1642-1649: Civil War in England; Charles I is beheaded by Cromwell

1644: The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming Dynasty. The subsequent Qing Dynasty rules until 1912.

1644-1674: The Mauritanian Thirty-Year War.

1645: The death of Miyamoto Musashi, legendary Japanese Samurai warrior of natural causes.

1645-1669: Ottoman war with Venice. The Ottomans invade Crete and capture Canea.

1647: Seven-year-old Mehmed IV becomes sultan.

1647-1652: The Great Plague of Seville.

1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers.

1648-1653: Fronde civil war in France.

1648-1667: The Deluge wars leave Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins.

1648-1669: The Ottomans capture Crete from the Venetians after the Siege of Candia.

1649-1653: The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.

[edit] 1650s

1652: Cape Town founded by the Dutch East India Company in South Africa.

1652: Anglo-Dutch Wars begin.

1654-1661: Mehmed Köprülü is Grand Vizier.

1655-1661: The Northern Wars cement Sweden's rise as a Great Power.

1658: After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire.

[edit] 1660s

1660: The Commonwealth of England ends and the monarchy is brought back during the English Restoration.

1660: Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge founded.

1661: Mehmed Köprülü dies and is succeeded by his son Ahmed.

1661: The reign of the Kangxi Emperor of China begins.

Sultan Mehmed IV1662: Koxinga captures Taiwan from the Dutch and founds the Kingdom of Tungning which rules until 1683.

1662: Jacques Aymar-Vernay, who later reintroduced Dowsing into popular use in Europe, is born.

1663: Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary.

1663: France takes full political and military control over its colonial possessions in New France. Hooke's microscope discovers cells.

1664: The Battle of St. Gotthard: count Raimondo Montecuccoli defeats the Ottomans. The Peace of Vasvar - intended to keep the peace for 20 years.

1664: British troops capture New Amsterdam and rename it New York.

1664: John Evelyn's forestry book, Sylva, is published in England.

1665: The Great Plague of London.

1665: Portugal defeats the Kongo Empire.

1666: The Great Fire of London.

1667-1668: The War of Devolution; France invades the Netherlands. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt.

1667-1699: The Great Turkish War halts the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe.

1668: Peace Treaty of Lisbon between Spain and Portugal recognizes Portugal asindependent country.

1669: The Ottomans capture Crete.

[edit] 1670s

Kara Mustafa Pasha1670: The Hudson's Bay Company is founded in Canada.

1672-1673: Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian Cossacks. John Sobieski defeats the Ottomans at the second battle of Khotyn (1673).

1672-1676: Polish-Ottoman War.

1672: Rampjaar in the Netherlands - Combined attack by France, England and two German states on the Republic of the United Provinces.

1672: Lynching of Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis de Witt in the Hague - William III of Orange takes power.

1672-1678: Franco-Dutch War.

1674: The Treaty of Westminster ends the war between England and the Republic of the United Provinces.

1674: Maratha Empire founded in India by Shivaji.

1676: The Treaty of Zurawno brings Polish-Ottoman hostilities to a halt.

1676: Kara Mustafa becomes Grand Vizier.

1676-1681: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence the Russo-Turkish Wars.

1678: The Treaty of Nijmegen ends the hostilities with France.

[edit] 1680s

1680: The Pueblo Revolt drives the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692.

1681: The Pasha of Buda supports Imre Thököly's rebellion in Hungary.

1682: Sultan Mehmed IV, advised by Kara Mustafa, decides to disregard the existing peace treaty with Leopold I, due to expire in 1684.

1682-1683: The Ottomans make camp at Adrianople.

1682: Peter the Great becomes joint ruler of Russia (sole tsar in 1696).

1682: La Salle explores the length of the Mississippi River and claims Louisiana for France.

1683: China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan.

Crimean Tatar soldier fighting with the soldier of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Europe's steppe frontier was in a state of semi-permanent warfare until the 18th century.1683: A Habsburg council of war is held in Vienna.

1683: The Battle of Vienna finishes the Ottoman Empire's hegemony in south-eastern Europe.

1685: Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France. King Charles II dies

1687: Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

1688-1689: The Glorious Revolution starts with the Dutch Republic invading England, England becomes a constitutional monarchy.

1688-1697: The Grand Alliance sought to stop French expansion during the Nine Years War.

1689: William ascends to the throne over England, Scotland, and Ire

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