Hypoventilation is too shallow or too slow breathing, which does not meet the needs of the body. It may also refer to reduced lung function.
If a person hypoventilates, the body's carbon dioxide level rises, which results in too little oxygen in the blood.
ReferencesShea SA, White DP. Disorders of ventilatory control. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2007:chap 86.
2 answers
Hypoventilation leads to increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood, resulting in the production of carbonic acid, which lowers blood pH. This can lead to respiratory acidosis, where the body's pH is too acidic. Symptoms may include confusion, fatigue, and eventually respiratory failure if not corrected.
2 answers
When hypoventilation occurs, the body increases both the rate and depth of respiration to try to bring more oxygen into the lungs and remove excess carbon dioxide. This helps to correct the imbalance in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels by increasing the amount of gas exchange in the lungs. The increased respiration rate and depth help to improve oxygen levels in the blood and remove carbon dioxide to restore a more balanced state.
2 answers
Hyperventilation raises body pH. Hypoventilation lowers body pH.
1 answer
Incorporating hypoventilation training into a fitness regimen can improve lung capacity, increase endurance, and enhance overall athletic performance. It can also help the body become more efficient at using oxygen and improve mental focus during physical activities.
1 answer
hypoventilation
hypoventilation |ˌhīpōˌventlˈā sh ən|
noun Medicine
breathing at an abnormally slow rate, resulting in an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
New Oxford American Dictionary
2 answers
An abnormal decrease in the depth and rate of respiration is termed hypoventilation. This can result in inadequate oxygen levels in the blood and buildup of carbon dioxide, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath, confusion, and fatigue. Hypoventilation can be caused by various medical conditions or medications.
2 answers
Yes . . . both conditions are manifested by too much C02 in the blood because there is not enough oxygen in the blood.
1 answer
Central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome (CAHS), also known as Ondine's curse, is a rare disorder where the brain does not properly regulate breathing during sleep. This can result in decreased ventilation, leading to abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. Symptoms often present as difficulty breathing during sleep and require treatment to support respiratory function.
2 answers
The concentration of C02 in the lung is usual very low as the rate of inspiration and the exchange of volume between the lungs and the outside flushes the C02 into the air where it is a mere faction of a percent of the environmental gases. In the body however there is a constant metabolism that is producing C02. During hypoventilation the rate of exchange is insufficient to remove the C02 which is being produced faster than it is dissipated.
1 answer
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) (formerly known as the Ondine curse, after the mythical story) is a disorder of the automatic control of breathing. In CCHS, the body "forgets" to breathe, especially during sleep. Researchers have identified a particular gene defect (PHOX2B) associated with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, but how the mutation causes the syndrome is not yet known. It is also not known how frequently CCHS occurs, but it is estimated to be a rare disorder.
1 answer
CCHS stands for Congenital Central Hypoventilation. CCHS is a disease or syndrome that affects a persons breathing ability and cause carbon dioxide to build up in the blood.
1 answer
It is due to CO2 reduction. Low CO2 stimulates chemo-receptors in brain stem. Respiratory rate is reduced in order for CO2 to come back to normal.
1 answer
the body will just take longer breathes in order to counter attack the amount of concentrated carbon dioxide that is in the system. this is just a general answer
1 answer
Hypoventilation leads to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, which can cause a decrease in blood pH due to the formation of carbonic acid. This leads to respiratory acidosis, resulting in a decrease in blood pH levels, making it more acidic.
2 answers
type 1 is hypoxia without hypercapnia
type 2 is high level of co2 caused by hypoventilation
2 answers
The maximum daily recommended dose is 10mg a day, this is not known to be lethal, but higher than that may cause respiratory depression, leading to hypoventilation and the person may have to be placed on a respiratory machine
1 answer
A person can get too much carbon dioxide in their system due to conditions such as hypoventilation, lung disease, or suffocation. These conditions can lead to inadequate removal of carbon dioxide from the body, causing it to accumulate in the bloodstream.
1 answer
Yes, an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood is called hypercapnia. Hypercapnia can result from conditions such as hypoventilation or lung diseases that impair gas exchange, leading to inadequate removal of carbon dioxide from the body.
4 answers
Choose the best two answers: When the body begins to metabolically compensate for hypoxemia the first two physical changes will be: Changes in mental status Increase in cardiac output Hypotension Hypoventilation Hyperventilation
1 answer
CO2 buildup in the body can occur due to conditions like respiratory diseases (such as COPD), hypoventilation (not breathing enough), or exposure to high levels of CO2 in enclosed spaces. Inadequate ventilation or impaired lung function can prevent CO2 from being effectively exhaled, leading to its accumulation.
1 answer
No. Zoloft should not be mixed with any type of herbs. You could make your original symptoms worse or be overly sedated to the point of Hypoventilation if your on high doses. Always ask your doctor before you change remedies.
3 answers
Complications of tidal volume include barotrauma (lung damage from high pressures), volutrauma (lung damage from excessive stretch), and ventilator-associated lung injury. Inadequate tidal volume can lead to hypoventilation and hypercapnia, while excessive tidal volume can cause ventilator-induced lung injury. Close monitoring and adjustment of tidal volume is important to avoid these complications.
1 answer
Examples of respiratory problems that could result in a pH and pCO2 profile similar to rebreathing include respiratory depression from drug overdose, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation, or hypoventilation due to neuromuscular disorders. These conditions can lead to CO2 retention and respiratory acidosis, similar to what occurs during rebreathing of exhaled air.
2 answers
Obesity can cause all sorts of problems in children for their lives ahead of them, here are a few examples: problems with bone joints like bowed legs, intacranial hypertenision (strong headaches affects vision), increased risk of heart failure, hypoventilation (dizzyness, drowsyness, snoring in sleep), high blood pressure, inreased risk of diabetes. The list goes on and on as well as the physical fitness side because if your obese you can't enjoy all the wonders of sport as well as you would like to.
== ==
1 answer
"suppressed respiratory rate" is often the best thing to say to be understood.
The term "hyperventilating" is a classic well know term however "HYPOventilation" is not a clearly understood reference.
For as long as I have been discussing the occurrence with my health professionals there has not been well defined 'term' for the condition.
Some people just dont breath as fast or as often as others.
Without a medical cause as a basis for the breathing pattern it is often assumed to be the patients normal or usual respiratory rate.
If it as a result of illness of injury it is usually stated as a sign or symptom of such and is not related to on its own as a condition or diagnosis.
2 answers
Excess Carbon dioxide Respiratory acidosis is a medical emergency in which decreased ventilation (hypoventilation) increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and decreases the blood's pH (a condition generally calledacidosis).
Carbon dioxide is produced continuously as the body's cells respire, and this CO2 will accumulate rapidly if the lungs do not adequately expel it through alveolar ventilation. Alveolar hypoventilation thus leads to an increased PaCO2 (a condition called hypercapnia). The increase in PaCO2 in turn decreases the HCO3−/PaCO2 ratio and decreases pH.
CO2 in general is not considered harmful unless allowed to concentrate in a confined place for example and displaces O2.
CO2 is classed as an asphyxiant gas
5 answers
Primary alveolar hypoventilation is a rare disorder of unknown cause in which a person does not take enough breaths per minute. The lungs and airways are normal.
Alternative NamesOndine's curse
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsThe cause is unknown. Current research is looking at how the brains of persons with this disease may be less responsive to carbon dioxide.
The disease primarily affects men 20 to 50 years old. It can also be present in male children.
SymptomsOften patients themselves do not complain of being short of breath during the day. Symptoms are usually worse during sleep, and periods of apnea(episodes of stopped breathing) are usually present. Patients with this disease are extremely sensitive to even small doses of sedatives or narcotics, which can make their already inadequate breathing much worse.
Symptoms include:
The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Tests will be done to rule out other causes. For example, muscular dystrophy can make the rib muscles weak, and emphysema damages the lung tissue itself. A small stroke can affect the breathing center in the brain.
Tests that may be done include:
Medications that stimulate the respiratory system may be used but do not always work. Mechanical devices that assist breathing, particularly at night, may be helpful in some patients. Oxygen therapy may be helpful in a few patients, but may cause worse night symptoms in others.
Expectations (prognosis)Response to treatment varies.
ComplicationsA possible complication is cor pulmonale (right-sided heart failure).
Calling your health care providerCall for an appointment with your health care provider if symptoms of this disorder develop. Seek urgent medical care if bluish skin (cyanosis) occurs.
PreventionThere is no known prevention. Patients should avoid using sleeping medications or other medications that may cause drowsiness.
ReferencesPhillipson EA, Duffin J. Hypoventilation and hyperventilation syndromes. In: Mason RJ, Murray J, VC Broaddus, Nadel J, eds. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2005:chap 73.
2 answers
* Voluntary movement of all limbs to command -2 points * Voluntary movement of two extremities to command- 1 point * Unable to move- 0 points * Breathe deeply and cough- 2 points * Dyspnea, hypoventilation- 1 point * Apneic- 0 points * BP +/- 20 mm Hg of pre-anesthesia level- 2 points * BP > 20-50 mm Hg of preanesthesia level- 1 point * BP > 50 mm Hg of preanesthesia level- 0 points * Fully awake- 2 points * Arousable- 1 point * Unresponsive- 0 points * Pink- 2 points * Pale, blotch- 1 point * Cyanotic- 0 points Total score must be > 8 at conclusion of monitoring.
1 answer
Changes in respiration can affect blood pH by altering the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. When respiration increases, more CO2 is exhaled, leading to a decrease in CO2 levels in the blood. This can cause a shift towards a more alkaline pH (respiratory alkalosis). Conversely, when respiration decreases, less CO2 is exhaled, leading to an increase in CO2 levels in the blood, resulting in a more acidic pH (respiratory acidosis).
2 answers
Postoperative hypoxia is considered a postoperative pulmonary complication. This can be caused by lack of alveolar ventilation, lack of alveolar perfusion, or decreased alveolar diffusion. (Alveolar: Pertaining to the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of gasses occurs) So, yes, withing 48 hours or so, this can develop.
6 answers
The gases necessary (yes there are more than one) for respiration are oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Oxygen plays the simpler role of the two. It is required by all cells of the body and can be passed along to the tissues via hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Carbon Dioxide actually plays a very important role. It is the metabolic waste produced by cells, and it can be converted into bicarbonate ions by rbc to be transported in the blood, or bound to the globulin of hemoglobin and transported in this way.
Its important role is its levels control respiration via peripheral and central chemoreceptors. To high CO2 levels and hyperventilation will reduce it or CO2 + H2O will be converted to bicarbonate ion (HCO3) and H ion.
When CO2 is too low - hypoventilation will raise CO2 levels or the conversion of bicarbonate + H back to CO2 and water.
It also plays and integral role in maintaining blood pH.
3 answers
Without parathyroid glands, the body would be unable to regulate calcium levels effectively. This could lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, causing symptoms like muscle cramps, convulsions, and weak bones. Treatment would involve calcium and vitamin D supplementation.
4 answers
There is a part of your nervous system that controls things like breathing and heart rate without you having to think about it. This is the autonomic nervous system.
The part of your autonomic nervous system that controls breathing is supposed to help you breathe more deeply if you're short on oxygen and getting too much carbon dioxide in your blood. It can even help wake you up if there's a problem.
If you have a disease affecting that part of your nervous system, you won't change your breathing to compensate for low oxygen or high CO2. One such disease is congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). This is a disease people are born with.
Another type is known as Cheyne-Stokes respiration. This is a repeated pattern of breathing where the person stops breathing completely, followed by breathing rapidly. This commonly happens to elderly people as they are near death, but can also happen in infants, people with heart failure, brain tumors, and even people sleeping at very high altitude.
1 answer
The respiratory system helps control the acidity of the blood by regulating the elimination of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Water (H2O).
These molecules are exhaled with every breath.
H2CO3 --> H2O + CO2
(carbonic acid)
The brain is sensitive to blood CO2 levels and pH.
A significant increase in CO2 or decrease below pH 7.38 of arterial blood
- causes breathing to increase (in rate and depth)
- results in hyperventilation
- more CO2 is exhaled
- eliminates CO2 - reduces H2CO3 and H+ concentrations
- increases pH back to normal
A significant decrease in CO2 or increase in pH
- causes breathing to decrease
- results in hypoventilation
- less CO2 is exhaled
- increases CO2 - increases H2CO3 and H+ concentrations
- decreases pH back to normal
Respiratory mechanism (depth and rate of breathing) controls CO2
CO2 in solution is an acid.
Partial Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2) levels in Arterial Blood Gas (ABG).
Higher PaCO2 causes acidosis (lower pH), or neutralizes alkalosis.
Lower PaCO2 causes alkalosis (raises pH.), or neutralizes acidosis.
1 answer
The primary stimulus in the regulation of breathing patterns are the chemical changes in the blood such as the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide (PO2/PCO2) and hydrogen ion concentration (pH). Hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has the earliest and greatest influence on respiratory activity. Hence, hypoventilation (as in breath holding) stimulates neurons of the inspiratory center in the medulla when the rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases cerebrospinal fluid pH. Conversely, voluntary hyperventilation depresses the respiratory center via the decrease in partial pressure of carbon dioxide which raises cerebrospinal fluid pH.
2 answers
The collasping of the lung.
lung without air
partial collapse of the left lung
a. failure of the lungs to expand Atelectasis refers to the medical condition of the partial or complete collapse of the lung.
5 answers
Without oxygen, anaerobic respiration occurs, leading to the production of lactic acid. Lactic acid buildup in the blood lowers the pH, making it more acidic, a condition known as lactic acidosis. This can result in symptoms such as muscle weakness, rapid breathing, and confusion.
3 answers
Restrictive lung disease is any condition in which the elasticity of the lungs has been compromised. When lungs are stiff and unable to expand and contract as usual, then normal respiratory function is not possible. Restrictive lung disease is a general term to describe conditions that cause this stiffening. People with restrictive lung disease cannot fully fill their lungs with air. Their lungs are restricted from fully expanding. Restrictive lung disease most often results from a condition causing stiffness in the lungs themselves. In other cases, stiffness of the chest wall, weak muscles, or damaged nerves may cause the restriction in lung expansion. Some conditions causing restrictive lung disease are: Interstitial lung disease, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis Obesity, including obesity hypoventilation syndrome Scoliosis Neuromuscular disease, such as muscular dystrophy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) The symptoms of restrictive lung disease can increase or decrease on a day-to-day basis. It is important to ask a qualified physician about the implications of symptoms that come and go. Restrictive lung disease is unlikely to go away, and usually gets worse without treatment. Even with treatment, the illness is not usually completely reversible.
1 answer
OBVIOUSLY... YES! all three of the drugs you just listed are very bad fo your body in high doses, high lithium levels can cause toxicity, high doses of vicoden levels will can cause hypoventilation, respitory distress, and fatality. xanax is hard to overdose unless taken in VERY High ammounts, HOWEVER xanax does not mix well with vicoden because they are both CNS depressents, but all together in high ammounts, VERY BAD, my suggestion is if you are doing this STOP, and if one of your friends are about to attempt it STOP THE<
7 answers
Dissolving carbon dioxide (CO2) in water causes the water to become more acidic, which lowers the pH. The same thing happens in blood. If your blood is too acidic, you breathe faster and that gets rid of some of the CO2. The CO2 forms the acid H2CO3 when combined with water, and an H+ leaves this molecule, forming H+ (or H3O+ when combined with another H2O) and HCO3- (bicarbonate ion). This additional H+ is what pH measures, which is why the pH goes down (down = more H+, since pH is the negative logarithm of the H+ concentration in moles per liter.)
4 answers
Excessive carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is harmful because it contributes to global warming and climate change. When carbon dioxide levels become too high, it can lead to the greenhouse effect, trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere and causing temperatures to rise, ultimately disrupting ecosystems and weather patterns. Additionally, increased carbon dioxide levels can also lead to ocean acidification, which can harm marine life and ecosystems.
8 answers
For those who do not know, temazepam is an intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine. It is generally prescribed for the short-term treatment of severe or debilitating sleeplessness in patients who have difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep. Overdosage of temazepam results in increasing CNS effects, including:
* Somnolence (difficulty staying awake) * Mental confusion * Respiratory depression * Hypotension * Impaired or absent reflexes * Impaired coordination * Impaired balance * Dizziness * Coma * Death
A 1993 British study found temazepam to have the highest number of deaths per million prescriptions among medications commonly prescribed in the 1980s (11.9, versus 5.9 for benzodiazepines overall, taken with or without alcohol). A 1995 Australian study of patients admitted to hospital after benzodiazepine overdose corroborated these results, and found temazepam overdose much more likely to lead to coma. Additionally, the combination of alcohol and temazepam makes death by alcohol poisoning more likely.
Overdose effects of temazepam are worsened in certain individuals with various preexisting diseases. Use of temazepam should be avoided, when possible, in individuals with the following conditions:
* Ataxia (lack of coordination of muscle movements) * Severe hypoventilation (slowed breathing) * Acute narrow-angle glaucoma (loss of vision) * Severe hepatic deficiencies (hepatitis and liver cirrhosis decrease elimination by a factor of 2) * Severe renal deficiencies (e.g. patients on dialysis) * Severe sleep apnea (closure of airway during sleep) * Severe depression, particularly when accompanied by suicidal tendencies * Acute intoxication with alcohol, narcotics, or other psychoactive substances * Myasthenia gravis (facial paralysis) * Hypersensitivity or allergy to any drug in the benzodiazepine class
1 answer
The rate of cellular metabolic activity affects and, at the same time, is affected by the pH of the body fluids. In mammals, the normal pH of arterial blood lies between 7.35 and 7.50 depending on the species (e.g. healthy human-arterial blood pH varies between 7.35 and 7.45). Blood pH values compatible with life in mammals are limited to a pH range between 6.8 and 7.8. Acidosis is said to occur when arterial pH falls below 7.35, while its counterpart (alkalosis) occurs at a pH over 7.45. Arterial blood gas analysis and other tests are required to separate the main causes.
Depending on the type of acidosis occurring, different symptoms may appear:
Metabolic acidosis is an increased production of metabolic acids, usually resulting from disturbances in the ability to excrete acid via the kidneys. Renal acidosis is associated with an accumulation of urea and creatinine as well as metabolic acid residues of protein catabolism. Symptoms may include:
* Increased rate and depth of breathing * Hyperventilation * Pale and clammy skin * Cardiac arrythmias * Decreased heart rate * Dizziness * Cough * Mental confusion * Fits Respiratory acidosis results from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercapnia) due to hypoventilation. It is most often caused by pulmonary problems, although head injuries, drugs (especially anaesthetics and sedatives), and brain tumors can cause this acidemia. Pneumothorax, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, severe pneumonia, and aspiration are among the most frequent causes. It can also occur as a compensatory response to chronic metabolic alkalosis. Symptoms may include:
* Confusion * Easy fatigue * Lethargy * Shortness of breath * Sleepiness
1 answer
This has to do with acid-base homeostasis. Normal blood pH is 7,4.
- Alkalosis = pH >7,4
- Acidosis = pH <7,4
Then you have 2 types for each one, respiratory or metabolic.
- Respiratory alkalosis = CO2 <40mmHg
- Respiratory acidosis = CO2 >45mmHg
- Metabolic alkalosis = HCO3- >26mEq
- Metabolic acidosis = HCO3- <22mEq
If your breathing rate goes beyond 20 per minute (hyperventilation), CO2 goes down and pH goes up. Then your body compensates this by losing HCO3- in the urine, lowering the pH.
If your breathing rate slows down below 15 per minute (hypoventilation), CO2 goes up and pH goes down. Then you reabsorb more HCO3- in the kidneys, raising the pH.
If your kidneys start malfunctioning, your body can't excrete acid compounds and HCO3- gets consumed, then the pH goes down. Your breathing rate goes faster in order to excrete more CO2, raising the pH.
And in some cases the kidneys reabsorb more HCO3- than they should, and pH goes up. Then your breathing rate slows down, CO2 goes up and pH goes down.
In some cases, pH can vary due to other reasons, such as diabetes or diarrhea, which can produce acidosis, or severe vomiting, that produces alkalosis. These are classified as metabolic as well, but can be regulated both by the respiratory and the urinary system, though the latter is rather inefficient in these cases.
2 answers
Because you need oxygen to survive, and if you don't get the air, that carries oxygen, you will die. But you can practice holding it for longer periods of time, but if you hold it for to long, you may feel faint, so I suggest not to do that.
4 answers
Obesity can cause certain diseases. Some of these diseases are:
1. Diabetes.
2. Cancer.
3. Heart Disease.
4. Liver Disease.
5. Sleep Apnea.
6. Osteoarthritis.
People with Obesity also have a higher risk of death along with these diseases. Obesity also can increase emotional and physical problems. People can tease the obese making them feel unwanted and emotionaly upset. They also can be different in physical ways. It is more difficult for them in sports and other daily physical activitys. This is what obesity causes.
4 answers
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a condition that occurs in obese people, in which poor breathing leads to lower oxygen levels and higher carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Alternative NamesPickwickian syndrome
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsThe exact cause of OHS in unknown. Most (but not all) patients with the syndrome have a form of sleep apnea.
OHS is believed to result from both a defect in the brain's control over breathing, and excessive weight (due to obesity) against the chest wall, which makes it hard for a person to take a deep breath. As a result, the blood has too much carbon dioxide and not enough oxygen. People with OHS are often tired due to sleep loss, poor sleep quality, and chronic hypoxia.
Excess (morbid) obesity is the main risk factor.
See also: Respiratory acidosis
SymptomsThe main symptoms of OHS are due to lack of sleep and include:
Symptoms of low blood oxygen level (chronic hypoxia) can also occur, such as shortness of breath or feeling tired after very little effort.
Signs and testsPeople with OHS are usually very overweight. Symptoms of OHS include:
Tests to confirm OHS include:
Doctors can tell OHS from obstructive sleep apnea by high carbon dioxide levels in the blood when a person is awake.
TreatmentThe treatment involves breathing assistance using special machines (mechanical ventilation). Options include:
Other treatments are aimed at weight loss, which can reverse OHS.
Support GroupsSupport groups can help patients with OHS, or their family members, adjust to the lifestyle changes needed for treatment to be successful. Also, support groups can offer information about new treatments.
Expectations (prognosis)Untreated, it can lead to serious heart and blood vessel problems, severe disability, or death. Chronic sleeping problems may also increase the chance of having a motor vehicle accident.
ComplicationsComplications of OHS have to do with a lack of sleep, such as:
OHS can also include heart problems, such as:
Call your health care provider if you are very tired during the day, or have any other symptoms that suggest OHS.
PreventionMaintain a healthy weight and avoid obesity.
ReferencesMurray J, Nadel J. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000:2326-2328.
Moore DP, Jefferson JW. Handbook of Medical Psychiatry. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby, Inc; 2004:221-223.
2 answers
Newly formed carbon dioxide is transported from the tissue cells to the lungs by the way of plasma and red blood cells. In the plasma, the carbamino compound, bicarbonate and dissolved CO2 are the main ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma. The carbamino compound makes up about 1% of the CO2 dissolved in the plasma and chemically binds with amino proteins. The bicarbonate makes about 5% of the CO2 dissolved in the plasma and combines with water, a process known as hydrolysis. The hydrolysis of CO2 and water forms carbonic acid (H2CO3), which ionizes into HCO3- and H+ ions. The dissolve carbon dioxide accounts for about 5% of the total CO2 released at the lungs. This is the portion of CO2 in the venous blood that is measured to assess the patients partial pressure of CO2 (Pco2). In the red blood cells the main ways carbon dioxide is transported through the body is by dissolved CO2, carbamino-Hb and bicarbonate. The dissolve carbon dioxide accounts for about 5% of the total CO2 released at the lungs. 21% of the carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin to form a compound called carbamino-Hb. 63% of the carbon dioxide is transported from the tissue cells to the lungs in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3-). As the venous blood enters into the alveolar capillaries, chemical reactions are reversed. The bicarbonate is transformed back in to carbon dioxide and eliminated in the alveoli. The saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen determines the amount of carbon dioxide content. When blood is saturated with oxygen, it reduces the ability for it to carry carbon dioxide, and when the blood is deoxygenated increases the ability to carry carbon dioxide, this is known as the Haldane Effect. For example, if the hemoglobin was 75% saturated with oxygen, it will be 25% saturated with carbon dioxide. Another factor that can influence the uptake and release of oxygen and carbon dioxide would be an acid-base balance disturbance. The normal bicarbonate (HCO3-) to carbonic acid (H2CO3) ratio in the blood plasma is 20:1. This ratio of 20:1 is very important in maintaining a normal pH level. If this ratio was to change, the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood would also change. Something like alveolar hypoventilation would cause the carbon dioxide levels to increase and that oxygen levels to decrease.
1 answer