Malleability

 

property of a metal describing the ease with which it can be hammered, forged, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets. Metals vary in this respect; pure gold is the most malleable. Silver, copper, aluminum, lead, tin, zinc, and iron are also very malleable. Some heating usually increases malleability. Zinc, for example, at ordinary temperatures is very brittle, but is malleable in the temperature range from about 120°C. to 150°C. Impurities adversely affect the malleability of metals.

For malleability in cryptography, see malleability (cryptography).

Malleability is a mechanical property of matter, but is most commonly used in reference to metals and metalloids. A malleable metal is capable of being extended, shaped, or otherwise deformed without cracking. This property is important in metalworking, as materials that crack or break under pressure cannot be hammered or rolled. Malleable materials can be formed using stamping or form pressing, whereas brittle metals and plastics must be molded.

Malleability occurs as a result of the specific type of bond found in metals (Main article: metallic bond). In metallic bonds, valence shell electrons are delocalized and shared between many atoms. This is often referred to as the "sea of electrons" and is responsible for many properties of metal. The delocalized electrons allow metal atoms to slide past one another without being subjected to strong repulsive forces that would cause other materials to shatter.

Gold is the most malleable metal, followed by aluminium. Many plastics, and amorphous solids such as Play-Doh are also malleable.

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