you suddenly gone to a high altitude?
• Have you breathed in anything?
• What other symptoms do you have?
• Do you have difficulty breathing?
• Do you have ankle, feet, or leg swelling?
• Do you have a cough?
• Do you have chest pain?

Tests that may be performed include:

• Arterial blood gas analysis
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Chest x-ray
• ECG
• Measurement of blood oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry

For shortness of breath and cyanosis, you may receive oxygen.

Bocock J, Kolodzik J. Cyanosis. In: Marx JA, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier;2006:chap 30.

Kraft M. Approach to the patient with respiratory disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 83.

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1127 words found.