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  1. Gram negative , obligate aerobes 2) Utilize amino acids, but not carbohydrates as a source of carbon and energy. 3) Often live intracellularly within protozoa & macrophages. 4) Isolated from water in air conditioners & produce misters 5) Legionella pneumophila - Legionnaire's disease

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Legionella pneumophila belongs to the kingdom Bacteria. It is a Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in aquatic environments and can cause a severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease when inhaled by humans.

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"Spp" in Legionella spp stands for "species". It indicates that there are multiple species within the Legionella genus, such as Legionella pneumophila and Legionella longbeachae.

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Legionella is a genus of bacteria that includes many species, while Legionella pneumophila is a specific species within the Legionella genus. Legionella pneumophila is the most common cause of Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia, in humans.

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Legionella pneumophila is the bacteria responsible for Legionnaires disease . The Legionella invades and replicates in macrophages , these occurrences rise in the summer months and is considered treatable .

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Yes, legionella is a type of microorganism. It is a bacterium that can cause Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia. Legionella bacteria are commonly found in natural water sources and can be transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated water droplets.

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There are at least fifty species of Legionella in existence today. Legionella is a bacteria found in soil, water and other regions of the earth. This dangerous bacteria leads to severe illness that often results in death. The Legionella bacteria is what causes what is known as Legionnaires' Disease.

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UK legionella legislation is a local council which keeps an account for all activities which undergoes for the prevention of Legionnaire diseases.

Risk assessment consultant's from UK can help us out for this such as:

Nemco Utilities: http://www.nemco-utilities.co.uk/

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Yes, Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium that can cause a severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease when inhaled into the lungs. It is commonly found in water sources like cooling towers, hot tubs, and plumbing systems.

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Legionnaire's disease is caused by inhaling small droplets of water contaminated with Legionella bacteria. These bacteria thrive in warm water environments like air conditioning systems, hot tubs, and plumbing systems. The disease is not spread from person to person.

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Most of Gram+ bacteria and for Gram- ones, Segnilliparus spp.

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There are many different types of parasitic bacteria in the world. Some of these include Brucella, Legionella, Mycobacterium, and Nocardia.

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Yes, Legionnaires' disease can reoccur. This disease is a severe form of pneumonia caused by a bacterium known as legionella.

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the Legionella bacteria survive being phagocytosed. Instead of being destroyed within the macrophage, they grow and replicate, eventually killing the macrophage.

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Rosaramycin is an antibiotic of the macrolide class, produced by Schering Plough. It is highly effective against Legionella pneumophila. Rosaramycin is not currently marketed for medical or veterinary use.

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The heat energy (in the water) is transferred to the bacterial cells, inactivating proteins needed for the bacteria to function and reproduce. The proteins are denatured, meaning the structure is changed, much like a fried egg.

Water begins killing some bacteria at about 120ºF. Pasteurization takes place at 140ºF. Water temperatures between 140ºF - 165ºF will kill most bacteria considered harmful to humans. Boiling water (212ºF) will kill most bacteria.

The hotter the water, the less time it takes to kill bacteria. Legionella (the cause of Legionnaires' disease) will grow in water at temperatures from 68°F - 122°F. At 131°F, Legionella die within 5 to 6 hours. At 140°F, Legionella die within 32 minutes. At 151°F, Legionella die within 2 minutes. 158°F - 176°F is considered the disinfection range for Legionella.

Water temperatures over 122ºF can burn the skin. Most hot water heaters are set somewhere between 120ºF - 130ºF. Therefore, when you wash your hands with soap and hot water, you aren't killing many germs... you're just washing them down the drain.

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Legionella bacteria were first identified as a cause of pneumonia in 1976, following an outbreak of pneumonia among people who had attended an American Legion convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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The minimum temperature setting for a water heater is typically around 120 degrees Fahrenheit to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria like Legionella.

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It depends on the context, a common example is coral reefs being affected by climate change.

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because a agent named legionella was infected with the bacteria

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very carefully.

Legionella pneumophila are Gram-negative aerobic coccobacilii, isolated from surface water, mud, or thermally polluted lakes or streams. It is pathogenic for man and it has no known soil or animal sources. Legionella pneumophila is a main causative agent of Legionnaires' Disease. The species is responsible for more than 98% of the Legionnaires' Disease cases, and about 95% are due to serogroup 1. It has been isolated from numerous environmental sites as well as from human lung tissue, respiratory secretions, and blood.

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This is caused by a bacteria which produces flu-like symptoms but doesn't progress into pneumonia. It isn't transmitted from one person to another but It is acquired through aersolization of water droplets and/or potting soil containing Legionella bacteria.

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Outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease can be prevented by implementing proper maintenance of water systems to prevent the growth of Legionella bacteria, ensuring proper disinfection of water sources, promptly identifying and treating cases of infection, and educating the public on the risk factors and symptoms of the disease. Additionally, regular monitoring and testing of water systems for Legionella bacteria can help identify potential risks early on.

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Legionnaires' disease is treated simply with antibiotics. The sooner therapy is started, the less likely the chance of serious complications or death. Pontiac fever (a major symptom of Legionnaires') goes away on its own without treatment and causes no lingering problems.

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Yura F. Belyi has written:

'Intracellular parasitism of microorganisms' -- subject(s): Bacteria, Cellular signal transduction, Eukaryotic cells, Host-bacteria relationships, Legionella, Listeria, Metabolism, Mycobacterium, Parasitology, Pathogenicity, Signal Transduction

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Macrolides have a broad-spectrum activity against many bacteria, including gram-positive cocci (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus), atypical pathogens (such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila), and some gram-negative bacteria (such as Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis).

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G. W. Brundrett has written:

'Handbook of dehumidification technology' -- subject(s): Drying apparatus

'Window opening in houses: an estimate of the reasons and magnitude ofthe energy wasted'

'Legionella and building services' -- subject(s): Buildings, Health aspects, Health aspects of Buildings, Legionnaires' disease, Sanitary engineering

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Ray Brennan was the first person to die of Legionnaires' disease in October 1976. This disease is a severe form of pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacteria, which can be contracted by breathing in contaminated water vapor.

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Blood and bone fertilizer is considered safe to handle, but it is always a good idea to wear gloves when using it to avoid potential skin irritation. If it comes into contact with the skin, wash the affected area with water immediately. As with all gardening products, it is best to follow the manufacturer's instructions for safe handling.

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A biological agent like anthrax, tularemia, or Legionella pneumophila could be used in a terrorist attack to cause pneumonia-like symptoms. These agents can be dispersed as aerosols, leading to respiratory infections and potentially widespread outbreaks. Early detection, rapid response, and appropriate treatment are crucial in mitigating the impact of such an attack.

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Some common bacteria found in well water include coliforms, E. coli, and Legionella. These bacteria can indicate potential contamination from human or animal waste, and may pose a health risk if consumed. Regular testing and proper treatment can help ensure the safety of well water.

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Definition

Legionnaire's disease is an acute respiratory infection caused by Legionella bacteria.

Alternative Names

Legionella pneumonia; Pontiac fever

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

The bacteria that cause Legionnaire's disease have been found in water delivery systems. They can survive in the warm, moist, air conditioning systems of large buildings, including hospitals.

Most cases are caused by Legionella pneumophila. The rest of the cases are caused by other Legionellaspecies.

Spread of the bacteria from person to person has not been proven.

Most infections occur in middle-aged or older people, although they have been reported in children. Typically, the disease is less severe in children.

Risk factors include:

  • Alcoholism
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Diseases such as kidney failure or diabetes
  • Diseases that weaken the immune system, including cancer
  • Long-term (chronic) lung disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Long-term use of a breathing machine (ventilator)
  • Medicines that suppress the immune system, including chemotherapy and steroid medications
  • Older age
Symptoms

Symptoms tend to get worse during the first 4 - 6 days. They typically improve in another 4 - 5 days.

Symptoms may include:

  • Chest pain
  • Coughing up blood
  • Fever
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
  • General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise)
  • Headache
  • Joint pain
  • Lack of coordination (ataxia)
  • Loss of energy
  • Muscle aches and stiffness
  • Nonproductive cough
  • Shaking chills
  • Shortness of breath
Signs and tests

The health care provider will perform a physical exam, and may hear abnormal sounds called crackles when listening to the chest with a stethoscope.

Tests that may be done include:

Treatment

Antibiotics are used to fight the infection. Treatment is started as soon as Legionnaire's disease is suspected, without waiting for confirmation by lab test.

Antibiotics commonly used to treat this condition include:

  • Quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, or gatifloxacin)
  • Macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin)

Other treatments may include:

  • Fluid and electrolytereplacement
  • Oxygen (given through a mask or breathing machine)
Expectations (prognosis)

Legionnaire's disease can be life-threatening. The death rate is higher in patients with other diseases. The death rate for patients who develop Legionnaire's disease while in the hospital is close to 50%, especially when antibiotics are started late.

Complications
  • Lung failure
  • Death
Calling your health care provider

Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have any type of breathing problem.

Prevention

Treating water delivery systems can prevent the spread of disease.

References

Edelstein PH. Legionella infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 335.

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The main route of entry for Legionella bacteria is through inhalation of contaminated water droplets or aerosols, typically from sources such as air conditioning systems, showers, or hot tubs. Once inhaled, the bacteria can infect the lungs and cause Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia.

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There are two issues related to setting a safe hot water temperature - one is preventing hot water burns, especially in infants and the elderly. The other is limiting the possibility of Legionella (legionaire's disease). Unfortunately, water heater temperatures which quickly kill Legionella are too hot for the skin - they will scald users unless the hot water system contains valves which will mix the very hot water with cooler water before it reaches the bathtub, shower, or sink.

Since the number of scald injuries far exceeds the occurrence of Legionella, the usual recommendation is to set a water heater temperature which delivers water between 120 and 125 degress F (about 50 degrees C) at the tap where it is used.

This is also a safe and effective temperature for cleaning clothes and washing dishes (unless commercial level sanitization is required, but most dishwashers with this function will heat the water internally to the required temperature).

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Legionnaires' Disease is named after an outbreak in 1976 among attendees of an American Legion convention in Philadelphia. The disease is caused by bacteria called Legionella, which was identified as the source of the outbreak.

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Erythromycin is an antibiotic that primarily works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It is effective against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and certain strains of Mycoplasma and Legionella. It is also used to treat some cases of whooping cough, syphilis, and chlamydia.

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Originally, fecal contamination was determined with the presence of coliform bacteria, a convenient marker for a class of harmful fecal pathogens. The presence of fecal coliforms (like E. Coli) serves as an indication of contamination by sewage. Additional contaminants include protozoan oocysts such as Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia lamblia, Legionella, and viruses (enteric). Microbial pathogenic parameters are typically of greatest concern because of their immediate health risk.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water

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At a water treatment plant, various contaminants are removed from water, including suspended solids, bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Additionally, chemicals, minerals, and organic matter may also be removed to ensure that the water meets safety standards for consumption or other uses.

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Definition

Atypical pneumonia refers to pneumonia caused by certain bacteria, including Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae.

This article provides a general overview of atypical pneumonia.

See also:

Alternative Names

Walking pneumonia; Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Atypical pneumonia due to mycoplasma and chlamydophila bacteria usually cause mild forms of pneumonia, unlike other types of the disease that can come on more quickly with more severe early symptoms.

Mycoplasma pneumonia often affects younger people and may be associated with anemia, certain types of rashes, and neurological conditions such as meningitis, myelitis, and encephalitis. For more information on this type of pneumonia, see: Mycoplasma pneumonia

Pneumonia due to chlamydia-related bacteria occurs year round and accounts for 5 - 15% of all pneumonias. It is usually mild with a low death rate.

Atypical pneumonia due to Legionella accounts for 2 - 6% of pneumonias and has a higher death rate. Older adults, smokers, and those with chronic illnesses and weakened immune systems are at higher risk for this type of pneumonia. Breathing in contaminated air (such as that from infected air conditioning systems) has also been linked to pneumonia due to Legionella. For more information on this type of pneumonia, see: Legionnaire's disease

Symptoms
  • Chills
  • Confusion (especially with Legionella pneumonia)
  • Cough
  • Diarrhea (especially with Legionella pneumonia)
  • Fever
  • General ill feeling
  • Headache
  • Loss of appetite
  • Muscle stiffness and aching
  • Rapid breathing
  • Rash (especially with mycoplasma pneumonia)
  • Shortness of breath
Signs and tests

Persons with suspected pneumonia should have a complete medical evaluation, including a thorough physical exam and a chest x-ray -- especially since the physical exam may not always distinguish pneumonia from acute bronchitis or other respiratory infections.

Depending on the severity of illness, additional studies may be done, include:

  • Complete blood count (CBC)
  • Blood cultures
  • Blood tests for antibodies to specific bacteria
  • Bronchoscopy
  • Open lung biopsy (only done in very serious illnesses when the diagnosis cannot be made from other sources)
  • Sputum culture

Urine tests or a throat swab may also be done.

Treatment

Antibiotics are used to treat atypical pneumonia. If you have a mild case, you may be able to take antibiotics by mouth. If you have severe atypical pneumonia, you will likely be admitted to a hospital where you will be given antibiotics through a vein (intravenously), as well as oxygen.

Antibiotics used to treat atypical pneumonia include:

  • Azithromycin
  • Clarithromycin
  • Erythromycin
  • Fluoroquinolones and their derivatives (such as levofloxacin)
  • Tetracyclines (such as doxycycline)
Expectations (prognosis)

Most patients with pneumonia due to mycoplasma or chlamydophila do well with appropriate antibiotic therapy, although there is a small chance that the infection will return if antibiotics are used for fewer than 2 weeks.

While atypical pneumonias are commonly associated with milder forms of pneumonia, pneumonia due to Legionella, in particular, can be quite severe, especially among the elderly and those with chronic diseases and weakened immune systems. It is associated with a higher death rate.

ComplicationsCalling your health care provider

Contact your health care provider if you develop fever, cough, or shortness of breath. There are numerous causes for these symptoms. The doctor will need to rule out pneumonia.

Prevention

There is no known prevention for atypical pneumonia. No vaccine is available at this time for atypical pneumonia.

References

Limper AH. Overview of pneumonia. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2007:chap 97.

Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:S27-S72.

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Generally, a maximum of 10metres of pipe run is OK. Anything over that should be recirculated back to the hot water heater (via pump) for re-heating so that the system forms a loop. Apart from the loss of water as you wait for the hot water to come out of the tap, the longer the pipe run, the lower the temperature of the water in the pipe becomes between uses. This can lead to low hot water temperatures where bacteria such as Legionella can grow in the water.

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Inhaling water vapor from ironing clothes is generally not a significant risk factor for Legionnaires' disease. Legionnaires' disease is most commonly contracted through inhaling mist or water droplets contaminated with the Legionella bacteria, typically from sources like air conditioning systems, hot tubs, or showers. To prevent Legionnaires' disease, it is important to ensure proper maintenance and cleaning of water systems that could harbor the bacteria.

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Pneumonia can be caused by different types of bacteria, so the Gram stain result can vary. Common bacteria causing pneumonia like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are Gram-positive, while others like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are Gram-negative. Gram staining is just one method used in identifying bacteria causing pneumonia, and further tests are often required for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

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Microorganisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis require special culture procedures due to their slow growth rate and unique growth requirements. They often need specific nutrients, longer incubation times, and specialized growth media to isolate and identify them accurately. Additionally, some fastidious organisms like Helicobacter pylori may require microaerophilic conditions or specific pH levels for successful isolation and cultivation.

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Pneumonia can be classified by several types

1. whether community acquired or hospital acquired

2. typical and atypical

Most of the hospital acquired type organisms cause atypical pneumonia.

The microorganisms vary in these categories.

hospital acquired pneumonia caused by:-

Most commonly-

  • P aeruginosa
  • Klebsiella species
  • Escherichia coli
  • Acinetobacter species
  • Staphylococcus aureus, (mrsa)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae

Less-common pathogens-

  • Serratia species
  • Legionella species (Legionella nosocomial pneumonia occurs only in outbreaks or clusters.)
  • Influenza A virus
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • Parainfluenza virus
  • Adenovirus

Extremely rare causes-

  • Enterobacter species
  • Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
  • Burkholderia cepacia
  • Candida species
  • Oropharyngeal anaerobes (non- Bacteroides fragilis)

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A destratification pump is a device used to circulate water within a hot water storage cylinder to prevent temperature layering or stratification. By mixing the water within the cylinder, the pump helps maintain a consistent temperature throughout, improving energy efficiency and hot water availability.

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Mostly through coughs and sneezes. The flu and the common cold are two examples of infectious diseases that are transmitted on respiratory droplets usually through coughs and sneezes. A person who coughs or sneezes has respiratory droplets ejected that can contain the viruses that cause the cold and flu. Stay a distance of a 6 foot diameter if possible from anyone with cold or flu symptoms. That is about how far the droplets can shoot from a sneeze, but they are heavier than air, so they drop to the floor within that typical 6 foot circle and they are not actually airborne in the medical sense of the word.

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If you had first taken Amoxicillin then you can add Azithromycin for more specific action towards a bacteria or if needed action towards some Atypical Bacteria. But not recommended to take initially both Antibiotics together.

Amoxicillin is a Broad spectrum Antibiotic while Azithromycin too. Amoxicillin deals G+ve Bacteria like Streptococcus Group A, Strep.Group C, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus diptheria, clostridium perfringens and spirochetes, G-ves like Neisseria species.


while Azithromycin deals with Atypical pneumonia caused by Legionella, Mycoplasma and chlamydial species along with strep.Group A and Group C, diptheria and Bordetulla species.


Amoxicillin efficient for treating G+ve Streps and Azithromycin efficient for treating Atypical pneumonia causing species.



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No, pneumonia itself is not contagious, but the infection that caused it could be. For example, if you had a respiratory infection that was caused by a contagious bug, and then the infection led to pneumonia, someone else could have caught the bug from you. It doesn't, however, mean they will develop pneumonia.

Pneumonia basically means a fluid accumulation in the lungs - this can be caused by all sorts of viruses, bacteria, or fungi which may be community acquired e.g. "legionella" and "staph aureus" or hospital acquired e.g. "gram-negative bacteria." - it also can be caused if you simply inhale water or any other liquid (this type of pneumonia, as well as its cause, is obviously not contagious).

So, even though pneumonia itself is not contagious, the causes that lead to it can be. Sneeze into a hanky and wash your hands frequently to avoid spreading the germs. Frequent hand washing is the most effective way to avoid catching the germs which do cause respiratory infections.

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  1. Numerous genera that inhabit soil can form resting stages that enable survival in dry periods 2) Endospores, cysts, fruiting bodies, and mycelium are examples of resting stage structures 2.1) Bacillus and Clostridium species produce endospores 2.2) Azobactor species produce cysts 2.3) Myxobacteria species form fruiting bodies 2.4) Streptomyces species form mycelium 3) Endospores tend to be more resistant to environmental insult than cysts or fruiting bodies 4) Organisms produce numerous mechanisms for nutrient acquisition and retention 4.1) Clustering within a sheath -> Bacteria form chains encased in tubes which enables them to find favorable habitat -> Includes genera Sphaerotilus and Leptothrix 4.2) Derive nutrient from other organisms 4.2.1) Bdellovibrio prey on other organisms 4.2.2) Bioluminescent bacteria establish relationships with other animals for food and protection 4.2.3) Legionella live inside protected confines of protozoa

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