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The ambassadors of the Vatican to other countries are usually called nuncios.
The six highest ranks of diplomatic representatives of the Vatican are:
legatus a latere
nuncio with full powers of a legatus a latere
legate
nuncio of the first class
nuncio of the second class
internuncio
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A papal legate is the personal representative of the Pope who carries his authority. There are three kinds of papal legates: Legates a latere, nuncios (A diplomatic agent of the pope with rank equal to that of an ambassador), and legati nati. A legates a latere is a legate for an important mission of the Holy See, which is temporary. Legatus Natus were holders of certain offices that carried the same legal status as a papal nuncio. (not be confused with an apostolic prefect or apostolic vicar, who is sent with special sacramental faculties to administrate and serve an evangelical mission) Before the protestant revolt, the Archbishop of Canterbury was a legatus natus.
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"Legatus" is a Latin word that means "envoy" or "ambassador." In ancient Rome, a legatus was a high-ranking military officer appointed by the emperor to command a legion or lead a diplomatic mission.
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The leader of a Roman legion was called a "legatus".
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Oh, dude, derivatives of legatus would include legati (plural), legato (singular), and legation (the act of being a legate). It's like the legatus family tree, but with fancy Latin names. So, next time you're at a toga party, you can impress everyone with your knowledge of legatus derivatives.
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The leader of a Roman legion was called a "legatus".
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A legatus or legate was a General in the Roman army.
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The leader of the largest unit of the Roman Army was the legatus
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The legatus legionis (legion commander) would order a legion to create a wedge formation. The centurions were responsible for its operation.
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Unit of what? Measurement? Distance? Capacity? The army? Please be specific.
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The military formation of the Romans was the legions, which were subdivided into cohorts and centuries. They used swords and javelin and had helmets and shields. They were commanded by the legatus, the head of the legion, the military tribunes and the centurions.
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Enteric refers to the intestines. The stomach lining is sensitive to certain medicinal compounds. In order to get the medicine through the stomach and into another area, the enteric coating is added to prevent absorption through the stomach lining, and allow absorption to occur latere, in the small intestine.
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In the military of Imperial Rome, the largest groupings of soldiers were legions (~5000).
Imperator is a title given to the Emperor. This means military commander. He would be the ultimate authority on military affairs in the Imperial Roman military.
The modern rank of General was assigned to a Senator, and this rank was called legatus legionis (legion commander). This would be subject only to the Dux/Imperator. This is the rank that would command the legion.
Praefectus castrorum was the chief executive officer (under the legatus legionis). This officer was responsible for keeping equipment in order, the legion organized and lodged, and the training of the legion.
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The term was introduced around 1762 by Joseph Black. It is derived from the Latin latere (to lie hidden). Black used the term in the context of calorimetry when referring to the heat transferred that caused a change of volume while the thermodynamic system was held at constant temperature.
In contrast to latent heat, an energy is called a sensible energy or heat, when it causes processes that do result in a change of the temperature of the system.
-Wikipedia
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The members of the Roman army had to all be freeborn men. A Miles Gregarius was a common soldier. A Signifer was the standard bearer for a legion, or cohort. Aquilifer was the eagle bearer of the legion. Tessararius was a sergant. Optio was the second in command of a century and of a cavalry squadron. A Decurion was a cavalry commander. Centurion was an officer commanding a century and a cohort. There were several grades of centurion. Praefectus Castorium was the camp praefect, the third in command of the legion. Tribune Laticlavius was the second in command of the legion. Legatus Legionis, was the Legate of the legion, the legion'scommander.
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The Roman military ranking was different from the present day military ranking. Now, every legion had it "dux" or "legatus" who was the supreme commander of that legion. However, if a major campaign were to be launched, and several legions were needed, one man was put in charge of them all. He would be responsible for the planning, battle strategy and the victory. Men such as Caesar, Sulla, and Pompey kept their legions and their command as when anyone was put in charge of several legions, the soldier swore an oath to them. Augustus changed all this by being his own supreme general and having the troops swear allegiance to him. And, since he was no great military man, he gave the command to his friend and military genius, Agrippa.
The Roman military ranking was different from the present day military ranking. Now, every legion had it "dux" or "legatus" who was the supreme commander of that legion. However, if a major campaign were to be launched, and several legions were needed, one man was put in charge of them all. He would be responsible for the planning, battle strategy and the victory. Men such as Caesar, Sulla, and Pompey kept their legions and their command as when anyone was put in charge of several legions, the soldier swore an oath to them. Augustus changed all this by being his own supreme general and having the troops swear allegiance to him. And, since he was no great military man, he gave the command to his friend and military genius, Agrippa.
The Roman military ranking was different from the present day military ranking. Now, every legion had it "dux" or "legatus" who was the supreme commander of that legion. However, if a major campaign were to be launched, and several legions were needed, one man was put in charge of them all. He would be responsible for the planning, battle strategy and the victory. Men such as Caesar, Sulla, and Pompey kept their legions and their command as when anyone was put in charge of several legions, the soldier swore an oath to them. Augustus changed all this by being his own supreme general and having the troops swear allegiance to him. And, since he was no great military man, he gave the command to his friend and military genius, Agrippa.
The Roman military ranking was different from the present day military ranking. Now, every legion had it "dux" or "legatus" who was the supreme commander of that legion. However, if a major campaign were to be launched, and several legions were needed, one man was put in charge of them all. He would be responsible for the planning, battle strategy and the victory. Men such as Caesar, Sulla, and Pompey kept their legions and their command as when anyone was put in charge of several legions, the soldier swore an oath to them. Augustus changed all this by being his own supreme general and having the troops swear allegiance to him. And, since he was no great military man, he gave the command to his friend and military genius, Agrippa.
The Roman military ranking was different from the present day military ranking. Now, every legion had it "dux" or "legatus" who was the supreme commander of that legion. However, if a major campaign were to be launched, and several legions were needed, one man was put in charge of them all. He would be responsible for the planning, battle strategy and the victory. Men such as Caesar, Sulla, and Pompey kept their legions and their command as when anyone was put in charge of several legions, the soldier swore an oath to them. Augustus changed all this by being his own supreme general and having the troops swear allegiance to him. And, since he was no great military man, he gave the command to his friend and military genius, Agrippa.
The Roman military ranking was different from the present day military ranking. Now, every legion had it "dux" or "legatus" who was the supreme commander of that legion. However, if a major campaign were to be launched, and several legions were needed, one man was put in charge of them all. He would be responsible for the planning, battle strategy and the victory. Men such as Caesar, Sulla, and Pompey kept their legions and their command as when anyone was put in charge of several legions, the soldier swore an oath to them. Augustus changed all this by being his own supreme general and having the troops swear allegiance to him. And, since he was no great military man, he gave the command to his friend and military genius, Agrippa.
The Roman military ranking was different from the present day military ranking. Now, every legion had it "dux" or "legatus" who was the supreme commander of that legion. However, if a major campaign were to be launched, and several legions were needed, one man was put in charge of them all. He would be responsible for the planning, battle strategy and the victory. Men such as Caesar, Sulla, and Pompey kept their legions and their command as when anyone was put in charge of several legions, the soldier swore an oath to them. Augustus changed all this by being his own supreme general and having the troops swear allegiance to him. And, since he was no great military man, he gave the command to his friend and military genius, Agrippa.
The Roman military ranking was different from the present day military ranking. Now, every legion had it "dux" or "legatus" who was the supreme commander of that legion. However, if a major campaign were to be launched, and several legions were needed, one man was put in charge of them all. He would be responsible for the planning, battle strategy and the victory. Men such as Caesar, Sulla, and Pompey kept their legions and their command as when anyone was put in charge of several legions, the soldier swore an oath to them. Augustus changed all this by being his own supreme general and having the troops swear allegiance to him. And, since he was no great military man, he gave the command to his friend and military genius, Agrippa.
The Roman military ranking was different from the present day military ranking. Now, every legion had it "dux" or "legatus" who was the supreme commander of that legion. However, if a major campaign were to be launched, and several legions were needed, one man was put in charge of them all. He would be responsible for the planning, battle strategy and the victory. Men such as Caesar, Sulla, and Pompey kept their legions and their command as when anyone was put in charge of several legions, the soldier swore an oath to them. Augustus changed all this by being his own supreme general and having the troops swear allegiance to him. And, since he was no great military man, he gave the command to his friend and military genius, Agrippa.
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During the period of the Roman Republic the Roman legions were commanded by the consuls or the praetors. During the period of rule by emperors, the legatus augusti propraetore (imperial legate) commanded two or more legions and the legatus legionis (legion legate) commanded a single legion.
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The cast of Vajont - La diga del disonore - 2001 includes: Roberto Andreucci as Avvocato Merlin Daniel Auteuil as Alberico Biadene Marie Beltrami as Lucia Bruno Bilotta as Remo Sandro Buzzatti as Caporedattore Anita Caprioli as Ancilla Giuseppe Casagrande as Filippin Gianluca Casanova as Egisto Mauro Corona as Pietro Corona Maria Cristina Mastrangeli as Elena Davide Dal Fiume as Battistini Valentino De Mio as Toni Nicola Di Pinto as Francesco Penta Antonio Fabbri as Prof. Ghetti Bortolo Filippin as Olmo Montaner vecchio Italo Filippin as Virgilio Emiliana Franzone as Sra. Semenza Pietro Ghislandi as Sensidoni Claudio Giombi as Celeste Fabio Grossi as Frosini Leo Gullotta as Mario Pancini Philippe Leroy as Giorgio dal Piaz Valerio Manfredi as Presidente della Corte Pietro Martinelli as Ermete Eleonora Martinelli as Giannina Federica Martinelli as Margherita Paolo Maurensig as Giudice a latere Laura Morante as Tina Merlin Maurizio Norcel as Greco Paco Reconti as Bertolissi Massimo Sarchielli as Don Carlo Michel Serrault as Carlo Semenza Toni Sirena as Giudice a latere Maurizio Trombini as Ing. Desidera Massimo Vanni as Roncacci Luca Zanfron as Bepi Zanfron
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Procurator was the title of various officials.
A fiscal procurator (procurator Augusti) was the chief financial officer of a province during the Principate (30 BC - 284 AD).
A procurator Augusti, could also be the governor of the smaller imperial provinces (provinces whose governor was appointed by the emperor as opposed to the senatorial provinces whose governor was appointed by the senate). In the larger imperial provinces the governor was the imperial legate.
The title procurator Augusti was also given to the fiscal procurators, who assisted governors of the senatorial provinces (the legatus Augusti pro praetore).
Procurator was the of various other officials in Rome and Italy.
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To build a diagram showing the Roman army's structure, start with the highest level, which is the Emperor and his council. Below that, depict the various legions, each led by a legatus and consisting of cohorts. Each cohort is commanded by a tribune and divided into centuriae. Finally, represent the soldiers within each centuria, with a centurion leading a group of 80 soldiers called a manipulus.
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Centurion of the Roman Army was a rank of the Roman Army officials. Centurions were in command of about 80 men, contrary to the popular belief that it was 100. Centurions were Roman soldiers that showed enough skills in combat, discipline, and leadership that they were promoted to Centurion.
The highest rank of Centurion was the Primus pilus, he was the leader of the first cohort. Cohorts usually contained around 6 centuries, but the first cohort in a legion had double the amount of soldiers in each century. So, in reality, a Primus pilus was in direct command of roughly 960 men, but being the supreme centurion of the whole legion, he had command over an actual number of about 5,000 men, and was second in line to the Legatus-the commander of a legion.
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The cast of Processo per direttissima - 1974 includes: Mario Adorf as Procuratore Benedikter Franco Angrisano as Prof. Mario Ricciarini Luigi Antonio Guerra Omero Antonutti as Comm. Messina Zouzou as Laura, sorella di Stefano Luciano Bartoli Bruno Bertocci as Judge a latere Bernard Blier as Il giudice Guido Cerniglia Costanzo Di Malta Sandro Dori as Prison Guard Iolanda Fortini as Laundry Owner Fabrizio Jovine Adolfo Lastretti as Martini Giuseppe Marrocco as Lawyer Salvatore Martino Stefano Oppedisano as Dalle Mole Eros Pagni as Commissario Antonelli Filippo Perego as Lawyer Michele Placido as Stefano Baldini Mimmo Rizzo Sergio Serafini as Friend of Stefano Sergio Tinozzi Massimo Todini Luciano Zanussi as Lawyer
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The cast of Il figlio di Bakunin - 1997 includes: Francesca Antonelli as Angelina Paolo Bonacelli as Giudice Massimo Bonetti as Giacomo Serra Claudio Botosso as Ulisse Renato Carpentieri as Antoni Saba Simona Cavallari as Carla Laura del Sol as Donna Margherita Nicola Di Pinto as Napoletano Claudia Fiorentini as Maria Paolo Goddi as Little Boy Sergio Lai as Giudice a latere Massimo Loriga as Agostino giovane Marcello Mameli as Efisio giovane Luigi Maria Burruano as Corbo Paolo Maria Scalondro as De Gagistris Angela Mattana as Bannedda Lidia Piccioni as Sarta Pietrina Rivano as Pharmacist Alberto Sanna as Cesarino Fausto Siddi as Tullio Saba Nicola Susino as Lele Carla Trincas as Fiammetta
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Provided that conquered peoples did not rebel, the Romans were tolerant. They respected their religion, customs and culture.
The conquered lands were called provinces. The provinces with at least one legion were governed by Legatus Praetore Augusti (praetorian imperial legate) who also controlled the legion. In provinces with more of one legion, each legion was commanded by its own preaetorian legate and the province was governed by a consular legate who had overall military command. The governor was responsible for taxation and the treasury. He supervised tax collection, minted coins and sought loans. He was also the chief accountant and inspected the books of the cities. He supervised important building projects. He was also a chief of justice. He had sole right to issue death penalties. His advisors and staff were called comites (companions).
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Provided that conquered peoples did not rebel, the Romans were tolerant. They respected their religion, customs and culture.
The conquered lands were called provinces. The provinces with at least one legion were governed by Legatus Praetore Augusti (praetorian imperial legate) who also controlled the legion. In provinces with more of one legion, each legion was commanded by its own preaetorian legate and the province was governed by a consular legate who had overall military command. The governor was responsible for taxation and the treasury. He supervised tax collection, minted coins and sought loans. He was also the chief accountant and inspected the books of the cities. He supervised important building projects. He was also a chief of justice. He had sole right to issue death penalties. His advisors and staff were called comites (companions).
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During the Roman Republic the provincial governors were consuls or praetors who were given a one-year term as governor when their one-year terms as consuls or praetors ended by the senate. They were called proconsuls and propraetors respectively.
With the creation of rule by emperors Augustus reached a settlement with the senate whereby the senate retained control over the administration of the older provinces of the empire (senatorial provinces) while the emperor controlled the frontier provinces (which had the bulk of the legions stationed in the provinces) by holding proconsular authority over these provinces (imperial provinces). In these provinces the governor was an appointee of the emperor and was called legatus (legate). For the senatorial provinces the governors were to be selected by lot from among the senators and then formally elected by a public vote by the senate
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The prefecture was neither a political office nor a single office. This was the title of a number of junior administrative or military officials.
The two most important prefects ware the praefectus urbi, or praefectus urbanus, who was in charge of the administration of the city of Rome. There were prefects who acted as junior governor in the Roman provinces (conquered territories). The provinces were usually administered by the legate (legatus). Smaller provinces, instead, were headed by a prefect, who was a lower ranking official. In the case of Judea, a prefect governed on behalf of the governor of Syria as a satellite of Syria. In the large provinces, the perfects were military men who governed sub-units of the province. Egypt was a special status province and was headed by a prefect of the emperor (Praefectus Augustalis).
There were several types of military prefects who were subordinate commanders of: the cavalry (praefectus equitatus and praefectus equitum), a cavalry unit (praefectus alae), a legion (- legionis), acting legionary commander (- legionis agens vice legatus), a cohort (- cohortis), a military camp (- castrorum), a fleet (classis), a sector of sea coast (- orae maritimae), angineers and artisans (- fabrum)
The civil praetors were the commander of the force policemen and firemen (praefectus vigilum), the guardian of the treasury (- aerarii), the head of the military treasury (- aerarii militaris), and the supervisor of the grain supply to the city of Rome (- annonae).
Some modern countries have officials called prefects.
In France the prefects used to be the representatives of the central government and the chief administrators in the departements (counties). Since devolution in the 1980s their role is longer administrative and they have taken on the role of financial oversight of the local authorities and of monitoring their good governance.
In Italy the prefect of the representative of the central government in the provinces who enforces laws when [public safety is threatened and coordinates the work of the police in the province. In Romania he is the representative in the counties who provides a link for the implementation of local level programmes. In Brazil he is the elected head of the executive branch of a town council.
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During the Republic the provincial governors where selected by the senate either by lot or through a senatum consultum (senatorial advice). The governors of a border province which needed a permanent military garrison were called proconsuls. They called proconsuls. They were former consuls and had the power to command the legions stationed in his province. The governor of the other provinces was called propraetor.
When Augustus, the first Roman emperor, created rule by emperors he reached a settlement whereby the senate retained responsibility for the older provinces of the empire and he assumed control over the newer border provinces. Since most of the legions were stationed in the border provinces, this gave Augustus control of most of the army. The two types of provinces were called senatorial and imperial provinces. The emperor appointed the governors of the latter provinces. He was called legatus (legate).
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The supreme commander of the legions within a province of the empire was the legatus Augusti pro praetore ("envoy of the emperor - acting praetor") who was the governor who administered the province on behalf of the emperor and was also responsible for the military units and could command and lead them.
Military officers were:
Dux, commander of two or more legions
Legatus legionis, commander of the legion
Tribunus Militum lacticlavius, the second in command of the legion, there were six of them per legion
Praefectus castrorum, the third in command of the legion, responsible for supplies, maintenance of the camp looking after equipment and building works, training the soldiers and organising the legion.
Tribuni augusticlavii, lower ranking tribunes who often served as administrative officers, there were five of them per legion
Primus Pilus, the commander of the first century of the first cohort of the legion,
Pilus Prior, the commander of the first century of each cohort;
Primi ordines, the centurions of the other five centuries of the first cohort
Centurion, the commander of all other centuries
Optio, second in command of the century
Tesserarius: (Guard commander) third in command of the century, administrative assistant of the HQ.
Decaunus, the commander of the contubernium, a platoon of eight men who shared a tent.
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Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used to treat conditions such as acid reflux, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and peptic ulcers by reducing the production of stomach acid. They are effective at providing relief from symptoms like heartburn, chest pain, and indigestion. PPIs are also used to prevent complications such as esophagitis and gastritis.
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Bruno Bertocci has: Played Uomo in redazione in "Troppo per vivere... poco per morire" in 1967. Played Prison Guard in "Sette volte sette" in 1968. Played Uomo al Ministero in "I 2 deputati" in 1968. Played Poliziotto in borghese a scuola in "I ragazzi del massacro" in 1969. Played Stenografo del tribunale in "Sacco e Vanzetti" in 1971. Played Uomo alla premiazione durante il cinegiornale in "In nome del popolo italiano" in 1971. Performed in "Il terrore con gli occhi storti" in 1972. Played Hans, Spring Director in "La dama rossa uccide sette volte" in 1972. Played Infermiere in "Il boss" in 1973. Played Giacomo in "Bisturi, la mafia bianca" in 1973. Played Un funzionario in "Il testimone deve tacere" in 1974. Played Judge a latere in "Processo per direttissima" in 1974. Played Brigadiere P.S. in "La linea del fiume" in 1976. Played Guardia in tribunale in "Febbre da cavallo" in 1976. Played Impiegato in "Il secondo tragico Fantozzi" in 1976. Played Marito in "Inhibition" in 1976. Played Uomo in banca durante la rapina in "Bordella" in 1976.
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The Roman battle order normally consisted of three lines of cohorts. The first rank, consisting of four cohorts was called the hastatus, the second the, princeps, and the third the pilus. The lines had spaces and gaps between them for maneuverability. This is just a general view of the battle order, as the battle conditions determined the lineup to a great extent.
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Aldo Rendine has: Played Il portinaio in "Luisa Sanfelice" in 1963. Played William Marshall in "Le piccole volpi" in 1965. Played Savelic in "La figlia del capitano" in 1965. Played Jackson in "A... come assassino" in 1966. Performed in "Agente Sigma 3 - Missione Goldwather" in 1967. Played Ruega in "La donna di quadri" in 1968. Played Avvocato Steiner in "La donna di cuori" in 1969. Played Nicola Panunzio in "Indagine su un cittadino al di sopra di ogni sospetto" in 1970. Played a Carabineer in "La polizia ringrazia" in 1972. Played School Caretaker in "Piedone lo sbirro" in 1973. Played Barone de Martens in "Il caso Lafarge" in 1973. Performed in "Sogni proibiti di Don Galeazzo curato di campagna" in 1973. Performed in "Mordi e fuggi" in 1973. Played Banderi in "Derrick" in 1974. Played Il giudice a latere in "Sotto il placido Don" in 1974. Played Romita in "Anno uno" in 1974. Performed in "Il lumacone" in 1974. Performed in "Gli esecutori" in 1976. Played Brigadiere in "Il figlio di due madri" in 1976. Played The Fat Passenger in the Stagecoach in "Mannaja" in 1977. Played Restaurant Owner in "Mr. Billion" in 1977. Played Un dottore in "Racconti di fantascienza" in 1978. Played Urbino Alfonsi in "Le guignolo" in 1980.
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from A Catholic Dictionary, edited by Donald Attwater, Second edition, revised 1957
Anglican AnswerIn addition to the above, one of the more revered saints to have been an Archbishop of Canterbury was Thomas Beckett who was martyred on the altar steps of one of the chapels in the great cathedral, on the orders of the king. Canterbury became a shrine to this saint and the cathedral is still visited by hundreds of thousands of pilgrims and tourists each year.In addition, the pastoral head of the Anglican Church worldwide known as the 'first among equals' is always the Archbishop of Canterbury. Currently the Archbishop is the Rt Rev Dr Rowan Williams, who made history by meeting with His Holiness the Pope during his state visit to the UK in 2010, where they prayed together at the shrine of St Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey. This was a moving occasion for both British Anglicans and British Roman Catholics, as two major leaders of the Christian Church felt close enough in Christian love to worship together in this way.
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A centurion was an officer in the Roman army. There were eleven grades of centurion with the lowest grade being the man in charge of a century of 80 men, (yes, 80 men) and the highest grade being the camp praefect. In modern day usage, the term "centurion" is sometimes used to refer to a police officer.
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The Roman Military officers were:
The Dux was the commander of two or more legions
The Legatus legionis was the commander of the legion
The Tribunus Militum lacticlavius was the second in command of the legion, there were six of them per legion
The Praefectus castrorum was the third in command of the legion, responsible for supplies, maintenance of the camp looking after equipment and building works, training the soldiers and organising the legion.
The Tribuni angusticlavii were lower ranking tribunes who often served as administrative officers, there were five of them per legion
The Primus Pilus was the commander of the first century of the first cohort of the legion,
The Pilus Prior was the commander of the first century of each cohort;
The Primi ordines were the centurions of the other five centuries of the first cohort
The Centurion was the commander of all other centuries
The Optio was the second in command of the century
The Tesserarius (Guard commander) was third in command of the century, administrative assistant of the HQ.
The Decanus wasthe commander of the contubernium, a platoon of eight men who shared a tent.
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Thomas Wolsey was an English statesman and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. The highest political position he attained was Lord Chancellor, the King's chief adviser, enjoying great freedom and often depicted as an alter rex (other king). His main legacy is from his interest in architecture.
newtest3
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He was perhaps best known as the peacemaker of Europe and in 1518 he orchestrated the Treaty of London. As a Cardinal and legate a latere Wolsey probably viewed himself as the Pope's emissary to Henry VIII's Court and it was generally agreed within the Roman Catholic Church that those wishing to promote Christianity ought also to advocate peace. Twenty different nations signed including the dominant European powers of the era, which were Spain and France (these two being rivals and the monarch of England typically seeking to play off one against the other to their own advantage). Wolsey served as a tempering influence over Henry VIII, who was apt to seek glory in the field and admired the reputation of his ancestor Henry V.
Cardinal Wolsey also made most of the arrangements for the 1520 Field of the Cloth of Gold, a diplomatic meeting that took place between Henry VIII and Francis I. Wolsey was adept at keeping both the French and Spanish guessing as to which his sovereign would choose to form an alliance with: whilst both were hopeful, both were anxious to maintain friendly relations with England, which, given that England was only a very small island apt to be prey to the ambitions of foreign Princes ruling over far larger and wealthier kingdoms, was vital. Cardinal Wolsey was a seasoned politician, and in dissuading the King from pursuing pro-aggression policies and instead persuading him of the potential glory that could be had through appearing to be Europe's peacemaker, he achieved what few others were able to.
It has been stated above that Cardinal Wolsey took a keen inerest in architecture: his most notable legacy being Hampton Court Palace and Christ Church College, Oxford (then known as Cardinal College). In 1528 Wolsey gave the Palace to King Henry as a gift, possibly to serve as a peace offering. Hampton Court rivalled the Court of the state in its splendour to the extent that it was said, 'why come ye not to Court? To the King's Court or to Hampton Court?' Cardinal College was not completed during Wolsey's lifetime but toward the end of Henry VIII's reign when the King evinced an interest in completing his former minister's project.
Cardinal Wolsey is also famous for his fall from grace, this being memorably depicted in William Shakespeare's play 'Henry VIII.' This occurred in 1529, and in spite of claims to the contrary was probably largely attributable to his failure to prevail against Queen Catherine of Aragorn's defendant Cardinal Campeggio in procuring the King a divorce from his first wife. The King was somewhat in thrall to Anne Boleyn and her faction, who had no reason to love Wolsey, and it was owing to them that the King's former favourite and chief minister lost his favour and his ear. Cardinal Wolsey was arrested on a trumped-up charge of praemunire (placing allegiance to the Papacy above allegiance to the State) and taken to London, where he would probably face a sentence to be executed - but perhaps fortunately for him he died on the journey. Hope this helps,
Kate x
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The "vigilis" were the police in ancient Rome. Although their main job was firefighting, they had the authority to make arrests. Each ward had its force of these police/firemen generally headed by an ex-military officer trying to climb the ladder of civil service.
The "vigilis" were the police in ancient Rome. Although their main job was firefighting, they had the authority to make arrests. Each ward had its force of these police/firemen generally headed by an ex-military officer trying to climb the ladder of civil service.
The "vigilis" were the police in ancient Rome. Although their main job was firefighting, they had the authority to make arrests. Each ward had its force of these police/firemen generally headed by an ex-military officer trying to climb the ladder of civil service.
The "vigilis" were the police in ancient Rome. Although their main job was firefighting, they had the authority to make arrests. Each ward had its force of these police/firemen generally headed by an ex-military officer trying to climb the ladder of civil service.
The "vigilis" were the police in ancient Rome. Although their main job was firefighting, they had the authority to make arrests. Each ward had its force of these police/firemen generally headed by an ex-military officer trying to climb the ladder of civil service.
The "vigilis" were the police in ancient Rome. Although their main job was firefighting, they had the authority to make arrests. Each ward had its force of these police/firemen generally headed by an ex-military officer trying to climb the ladder of civil service.
The "vigilis" were the police in ancient Rome. Although their main job was firefighting, they had the authority to make arrests. Each ward had its force of these police/firemen generally headed by an ex-military officer trying to climb the ladder of civil service.
The "vigilis" were the police in ancient Rome. Although their main job was firefighting, they had the authority to make arrests. Each ward had its force of these police/firemen generally headed by an ex-military officer trying to climb the ladder of civil service.
The "vigilis" were the police in ancient Rome. Although their main job was firefighting, they had the authority to make arrests. Each ward had its force of these police/firemen generally headed by an ex-military officer trying to climb the ladder of civil service.
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In 27 BC there was the reforms reached in the First Settlement with the senate. Most of the provinces became imperial provinces where the emperor had the right to appoint the governor (legatus Augusti). These were border provinces where most of the Roman legions were stationed. The senate retained control of the 11 oldest provinces and Italy and Cyrenaica (eastern Libya) et Creta. The name was provincia populi Romani (province of the Roman people) but historians used the term senatorial provinces. The senate appointed the governor (proconsul).
In 23 BC there were the reforms of the Second Settlementwith the senate. Augustus gave up his post as consul (the two annually elected heads of the Roman Republic) which he had held continuously since 29 BC. Technically, he was no longer in an official position to rule the state. He remained in charge of the imperial provinces as their proconsul, but he could no longer intervene in the senatorial provinces. Therefore, he had the senate grant him imperium proconsulare maius, (power over all the proconsuls) which gave him control over the proconsuls of the senatorial provinces. Augustus also assumed the power of a tribune for life, (tribunicia potestas) though not the official title of tribune and this made to include the powers normally assigned to the censor. With this tribunician authority he could convene the senate, set its agenda, speak first at its meetings and preside over elections. He could also veto the senate and the assembly. With the censorial powers he could hold a census, enrol and expel senators, supervise public morality and scrutinize laws to ensure they were in the public interest. Therefore, although Augustus' gave up his role as consul, he effectively remained in charge of the state.
The proconsular power given to the emperor was extra-constitutional and gave him authority over the legions of the governors of the senatorial provinces as well as those of the imperial authority. Therefore, the emperor attained the same level of military authority which was previously held by the consuls, but, as this as an extra-constitutional arrangement, he was not subjected to the constitutional restrictions as he would otherwise been subjected to. The tribunician powers also gave him the same sacrosanctity (inviolability) as a plebeian tribune. This meant that it became a capital offense to harm or to obstruct him. It gave him control institutions of the state. The emperor became the de facto ruler without being a consul. The office of consul suffered a great loss of power and prestige.
Augustus reformed the army. The legions became recruited fully form volunteers. Previously there was a mixture of conscripts and volunteers. He lengthened the career from 16 to XX years. He doubled the size of the first cohort. Augustus also reintroduced the auxiliary troops which supported the legions, which were now recruited form the provinces instead of from the Italians. These troops doubled the size of the Roman forces.
Augustus reformed the coin system. It introduced the gold coins, the aureus and the quinarius aureus, which was worth ½ aureus. He introduced a new silver coin, the quinarius Argenteus, which was worth ½ a denarius (also a silver coin). He scrapped some smaller coins, the triens, the quadrans and the quincunx (they were all bronze coins).
Augustus reformed the tax system. He completed Caesar's abolition of tax faming. This term referred to the depredation of tax payers by private tax collectors who lined their pockets. They also had become powerful enough to influence the vote for politicians through corruption. Augustus established paid officials as tax collectors. He brought a greater proportion of the provinces under Roman taxation and created a more consistent, efficient and fairer system, which greatly increased Rome's revenue and improved her relationship with the provinces, which paid fixed quotas of direct taxes. Rome and Italy paid indirect taxes: 1% on sold goods, 4% on slaves and 5% on large estates inherited by someone who was not a next of kin.
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The cast of Sotto il placido Don - 1974 includes: Tonino Accolla as Mombelli Giampiero Albertini as Piotr Alexseiev Fiore Altoviti as Piotr Alberto Amato as Il soldato moribondo Soko as Tzezar Giovanni Attanasio as Un contadino Carlo Bagno as Il burocrate Aldo Barberito as La guardia Toni Barpi as Herzen Marisa Belli as Evgenija Ginzburg Warner Bentivegna as Lo zio Siria Betti as Anna Sergeevna Giancarlo Bianco as Il milite Paola Borboni as Mammetta Giulio Bosetti as Radiscev Aldo Bufi Landi as Garibaldi Alberto Bugli as Il contadino anziano Fernando Cajati as Il pubblico accusatore Franco Camera as Un contadino Gianfilippo Carcano as Il capo della polizia Mario Carotenuto as Il borgomastro Antonio Casagrande as Il giudice in borghese Bruno Cattaneo as Akim Lucia Catullo as La moglie di Tolstoj Alfredo Censi as Scesckovskij Umberto Ceriani as Puskin Roberto Chevalier as Boris Vito Cipolla as Oleg Lino Coletta as Il pope Enzo Consoli as Lo studente Dino Conturso as Il sottufficiale Attilio Corsini as Il battista Pino Cuomo as Un contadino Ferruccio De Ceresa as Se stesso Patrizia De Clara as Julia Massimo De Francovich as Il personaggio della novella Dario De Grassi as Il fratello dello zar Edda Di Benedetto as Lara Franco di Francescantonio as Kedril Nicola Di Pinto as Il pope Attilio Dottesio as Ivan Mario Erpichini as Daniel Giancarlo Fantini as Il padre Annalisa Fierro as Ljuba Edoardo Florio as Il tenente Gabrio Gabriani as Il tenente cekista Corrado Gaipa as Il maestro Renato Garroni as Tojon Adolfo Geri as Sciuliubin Laura Gianoli as Vera Salvatore Gioncardi as Serajev Andrea Giordana as Kirill Renzo Giovampietro as Siniavskj Maria Giovanna Rosati as La cassiera Raoul Grassilli as Tolstoj Lucilla Gregoretti as Lena Manlio Guardabassi as Il gerente Marco Guglielmi as Il pope Alessandro Haber as Il soldato russo Carlo Hinterman as Manilov Nino Imparato as Fiodor Antonio Iullano as Il contabile Antonio La Raina as Il medico militare Nais Lago as La donna serena Adolfo Lastretti as Ivan Denissovie Gabriele Lavia as Se stesso Pier Luigi Zollo as Cekunov Valentino Macchi as Il soldato Rosalia Maggio as La madre Giuseppe Mancini as Il tartaro Elio Marconato as Volodja Marzio Margine as Il giovane recluta Davide Maria Avecone as Vevers Enrico Maria Salerno as Se stesso Bruno Marinelli as Arkadij Gino Maringola as Il capitano Andrea Matteuzzi as Pope del villaggio Anna Menichetti as La principessa Antonio Meschini as Vorontsov Mimmo Messina as Un contadino Vittorio Mezzogiorno as Vadim Adriano Micantoni as Il personaggio duro Iolanda Modio as Natalja Goncarova Massimo Mollica as Zuravliov Luigi Montini as Il pubblico ministero Leda Negroni as Se stessa Enrico Osterman as Zukov Ugo Pagliai as Juri Zivago Giovanni Pallavicino as Jakov Giuseppe Pambieri as Chiestakov Corrado Pani as Se stesso Dario Penne as Cernyscevskij Micaela Pignatelli as Clara Elio Polimeno as Il giovane contadino Corrado Puglisi as Un contadino Salvatore Puntillo as Il custode Lucio Rama as Mazzini Aldo Rendine as Il giudice a latere Mariano Rigillo as Il regista Mariano Rigillo as Se stesso Gianni Rizzo as Cicikov Luciano Roffi as Bazarov Bryan Rostron as Il soldato inglese Franco Scarcella as Un contadino Emilia Sciarrino as Sofija Bardina Rodolfo Scognamiglio as Il detenuto Anna Segnini as La giovane contadina Leonardo Severini as Il medico Atanassia Singhellaki as La giornalista Serena Spaziani as La fidanzata Rino Sudano as Il giudice Renato Terra as Il piantone Agatino Tomaselli as Il domestico Raffaele Uzzi as Il contadino Luigi Uzzo as Un contadino Mario Valdemarin as Il capo partigiano Tullio Valli as Il guardiano Giancarlo Varetto as Rachmetov Bruno Vilar as Il fattore Virgilio Villani as D-503 Nando Villella as Il maggiore Maresa Ward as Greta
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Centurion of the Roman Army was a rank of the Roman Army officials. Centurions were in command of about 80 men, contrary to the popular belief that it was 100. Centurions were Roman soldiers that showed enough skills in combat, discipline, and leadership that they were promoted to Centurion.
The highest rank of Centurion was the Primus pilus, he was the leader of the first cohort. Cohorts usually contained around 6 centuries, but the first cohort in a legion had double the amount of soldiers in each century. So, in reality, a Primus pilus was in direct command of roughly 960 men, but being the supreme centurion of the whole legion, he had command over an actual number of about 5,000 men, and was second in line to the Legatus-the commander of a legion.
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Historical records indicate that Augustus Caesar called for a census around 6-4 BC, which aligns with the timeframe of Jesus' birth. However, there are no extant records detailing the specific decree mentioned in Luke. Some scholars suggest that the timing of the census may have been conflated or misremembered over time.
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The Romans did not have a commander in chief as we know it, although at the time of the principate you could say that the emperor was the commander in chief. Their system worked differently than ours. For example, when there was trouble, the senate would appoint a general and give him a number of legions or give him the authority to raise new legions. The fellow appointed general was the commander in chief of the legions under his command, but of no others. Pompey and Caesar are examples. each man had his legions and was commander in chief of them and no others.
The Romans did not have a commander in chief as we know it, although at the time of the principate you could say that the emperor was the commander in chief. Their system worked differently than ours. For example, when there was trouble, the senate would appoint a general and give him a number of legions or give him the authority to raise new legions. The fellow appointed general was the commander in chief of the legions under his command, but of no others. Pompey and Caesar are examples. each man had his legions and was commander in chief of them and no others.
The Romans did not have a commander in chief as we know it, although at the time of the principate you could say that the emperor was the commander in chief. Their system worked differently than ours. For example, when there was trouble, the senate would appoint a general and give him a number of legions or give him the authority to raise new legions. The fellow appointed general was the commander in chief of the legions under his command, but of no others. Pompey and Caesar are examples. each man had his legions and was commander in chief of them and no others.
The Romans did not have a commander in chief as we know it, although at the time of the principate you could say that the emperor was the commander in chief. Their system worked differently than ours. For example, when there was trouble, the senate would appoint a general and give him a number of legions or give him the authority to raise new legions. The fellow appointed general was the commander in chief of the legions under his command, but of no others. Pompey and Caesar are examples. each man had his legions and was commander in chief of them and no others.
The Romans did not have a commander in chief as we know it, although at the time of the principate you could say that the emperor was the commander in chief. Their system worked differently than ours. For example, when there was trouble, the senate would appoint a general and give him a number of legions or give him the authority to raise new legions. The fellow appointed general was the commander in chief of the legions under his command, but of no others. Pompey and Caesar are examples. each man had his legions and was commander in chief of them and no others.
The Romans did not have a commander in chief as we know it, although at the time of the principate you could say that the emperor was the commander in chief. Their system worked differently than ours. For example, when there was trouble, the senate would appoint a general and give him a number of legions or give him the authority to raise new legions. The fellow appointed general was the commander in chief of the legions under his command, but of no others. Pompey and Caesar are examples. each man had his legions and was commander in chief of them and no others.
The Romans did not have a commander in chief as we know it, although at the time of the principate you could say that the emperor was the commander in chief. Their system worked differently than ours. For example, when there was trouble, the senate would appoint a general and give him a number of legions or give him the authority to raise new legions. The fellow appointed general was the commander in chief of the legions under his command, but of no others. Pompey and Caesar are examples. each man had his legions and was commander in chief of them and no others.
The Romans did not have a commander in chief as we know it, although at the time of the principate you could say that the emperor was the commander in chief. Their system worked differently than ours. For example, when there was trouble, the senate would appoint a general and give him a number of legions or give him the authority to raise new legions. The fellow appointed general was the commander in chief of the legions under his command, but of no others. Pompey and Caesar are examples. each man had his legions and was commander in chief of them and no others.
The Romans did not have a commander in chief as we know it, although at the time of the principate you could say that the emperor was the commander in chief. Their system worked differently than ours. For example, when there was trouble, the senate would appoint a general and give him a number of legions or give him the authority to raise new legions. The fellow appointed general was the commander in chief of the legions under his command, but of no others. Pompey and Caesar are examples. each man had his legions and was commander in chief of them and no others.
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Romans had different footwear for different purposes. Indoors they wore either slippers or sandals. Outside they wore shoes or boots. (It was considered improper to wear sandals outdoors and rude to wear shoes indoors.) The military had a special type of boot with hobnails or studs on the soles.
Indoors, the Romans wore open-toed sandals. However they preferred to wear shoes that covered their toes. Both men and women wore leather sandals or leather boots in cold weather.
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A Roman Legion during the Empire era consisted of roughly 5,000 men at full strength, though they were only rarely at this level. Legionaries had very effective weapons and armor, making them strong. [To find names of parts of armor and weapons, Google "Roman Armor/Weapons".]
A Somewhat More Detailed Answer:
During the Kingdom of Rome, the earliest known phase of Roman history, the legion did not exist, although its foundations were present. Soldiers were called up and grouped into units of 100, called centuries, as needed. These soldiers were armed in an almost identical fashion to the phalangites of Greece. The century became the foundation unit of the legion in later times. The Legions were first formed during the Republican period, and continued on through the Empire. Each legion had a unique symbol and name. The names of about 50 are known to modern historians, but there were hundreds of legions. Some of them had great reputations as elite forces, unbreakable and unbeatable. Others had bad reputations. One of the most famous was Julius Caesar's legendary Legio X Equestris (10th legion 'mounted', known as the Tenth Legion) famous for its ability in battle and its unswerving loyalty to Caesar.
A Roman Legion was the main fighting force of the Republic and later Empire of Rome. When the Roman legions reached their most recognisable form, after the Reforms of Marius, it was a formidably well organised, competent and effective fighting force. No European army from the fall of Western Rome to at least the 17th Century would rival the legions for organisation both on the battlefield and at higher levels. It was often this organisation that gave the legions their edge over almost every opponent, rather than bravery or weapons skill. The legions fought as a coordinated body, as a group and not as individuals. In situations that prevented the legions from operating in the usual smooth, coordinated fashions it could be and often was defeated.
A legion was one unit of the overall Roman army. Rome wielded many of them and numbers fluctuated, although growing as the Republic/Empire expanded. Each legion was commanded by a Legate, who had a system of officers under him to govern its component parts. During the Republic, the Legate was usually a Senator, chosen by the Senate, and sometimes a Consul. During the Empire, the Emperors would simply appoint them. Although the heart of every legion was the citizen infantry, the famous legionaries, a legion was actually a complete army including cavalry, artillery and a supply train. Each legion was capable of operating independently, although they could be used in groups. Auxiliary units of non-citizens supported the legions, consisting of light and ranged infantry and cavalry.
Discipline was severe in the legions, and any man who broke the rules could expect anything from extra camp duties to flogging or execution. For example, any unit that fled from the enemy could expect to be decimated - that is, 1 man in every 10 would be killed, often by his comrades. In some legions, the legionaries probably feared their commanders more than the enemy! On the other hand, the rewards were good. At the beginning, it was a mark of status to serve. Later, the pay was reasonable and completion of the term of service (25 years) would bring a gift of land somewhere in the empire and, eventually, Roman citizenship - in Ancient Rome, this last was sometimes the biggest incentive of all. Soldiers were also entitled to a percentage of profits from the sale of slaves and loot, and sometimes this could amount to small fortunes - particularly on campaign in the wealthy Middle East. From around 100 BC the legions followed an eagle standard and another one, unique to each legion, into battle, and would die to keep them safe. The standards were the heart of the legion, and would be decorated with medals of service and commendations the legion had won. It's loss was a humiliation and disaster. It was viewed as unlucky and a sign of divine disfavour, and some legions that lost their standards would even be disbanded, although this was often also because losses had been so heavy the legion was no longer able to engage in combat.
In the later phases of the Empire, the legions became a powerful political force. On multiple occasions, Emperors rose to power (or fell from it) as they gained or lost the support of the legions. Gradually, the quality of the legions and their commanders was degraded for many reasons, and in the end were no longer capable of protecting even the Eternal City, Rome itself. Even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the legions continued in service of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Emperor. In the 7th Century A.D. Byzantine Emperor Heraclius reformed the army and the legions disappeared at last, leaving behind a centuries-old record of superb ability and influence.
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