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Hanna Suleiman Issa Baqqain has written:
'The architecture of Hatra'
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Roberto. Bertolino has written:
'La cronologia di Hatra' -- subject- s -: Antiquities, Aramaic Inscriptions, Inscriptions, Aramaic
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Alexander the great conquered these cities. Rhacotis, Memphis, Tyre, Petra, Issus, Lampsacus, Halicarnassus, Byzantium, Epidamnus, Tanais, Sinope, Azara, Amida, Hatra, Babylon, Suza, Persepolis, Carmana, Ectabana, Tabae, Pura, Quetta, Nisa, Balkh, Multan, Bactria, Bannu, Taxila, Chach and Kucha. Hope this helped.
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For the first Exorcist, starring Linda Blair and Ellen Burstyn, the interior shots of the house were done at the CECO studios in NYC. The long steps on the side of the house, down which Father Karras tumbled to his death, are on M Street in Georgetown, Washington D.C. Archeological dig scenes were filmed at the site of the ancient city of Nineveh in Hatra, which is now al-Hadr, Iraq. Not sure about the others. We visited Georgetown and the house The Exorcist was filmed in. Interesting fact: The stairs (dubbed The Hitchcock Stairs) that Father Karras fell down are not attached to that house, but rather a couple of buildings down. We walked up and down the stairs and got breathless, as they are very steep.
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Assyria, a major Mesopotamian East Semitic kingdom and empire of the Ancient Near East, existed as an independent state for a period of approximately nineteen centuries, from the 25th century BCE to the 6th century BC, spanning the mid to Early Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age. For a further thirteen centuries, from the beginning of the 6th century BC to the mid-7th century AD, it survived as a geo-political entity, for the most part ruled by foreign powers, although a number of small Neo-Assyrian states such as Assur, Adiabene, Osroene and Hatra arose at different times between the 1st century BC and late 3rd century AD.
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Mesopotamia (from the Ancient Greek: Μεσοποταμία: "[land] between rivers"; Arabic: بلاد الرافدين (bilād al-rāfidayn); Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ (beth nahrain): "land of rivers") is a toponym for the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran.
Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian andAssyrian empires. In the Iron Age, it was controlled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. The indigenous Sumerians and Akkadians (including Assyrians and Babylonians) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history (c. 3100 BC) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. It fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC and, after his death, it became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire.
Around 150 BC, Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthians. Mesopotamia became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians, with parts of Mesopotamia coming under ephemeral Roman control. In AD 226, it fell to the Sassanid Persians, and remained under Persian rule until the 7th century Arab Islamic conquest of the Sassanid Empire. A number of primarily neo Assyrian and Christian native Mesopotamian states existed between the 1st century BC and 3rd century AD, including Adiabene,Osroene and Hatra.
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The Legio III Parthica is the least known legion. It was founded by the emperor Septimius Severus in 197 together with the I Parthica and the II Parthica in preparation for his campaign against Parthian Empire (the third of the four Pre- Islamic Persian empires). Severus was successful, the Parthian capital, Ctesiphon was sacked and Mesopotamia (Iraq) was annexed to the Roman Empire. The I Parthica and III Parthica were then stationed in Mesopotamia. The III Parthica was based at Rhesaena on the Upper Chaboras (modern Khabur) where it controlled the road between the former Arabian principalities Edessa and Nisibis. It must have taken part in the campaigns of Caracalla and his successor Macrinus (217), and the war of Severus Alexander against the new Sasanian Persian empire. In 230 the Sasanians invaded the Roman empire and installed an emperor in Emessa (Syria). Severus Alexander retook Syria and invaded Iraq. In 243 this war was renewed and the Legio III, defeated the Sassanians at Rhesaena. In 244 Gordian III invaded Mesopotamia again, but he died and was succeeded by Philip the Arab, who owed his succession to the Sasanian king Shapur I.
In 256 Shapur I captured Satala, the fortress of the Legio XV Apollinaris in northenr Mesopotamia, and two years later he reached the Black Sea and sacked Trapezus. the emperor Valerian invaded Mesopotamia, he was defeated and captured. Odaenathus of Palmyra (261-267) and then the emperor Diocletian (284-305), restored Roman fortunes and in 298, a peace treaty was concluded in which the Sassanians had to give up northern Mesopotamia. The Legio III must have played a role during these campaigns, but we have almost no information. The Notitia Dignitatum, written at the beginning of the fifth century, recoded the Legio III Parthica as being based at Apadna in Osrhoene, near the confluence of the rivers Chaboras and Euphrates.
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Septimius Severus brought great stability to a teetering Roman Empire after the nightmare reign of Commodus, and the do-nothing man who bought the title of Emperor,
Julius Didianus.
He made the borders of the Empire safe on all sides, from Caledonia in the north of today's U.K. to Mesopotamia in the East, by waging largely successful wars.
He was rarely defeated militarily ; Hatra in today's northern Iraq was a RARE exception.
Septimius commanded his troops in person and thus traveled to areas where previous Roman Emperors had not much visited, such as Syria [then a larger, more powerful province than today's nation of Syria.]
He recouped the massive financial losses of previous irresponsible Emperors.
Septimius was one of the few Emperors to have conscientiously re-filled the Treasury to brimming over.
He even made sure to store up for the populace of the Empire large quantities of Olive Oil, a necessary staple.
Whereas previously there had been two Roman Emperors from the distant province of Spain,
thus far there had not been any from Roman North Africa.
Septimius built up and added to his home town of Leptis Magna, the magnificent ruins of which continue to awe tourists from all over the world to this day.
He also built an amazing complex on the Palatine Hill in Rome
called the Septizodium, which has survived only in paintings and sketches.
He refurbished so many edifices, from the Temple of the Vestal Virgins in the Roman Forum, all the way to Hadrian's Wall in Britain [both much visited today].
He was also a seeker of religious Truth who investigated ancient spiritual
teachings.
He has been thus vastly underrated by historians who seem to be intrigued with the caprices of many other Emperors.
He was a more ascetic type who ate sparingly and fought alongside his troops without demanding special luxuries for himself.
He was one of the VERY FEW Emperors of Rome to have a happy and stable marriage. There was never a whisper of any scandal connected with his family life.
Perhaps this is why European and American historians have taken relatively little interest in his reign. They seem to have preferred gawking at the flamboyant or dangerous types who occupied the imperial throne of Rome.
In contrast, Septimius Severus was stable, careful, sober and hard-working up to the last minute of his life.
His accomplishments should become much better known and studied !
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