Jules Michelet (August 21, 1798 – February 9, 1874) was a French historian.
Biography
Michelet was born at Paris, of a family with Huguenot traditions.
His father was a master printer, not very prosperous, and Jules assisted him in the actual work of the press. A place was
offered him in the imperial printing office, but his father was able to send him to the famous Collège or Lycée Charlemagne,
where he distinguished himself. He passed the university examination in 1821, and was soon
appointed to a professorship of history in the Collège Rollin. Soon after this, in 1824, he married.
This was one of the most favourable periods ever for scholars and men of letters in
France, and Michelet had powerful patrons in Abel-François Villemain and
Victor Cousin, among others. Although he was an ardent politician (having from his
childhood embraced republicanism and a peculiar variety of romantic free-thought), he was
above all a man of letters and an inquirer into the history of the past. His earliest works were school textbooks. Between 1825
and 1827 he produced diverse sketches, chronological tables, etc, of modern history. His précis of the subject, published in
1827, is a sound and careful book, far better than anything that had appeared before it, and written in a sober yet interesting
style. In the same year he was appointed maître de conferences at the École
normale supérieure. Four years later, in 1831, the Introduction à l'histoire universelle showed a very different
style, exhibiting the idiosyncrasy and literary power of the writer to greater advantage,
but also displaying, in the words of the Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, "the peculiar visionary qualities
which made Michelet the most stimulating, but the most untrustworthy (not in facts, which he never consciously falsifies, but in
suggestion) of all historians."
The events of 1830 had placed him in a better position for study by obtaining him a place in the Record Office, and a
deputy-professorship under Guizot in the literary faculty of the university. Soon
afterwards he began his chief and monumental work, the Histoire de France that would take 30 years to complete. But he
accompanied this with numerous other books, chiefly' of erudition, such as the Œuvres choisies de Vico, the Mémoires de
Luther écrits par lui-même, the Origines du droit français, and somewhat later the le Procès des Templiers.
1838 was a year of great importance in Michelet's life. He was in the fullness of his powers,
his studies had fed his natural aversion to the principles of authority and ecclesiasticism, and at a moment when the revived
activity of the Jesuits caused some real and more pretended alarm he was appointed to
the chair of history at the Collège de France. Assisted by his friend Edgar Quinet, he began a violent polemic against the unpopular order and the principles which it
represented, a polemic which made their lectures, and especially Michelet's, one of the most popular resorts of the day. He
published, in 1839, his Histoire romaine, but this was in his graver and earlier manner. The results of his lectures
appeared in the volumes Du prêtre, de la femme et de la famille and Le peuple. These books do not display the
apocalyptic style which, partly borrowed from Lamennais,
characterizes Michelet's later works, but they contain in miniature almost the whole of his curious ethicopolitico-theological
creed--a mixture of sentimentalism, communism, and
anti-sacerdotalism, supported by the most eccentric arguments, but urged with a great deal
of eloquence.
The principles of the outbreak of 1848 were in the air, and Michelet was one of many who condensed and propagated them: his
original lectures were of so incendiary a kind that the course had to be interdicted. However, when the revolution broke out,
Michelet, unlike many other men of letters, did not attempt to enter active political life, and merely devoted himself more
strenuously to his literary work. Besides continuing the great history, he undertook and carried out, during the years between
the downfall of Louis Philippe and the final establishment of Napoleon III, an enthusiastic Histoire de la revolution française. Despite or because of
its enthusiasm, this was by no means Michelet's best book. The events were too near and too well known, and hardly admitted the
picturesque sallies into the blue distance which make the charm and the danger of his larger work. In actual picturesqueness as
well as in general veracity of picture, the book cannot approach Carlyle's; while as a
mere chronicle of the events it is inferior to half a dozen prosaic histories older and younger than itself.
The coup d'état lost Michelet his place in the Record Office, since he refused to
take the oaths to the empire. But the new régime only kindled afresh his republican zeal, and his second marriage (with Mlle
Adèle Malairet, a lady of some literary capacity, and of republican sympathies) seems to have further stimulated his powers.
While his great work of history was still his main pursuit, a crowd of extraordinary little books accompanied and diversified it.
Sometimes they were expanded versions of its episodes, sometimes what may be called commentaries or companion volumes. In some of
the best of them natural science, a new subject with Michelet, to which his wife is believed to have introduced him, supplies the
text. The first of these (by no means the best) was Les Femmes de la revolution (1854), in which Michelet's natural and
inimitable faculty of dithyrambic too often gives way to tedious and not very conclusive
argument and preaching. In the next, L'Oiseau (1856), a new and most successful vein was struck. The subject of natural
history was treated, not from the point of view of mere science, nor from that of sentiment,, nor of anecdote nor of gossip, but
from that of the author's fervent democratic pantheism, and the result, though, as was to be
expected, unequal, was often excellent.
L'Insecte, in the same key, but duller, followed. It was succeeded by L'Amour (1859), one of the author's most
popular books. These remarkable works, half pamphlets half moral treatises, succeeded each other as a rule at the twelve months'
interval, and the succession was almost unbroken for five or six years. L'Amour was followed by La Femme (1860), a
book on which a whole critique of French literature and French character might be founded. Then came La Mer (1861), a
return to the natural history class, which, considering the powers of the writer and the attraction of the subject, is perhaps a
little disappointing. The next year (1862) the most striking of all Michelet's minor works, La Sorcière, made its appearance. Developed out of an episode of the history, it has all its
author's peculiarities in the strongest degree. It is a nightmare and nothing more, but a nightmare of the most extraordinary
verisimilitude and poetical power.
This remarkable series, every volume of which was a work at once of imagination and of research, was not even yet finished,
but the later volumes exhibit a certain falling off. The ambitious Bible de l'humanité (1864), an historical sketch of
religions, has but little merit. In La Montagne (1868), the last of the natural history series, the tricks of staccato
style are pushed even farther than by Victor Hugo in his less inspired moments, though--as
is inevitable, in the hands of such a master of language as Michelet--the effect is frequently grandiose if not grand. Nos
fils (1869), the last of the string of smaller books published during the author's life, is a tractate on education, written
with ample knowledge of the facts and with all Michelet's usual sweep, and range of view, if with visibly declining powers of
expression. But in a book published posthumously, Le Banquet, these powers reappear at their fullest. The picture of the
industrious and famishing populations of the Riviera is (whether true to fact or not) one of the best things that Michelet has
done. To complete the list of his miscellaneous works, two collections of pieces, written and partly published at different
times, may be mentioned. These are Les Soldats de la révolution and Legendes démocratiques du nord.
The publication of this series of books, and the completion of his history, occupied Michelet during both decades of the
empire. He lived partly in France, partly in Italy, and was accustomed to spend the winter on the Riviera, chiefly at
Hyères. At last, in 1867, the great work of his life was finished. In the usual edition it fills
nineteen volumes. The first of these deals with the early history up to the death of Charlemagne, the second with the flourishing
time of feudal France, the third with the 13th century, the fourth, fifth, and sixth with the Hundred Years' War, the seventh and eighth with the establishment of the rural power under
Charles VII and Louis XI. The 16th and
17th centuries have four volumes apiece, much of which is very distantly connected with French history proper, especially in the
two volumes entitled Renaissance and Reforme. The last three volumes carry on the history of the 18th century to
the outbreak of the Revolution.
Michelet was perhaps the first historian to devote himself to anything like a picturesque history of the Middle Ages, and his account is still the most vivid that exists. His inquiry into manuscript and printed
authorities was most laborious, but his lively imagination, and his strong religious and political prejudices, made him regard
all things from a singularly personal point of view. There is an unevenness of treatment of historical incidents.
Uncompromisingly hostile as Michelet was to the empire, its downfall and the accompanying disasters of the country once more
stimulated him to activity. Not only did he write letters and pamphlets during the struggle, but when it was over he set himself
to complete the vast task which his two great histories had almost covered by a Histoire du XIXe siècle. He did not,
however, live to carry it farther than the Battle of Waterloo, and the best criticism
of it is perhaps contained in the opening words of the introduction to the last volume--"l'âge me presse." The new republic was
not altogether a restoration for Michelet, and his professorship at the Collège de France, of which he always contended he had
been unjustly deprived, was not given back to him.
Michelet's Origines du droit français, cherchées dans les symboles et les formules du droit universel was edited by
Émile Faguet in 1890 and went into a second edition in 1900.
On his passing in 1874, Jules Michelet was interred in Le Père Lachaise
Cemetery in Paris.
References
The Britannica gives as a reference G Monod, Jules Michelet: Études sur la
vie et ses œuvres (Paris, 1905).pms:Jules
Michelet
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