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Resources - lung disease

Information

The following organizations are good resources for information on lung disease:

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No. It's caused by your mother.

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type II alveolar cells

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Definition

Lung cancer is cancer that begins in the lungs, the two organs found in the chest that help you breathe.

The lungs are made up of areas called lobes. The right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two, so there's room for the heart. When you breathe, air goes through your nose, down your windpipe (trachea), and into the lungs where it spreads through tubes called bronchi. Most lung cancer begins in the cells that line these tubes.

There are two main types of lung cancer:

If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.

If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung.

Alternative Names

Cancer - lung

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Lung cancer is the deadliest type of cancer for both men and women. Each year, more people die of lung cancer than breast, colon, and prostate cancers combined.

Lung cancer is more common in older adults. It is rare in people under age 45.

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.

The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk of lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk.

However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.

Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk of lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 non-smoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.

The following may also increase one's risk of lung cancer:

  • High levels of air pollution
  • High levels of arsenic in drinking water
  • Radon gas
  • Asbestos
  • Family history of lung cancer
  • Radiation therapy to the lungs
  • Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust
Symptoms

Early lung cancer may not cause any symptoms. Many times, lung cancer is found when an x-ray is done for another reason.

Symptoms depend on the specific type of cancer you have, but may include:

Additional symptoms that may also occur with lung cancer:

These symptoms can also be due to other, less serious conditions, so it is important to talk to your health care provider.

For more information, see:

Signs and tests

The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history. You will be asked if you smoke, and if so, how long you have smoked.

When listening to the chest with a stethoscope, the health care provider can sometimes hear fluid around the lungs, which could (but doesn't always) suggest cancer.

Tests that may be performed include:

  • Chest x-ray
  • Sputum cytology test to look for cancer cells
  • Blood work
  • CT scan of the chest
  • MRI of the chest
  • Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

In some cases, the health care provider may need to remove a piece of tissue from your lungs for examination under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. There are several ways to do this:

For more information, see:

Treatment

Treatment depends on the specific type of lung cancer. Each type is treated differently. Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery may be needed.

See the individual articles on the different types of lung cancer:

Expectations (prognosis)

How well a patient does depends on the following:

  • Type of lung cancer
  • Whether or not the cancer has spread
  • Your age
  • Your overall health
  • How well you respond to treatment

The earlier the cancer is found, the better the chances of survival. Lung cancer is a deadly disease. Nearly 60% of people with lung cancer die within a year. However, some people are cured and go on to live many years.

Complications

The cancer may spread to other parts of the body (metastasis). Cancer treatment can cause significant side effects.

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of lung cancer (particularly if you smoke).

Prevention

If you smoke, quit. It is never too late to stop smoking. You should also avoid breathing in the smoke from other people's cigarettes, cigars, or pipes.

Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may help prevent some cases of lung cancer.

References

Alberg AJ, Ford JG, Samet JM; American College of Chest Physicians. Epidemiology of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 2007;132:29S-55S.

Bach PB, Silvestri GA, Hanger M, Jett JR. Screening for lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 2007;132:69S-77S.

National Cancer Institute. Lung Cancer Home Page. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 3, 2008

Jett JR, Schild SE, Keith RL, Kesler KA. Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, stage IIIB: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 2007;132:266S-276S.

Johnson DH, Blot WJ, Carbone DP, et al. Cancer of the lung_ Non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. In: Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Niederhuber JE, Kastan MB, McKena WG. Clinical Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2008:chap 76.

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The incidence of lung cancer can vary between men and women. Historically, lung cancer has been more commonly associated with men, particularly due to higher rates of smoking among men in past decades. However, the trend has been changing, and the gap between lung cancer rates in men and women has been narrowing.

As to recent statistics, the American Cancer Society provides the following estimates for new lung cancer cases in the United States:

Men: About 59% of new lung cancer cases are diagnosed in men.

Women: Approximately 41% of new lung cancer cases are diagnosed in women.

These numbers reflect a significant decrease in the gender disparity compared to previous years, largely attributed to changes in smoking patterns. While smoking remains a leading risk factor for lung cancer, other factors such as exposure to secondhand smoke, environmental pollutants, and genetic factors also play a role in lung cancer development.

It's important to note that these percentages can vary by region and population demographics, but overall, lung cancer is a significant health concern for both men and women. Early detection through screening programs and adopting healthy lifestyle choices can help reduce the risk of lung cancer and improve outcomes for those affected by the disease.

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Lung cancer will effect the blood gas-exchange system, as damaged lung tissue, may cause difficulty in the exchange of gas from the air into the blood stream, and may cause cyanosis, deeper breathing, and even asphyxia (death, which is caused by insufficient amount of oxygen into the brain cells).

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Lung cancer can result from several factors, but one of the most significant risk factors is tobacco smoking. Constant and long-term tobacco smoking is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer.

Cigarette smoke contains numerous carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) that can damage the cells lining the lungs over time. This damage can lead to the development of cancerous tumors in the lungs. Additionally, exposure to secondhand smoke (inhalation of smoke from others' cigarettes) can also increase the risk of lung cancer, although to a lesser extent than direct smoking.

Other factors that may contribute to the development of lung cancer include exposure to certain environmental and occupational carcinogens such as asbestos, radon gas, arsenic, and certain industrial chemicals.

It's important to note that while smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, not all lung cancers are attributable to smoking. Some cases of lung cancer occur in individuals who have never smoked, often due to exposure to environmental or occupational carcinogens, genetic factors, or other risk factors that are not yet fully understood. However, smoking remains the most significant preventable cause of lung cancer.

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Definition

Lung disease is any disease or disorder that occurs in the lungs or that causes the lungs to not work properly. There are three main types of lung disease:

  1. Airway diseases -- These diseases affect the tubes (airways) that carry oxygen and other gases into and out of the lungs. These diseases cause a narrowing or blockage of the airways. They include asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. People with airway diseases sometimes describe the feeling as "trying to breathe out through a straw."
  2. Lung tissue diseases -- These diseases affect the structure of the lung tissue. Scarring or inflammation of the tissue makes the lungs unable to expand fully ("restrictive lung disease"). It also makes the lungs less capable of taking up oxygen (oxygenation) and releasing carbon dioxide. Pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis are examples of lung tissue diseases. People sometimes describe the feeling as "wearing a too-tight sweater or vest" that won't allow them to take a deep breath.
  3. Pulmonary circulation diseases -- These diseases affect the blood vessels in the lungs. They are caused by clotting, scarring, or inflammation of the blood vessels. They affect the ability of the lungs to take up oxygen and to release carbon dioxide. These diseases may also affect heart function.

Most lung diseases actually involve a combination of these categories.

The most common lung diseases include:

  • Asthma
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
  • Emphysema
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Sarcoidosis

Other lung diseases include:

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wheezing from shortness of breath

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12 litres .... normal is 6

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yes tar can cause cancer by smoking. you should never do smoking Edit by Engl1sh: Smoking is a filthy habit that can be hard to beat. It was estimated by a British Journalism Company that smoking one cigarette can take away 11 minutes of your life. It's really not worth it to smoke, given all the consequences: Yellow teeth, smelly clothes, black lungs, cancer, loss of accute awareness, bad breath, and the destroying of many of your lung cells through the tar that is entering your lungs. Smoking has consequences that can't be reversed, as well. Plus, it's expensive!

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Lung cancer can result from various factors, including tobacco smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, environmental pollutants, and occupational hazards. Among these, tobacco smoking is the most significant risk factor for developing lung cancer.

Constant use of tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco, exposes the lungs to carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) and other harmful chemicals present in tobacco smoke. Over time, repeated exposure to these toxins can damage the cells lining the lungs, leading to the development of cancerous growths.

Additionally, exposure to secondhand smoke, which occurs when non-smokers inhale smoke exhaled by smokers or emitted from burning tobacco products, can also increase the risk of lung cancer.

Other factors that may contribute to the development of lung cancer include exposure to radon gas, asbestos, air pollution, and certain occupational hazards such as asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, and diesel exhaust.

It's important to note that while tobacco smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, non-smokers can also develop the disease due to exposure to secondhand smoke and other environmental or occupational factors. Therefore, adopting a smoke-free lifestyle, avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke and other harmful substances, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of developing lung cancer. Early detection through screening and prompt medical attention for any concerning symptoms are also crucial for improving outcomes for individuals at risk of lung cancer.

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Lung cancer symptoms can vary, but common signs include:

  • Persistent Cough: A chronic cough that does not go away or worsens over time.
  • Chest Pain: Pain in the chest, especially when coughing, laughing, or taking deep breaths.
  • Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing or wheezing.
  • Hoarseness: Changes in voice or hoarseness.
  • Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant weight loss without trying.
  • Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or weakness.
  • Recurrent Infections: Frequent respiratory infections such as bronchitis or pneumonia.

For personalized care and effective management, consult experts in Lung cancer treatment in Hyderabad.

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Definition

Lung transplant is surgery to replace one or both diseased lungs with healthy lungs from a human donor.

Alternative Names

Solid organ transplant - lung

Description

The new lung or lungs are usually donated by someone who has been declared brain-dead but remains on life-support. The donor tissue must be matched as closely as possible to your tissue type to reduce the odds that your body will reject the transplanted lung.

Lungs can also be given by living donors. Two or more people are needed. Each donates a section (lobe) of their lung to form an entire lung for the person receiving it.

During lung transplant surgery, you are unconscious and pain-free (under general anesthesia). A surgical cut is made in the chest.

  • For single lung transplants, the cut is made on the side of your chest that will be receiving the lung. The operation takes 4 - 8 hours.
  • For double lung transplants, the cut is made below the breast. Surgery generally takes 6 - 12 hours. Tubes are used to reroute blood to a heart-lung bypass machine to provide oxygen and move blood through the body during the surgery.

After the cut is made, the major steps during lung transplant surgery include:

  • One or both of your lungs are removed. For those receiving a double lung transplant, most or all of the steps from the first transplant are completed before the second transplant is done.
  • The main blood vessels and airway of the new lung are sewn to your main blood vessel and airway. The donor lung or lungs are stitched (sutured) into place. Chest tubes are inserted to drain air, fluid, and blood out of the chest for several days to allow the lungs to fully re-expand.

Sometimes heart and lung transplants are done at the same time (heart-lung transplant) if the heart is also diseased.

Why the Procedure Is Performed

A lung transplant is usually the last-resort treatment for lung failure. Lung transplants may be recommended for patients with any severe lung disease. Some examples of diseases that may require a lung transplant are:

Lung transplant is not recommended for:

  • Patients who are too sick to go through the procedure
  • Patients whose lung disease will likely affect the new lung
  • Patients who have severe disease of other organs
Risks

Risks for any anesthesia are:

  • Breathing problems
  • Reactions to the medications

Risks for any surgery are:

  • Bleeding
  • Infection

Other risks of transplant include:

  • Blood clots (deep venous thrombosis)
  • Increased risk for infections due to anti-rejection (immunosuppression) medications
  • Damage to your kidneys, liver, or other body organs from immunosuppression medications
Before the Procedure

Before the procedure is done, your doctor will determine whether you are a good candidate by performing the following tests:

If your transplant team believes that you are a good candidate for lung transplantation, you will be put on a national waiting list. Your place on the waiting list is based on a number of factors. Key factors include:

  • What type of lung problems you have
  • The severity of your lung disease
  • The likelihood that a transplant will be successful

The amount of time you spend on a waiting list usually does not determine how soon you get a lung, except possibly with children. Waiting time is often at least 2 - 3 years.

While you are waiting for a new lung, follow these guidelines:

  • Follow any diet your lung transplant team recommends. Stop drinking alcohol, do not smoke, and keep your weight in the recommended range.
  • Take all medicines as they were prescribed. Report changes in your medications and any new or worsening medical problems to the transplant team.
  • Follow any exercise program that you were taught during pulmonary rehabilitation.
  • Keep any appointments that you have made with your regular doctor and transplant team.
  • Let the transplant team know how to contact you immediately if a lung becomes available. Make sure that, no matter where you go, you can be contacted quickly and easily.
  • Be prepared in advance to go to the hospital.

Before the procedure, always tell your doctor or nurse:

  • What drugs, vitamins, herbs, and other supplements you are taking, even ones you bought without a prescription.
  • If you have been drinking a lot of alcohol (more than one or two drinks a day)

Do not eat or drink anything after midnight the night before your surgery. Take only the drugs that your doctor told you to take with a small sip of water.

After the Procedure

You should expect to stay in the hospital for 7 - 21 days after a lung transplant. You will likely spend time in the intensive care unit (ICU) right after surgery.

During your hospital stay, you will:

  • Be asked to sit on the side of the bed and then walk on the same day you have surgery
  • Have a tube coming out of the side of your chest to drain fluids
  • Wear special stockings on your feet and legs to prevent blood clots
  • Receive shots to prevent blood clots
  • Receive pain medicine through a tube that goes into your vein (IV) or by mouth with pills. You may receive your pain medicine through a special machine that gives you a dose of pain medicine when you push a button. This allows you to control how much pain medicine you receive.
  • Be asked to do a lot of deep breathing to help prevent pneumonia and infection, and to inflate the lung that was transplanted. Your chest tube will stay in place until your lung has fully inflated.

The recovery period is about 6 months. Often, your transplant team will ask you to stay fairly close to the hospital for the first 3 months. You will need to have regular check-ups with blood tests and x-rays for many years.

Outlook (Prognosis)

A lung transplant is a major procedure performed for patients with life-threatening lung disease or damage. Around four out of five people are still alive 1 year after the transplant. Around two out of five transplant recipients are alive at 5 years. Outcomes are similar for single and double lung transplants.

Fighting rejection is an ongoing process. The body's immune system considers the transplanted organ as an invader (much like an infection) and may attack it.

To prevent rejection, organ transplant patients must take anti-rejection (immunosuppression) drugs (such as cyclosporine and corticosteroids). These drugs suppress the body's immune response and reduce the chance of rejection. As a result, however, these drugs also reduce the body's natural ability to fight off infections.

References

Smythe WR, Reznik Si, Putnam JB Jr. Lung (including pulmonary embolism and thoracic outlet syndrome). In: Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2008: chap 59.

Davis SQ, Garrity ER Jr. Organ allocation in lung transplant. Chest. 2007;132:1646-1651.

Aurora P, Carby M, Sweet S. Selection of cystic fibrosis patients for lung transplantation. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2008;14:589-594.

Maurer JR, Zamel N. Lung transplantation. In: Mason RJ, Murray JF, Broaddus VC, Nadel JA, eds. Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2005:chap 89.

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Lung compliance = Lung expandability

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how long are you expected to live once lung cancer has spread to the liver

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The right lung has three lobes.

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Recognizing signs and symptoms of lung cancer remains essential to detection, treatment, and recovery. You will need to go see a doctor if you experience some of these symptoms in combinations. You can't make snap judgments based on symptoms alone. A formal diagnosis will also help you get the best treatment and increase your chances of recovery. With that said, some of the main symptoms of lung cancer are quite obvious. If you notice these symptoms occurring, make an appointment to see a doctor right away. Persistent Cough A cough that just won't go away can be an early sign of lung cancer. Coughs caused by viruses or bacterial infections will go away after a few weeks at the most. If a cough continues and you can't explain it, it's time to see a doctor. Even if it's not lung cancer, this could point to a serious medical condition. You should also take note of any fluids or even blood that you may be coughing out of your lungs. If anything changes, go see a doctor as soon as possible. Shallow Breathing and Shortness of Breath If your breathing suddenly becomes shallow, you might know something is happening. One of the biggest symptoms of lung cancer is that it blocks your airways after a while. If you get winded during activities that seem routine, this could be a sign that the lung cancer has begun to develop a little bit. Some people also notice it takes longer to catch their breath if they are later diagnosed with lung cancer. Changes in Voice Another one of the most common symptoms of lung cancer is vocal change. Tumors can interfere with the nerves that control the larynx. If your voice gets raspy or hoarse, see how long it lasts. If more than two weeks pass, you will need to go to the doctor to get checked out as soon as you can. This is a serious condition that can also point to other problems even if lung cancer is not suspected.

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The left lung is smaller than the right.

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its when cut into a lung

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What is atheltes lung

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lung concerns

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No trachea is not the lung.

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perhaps this question should read "What is a collapsed lung?"

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Do you mean lung ABCESS? If so, it is a localized infection (pocket) in the lung.

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a floating lung is something that is named lung and floats inside YOUR body

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Dot Lung's birth name is Dorothy Lung.

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An unhealthy lung, is a lung that is perfect. It has no problems, and if you have an unhealthy lung, then you will live for about 90 minutes. If you have a healthy lung then you will live until 50 years.

Thanks for reading

Daniel Murison

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Base of the lung

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no the lung is involuntary

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it has lung cancer

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"It hasn't been a lung time since I met you."

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Clarence Lung's birth name is Clarence E. Lung.

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Lung Lei's birth name is Ji Yun-lung.

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First it's larger, second the left lung is sharing space with your heart..

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perfusion lung scan, aerosol lung scan, radionucleotide ventilation lung scan, ventilation lung scan, xenon lung scan, ventilation/perfusion scanning (VPS), pulmonary scintiphotography, or, most commonly, V/Q scan

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The right lung is larger than left lung

The left lung is made up of 2 lobes while right is made up of 3 lobes.

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The uppermost point, hence apex...of the lung

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It is a partial lung collapse, due to an air pocket on the outside of the lung, which pushes against the lung.

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What does mild apical lung scarring mean from the imaged lung apices?

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Alternative Names

Cancer - lung - non-small cell; Non-small cell lung cancer; NSCLC; Adenocarcinoma - lung; Squamous cell carcinoma - lung

Definition

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer.

There are three forms of NSCLC:

  • Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung.
  • Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung by an air tube (bronchus).
  • Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Smoking causes most cases of lung cancer. The risk depends upon the number of cigarettes smoked every day and for how long someone has smoked. Being around the smoke from others (secondhand smoke) also raises your risk for lung cancer. However, people who do not smoke and have never smoked have become sick with lung cancer.

A review of decades of research has recently shown that smoking marijuana may help cancer cells grow, but there is no direct link between the drug and developing lung cancer.

High levels of air pollution and drinking water containing high levels of arsenic can increase your risk for lung cancer. Radiation therapy to the lungs can also increase the risk.

Working with or near the following cancer-causing chemicals or materials can also increase your risk:

  • Asbestos
  • Products using chloride and formaldehyde
  • Certain alloys, paints, pigments, and preservatives
Symptoms

Early lung cancer may not cause any symptoms. Symptoms you should watch for include:

Other symptoms that may be due to NSCLC:

Note: These symptoms can be due to other, less serious conditions. It is important to talk to your health care provider.

Signs and tests

The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history. You will be asked if you smoke, and if so, how long you have smoked.

When listening to the chest with a stethoscope, the health care provider can sometimes hear fluid around the lungs, which could (but doesn't always) suggest cancer.

Tests that may be performed to diagnose lung cancer or see if it has spread include:

  • Chest x-ray
  • CBC
  • Sputum test to look for cancer cells
  • Bone scan
  • CT scan of the chest
  • MRI of the chest
  • Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
  • Thoracentesis

In some cases, the health care provider may need to remove a piece of tissue from your lungs for examination under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. There are several ways to do this:

If the biopsy reveals you do have lung cancer, more imaging tests will be done to determine the stage of the cancer. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it's spread. Non-small cell lung cancer is divided into five stages:

  • Stage 0 - the cancer has not spread beyond the inner lining of the lung
  • Stage I - the cancer is small and hasn't spread to the lymph nodes
  • Stage II - the cancer has spread to some lymph nodes near the original tumor
  • Stage III - the cancer has spread to nearby tissue or spread to far away lymph nodes
  • Stage IV - the cancer has spread to other organs of the body such as the other lung, brain, or liver
Treatment

There are many different types of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. Treatment depends upon the stage of the cancer.

Surgery is the often the first line of treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:

  • One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)
  • Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)
  • The entire lung (pneumonectomy)

Some patients need chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells and stop new ones from growing.

  • Chemotherapy alone is often used when the cancer has spread (stage IV).
  • It may also be given before surgery or radiation to make those treatments more effective.
  • It may be given after surgery (called adjuvant therapy) to kill any remaining microscopic areas of cancer.

Radiation therapy uses powerful x-rays or other forms of radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used with chemotherapy if surgery is not possible.

The following treatments are mostly used to relieve symptoms caused by NSCLC:

  • Laser therapy - a small beam of light burns and kills cancer cells
  • Photodynamic therapy - uses a light to activate a drug in the body, which kills cancer cells
Support Groups

For additional information and resources, see cancer support group.

Expectations (prognosis)

The outlook varies widely. Most often, NSCLC develops slowly and causes few or no symptoms until very late stages. However, in some cases, it can be extremely agressive and cause rapid death. The cancer may spread to other parts of the body, including the bone, liver, small intestine, and brain.

Chemotherapy has been shown to prolong the life and improve the quality of life in some patients with stage IV NSCLC.

Cure rates are related to the stage of disease and whether you are able to have surgery.

  • Stage I and II cancer can be cured with surgery, sometimes in more than 50% of cases.
  • Stage III tumors can be cured in some cases, but cure rates are much lower than earlier stage NSCLC
  • Patients with stage IV disease are almost never cured, and the goals of therapy are to extend and improve the quality of their life.
Complications
  • Spread of disease beyond the lung
  • Side effects of surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy
Prevention

If you smoke, stop smoking. It's never too early to quit. People who have smoked in the past can be at increased risk for lung cancer more than 20 years after quitting, although the risk drops significantly in the first year after quitting. There are benefits to quitting smoking, even for people who are well into middle age.

Try to avoid secondhand smoke.

Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

Routine screening for lung cancer is not recommended. Many studies have been done to look at the idea, but scientists have concluded that, at this time, screening does not help improve a person's chance for a cure.

References

Alberg AJ, Ford JG, Samet JM; American College of Chest Physicians. Epidemiology of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 2007;132:29S-55S.

American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2008.Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society; 2008.

Bach PB, Silvestri GA, Hanger M, Jett JR. Screening for lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 2007;132:69S-77S.

National Cancer Institute. Lung Cancer Home Page. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 3, 2008

Jett JR, Schild SE, Keith RL, Kesler KA. Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, stage IIIB: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 2007;132:266S-276S.

Johnson DH, Blot WJ, Carbone DP, et al. Cancer of the lung_ Non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. In: Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Niederhuber JE, Kastan MB, McKena WG. Clinical Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2008:chap 76.

Fischer B, Lassen U, Mortensen J, Larsen S, Loft A, Bertelsen A, Ravn J, Clementsen P, Hogholm A, Larsen K, Rasmussen T, Keiding S, Dirksen A, Gerke O, Skov B, Steffensen I, Hansen H, Vilmann P, Jacobsen G, Backer V, Maltbaek N, Pedersen J, Madsen H, Nielsen H, Hojgaard L. Preoperative staging of lung cancer with combined PET-CT. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 2;361(1):32-9.

Tassinari D, Scarpi E, Sartori S, Tamburini E, Santelmo C, Tombesi P, Lazzari-Agli L. Second-line treatments in non-small cell lung cancer. A systematic review of literature and metaanalysis of randomized clinical trials. Chest. 2009 Jun;135(6):1596-609.

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If you prick the balloon in a lung model, it simulates a condition like a punctured lung or a collapsed lung. This can lead to air escaping from the lung space, causing a loss of pressure and potentially compromising the lung's ability to expand and contract properly.

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