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No, He was a genevan philosopher and the writer of "social contract".
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A native or inhabitant of Geneva, Switzerland is called a Genevan.
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The author of the book Emile is a man by the name of Jean-Jacques a Genevan philosopher he was a 18 century writer for the french Romanticism expression period.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778 CE) was a Genevan philosopher during the French Revolution. The ideas he promoted were democracy and personal freedom under the law.
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It was essentially a secret police in Geneva (Switzerland). They would eavesdrop, spy, etc. to make sure people were obeying the rules and regulations of Calvinism. Hope this helps :)
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Thomas Cary Johnson has written:
'John Calvin and the Genevan reformation' -- subject(s): Reformation
'John Calvin and the Genevan reformation: a sketch'
'History of the Southern Presbyterian church' -- subject(s): History, Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.
'The life and letters of Robert Lewis Dabney' -- subject(s): Presbyterian Church, Clergy, Biography
'Introduction to Christian missions' -- subject(s): Missions, History
'The life and letters of Benjamin Morgan Palmer'
'God's answer to evolution' -- subject(s): Bible and science, Evolution
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an influential Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer in the 18th century. He is best known for his work on political philosophy, particularly his ideas on social contract theory. Rousseau's writings had a significant impact on the French Revolution and Romanticism movement.
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Disciples of Calvin - variously known as Huguenots, Presbyterians, Puritans or Calvinists - agitate for their own kind of reform in the Roman Catholic kingdoms of France and Scotland, in Anglican England and in the Spanish Netherlands. In doctrine they follow the Swiss reform of Zwingli, as opposed to that of Luther. But Calvin adds one harshly rigorous element - the concept of predestination, with roots in St Paul and St Augustine. This argues that since everything is in God's hands, he must have selected in advance those who shall be saved. Thus any community includes some who are God's elect, destined for heaven, and others whose certain fate is damnation. One other distinct element in Calvinism is an insistence that church and state must be separate. The pastors control much of Genevan life, but they are not (and must never be) the civil magistrates. This distinction gives Calvinist sects a greater independence than either Lutherans or Anglicans, both of whom operate in a close relationship with lay rulers. Scottish Calvinists establish a church in defiance of Scotland's monarch, while the Pilgrim Fathers cross the Atlantic to found their own Calvinist community. The Genevan ideals of morality, thrift and hard work make such communities well adapted to prosper, even if tending to self-righteousness and intolerance.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau gave Jefferson the idea that a "well regulated militia as essential to liberty" and Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu (known simply as "Montesquieu"), gave the Founding Fathers the concept of "the separation of powers" found in the US Constitution.
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An Enlightenment philosophe who believed in the goodness of human nature.
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J. Maxwell Atkinson has written:
'Lend me your ears ; all you need to know about making speeches and presentations' -- subject(s): Public speaking
'Discovering suicide' -- subject(s): Research, Sudden death, Suicide
'Lend me your ears' -- subject(s): Public speaking
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (French: 28 June 1712 - 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism of French expression. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought.
Rousseau's novel Émile: or, On Education is a treatise on the education of the whole person for citizenship. His sentimental novel Julie, or the New Heloise was of importance to the development of pre-romanticism[1] and romanticism in fiction.[2] Rousseau's autobiographical writings-his Confessions, which initiated the modern autobiography, and hisReveries of a Solitary Walker-exemplified the late 18th-century movement known as the Age of Sensibility, and featured an increased focus on subjectivity and introspection that later characterized modern writing. His Discourse on the Origin of Inequalityand his On the Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought.
Rousseau was a successful composer of music, who wrote seven operas as well as music in other forms, and made contributions to music as a theorist. During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophes among members of the Jacobin Club. Rousseau, a Freemason,[3] was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death.Perhaps Rousseau's most important work is The Social Contract, which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order within a framework of classical republicanism. Published in 1762, it became one of the most influential works of political philosophy in the Western tradition. It developed some of the ideas mentioned in an earlier work, the article Economie Politique (Discourse on Political Economy), featured in Diderot's Encyclopédie. The treatise begins with the dramatic opening lines, "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they."
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 - 2 July 1778) was a major Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism. His political philosophy heavily influenced the French Revolution, as well as the American Revolution and the overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought.
His main social, philosophical, and political objectives were the following, the promotion of liberalism which was combined with arguing in favor of replacing the ancient regimes- like in France.
In 1762, his publication, The Social Contract, became one of the most influential works of abstract political thought in the Western tradition. In the Discourse on Inequality, Rousseau had tried to explain the human invention of government as a kind of contract between the governed and the authorities that governed them. The only reason human beings were willing to give up individual freedom and be ruled by others was that they saw that their rights, happiness, and property would be better protected under a formal government rather than an anarchic, every-person-for-themselves type of society. He argued, though, that this original contract was deeply flawed. The wealthiest and most powerful members of society "tricked" the general population, and so installed inequality as a permanent feature of human society. Rousseau argued, in The Social Contract, that this contract between rulers and the ruled should be rethought. Rather than have a government which largely protects the wealth and the rights of the powerful few, government should be fundamentally based on the rights and equality of everyone. If any form of government does not properly see to the rights, liberty, and equality of everyone, that government has broken the social contract that lies at the heart of political authority. These ideas were essential for both the French and American revolutions; in fact, it is no exaggeration to say that the French and American revolutions are the direct result of Rousseau's abstract theories on the social contract.
This is one reason, by the way, that the American and French revolutions resulted in "contracts" outlining the rights and liberties of the governed.
He also wrote a novel, Emile, which outlined the best way to educate human beings. His goal was to produce an education that maximized human potential rather than restricted it. Both European and American educational ideas were greatly influenced by this work; the American public school system, established in the first part of the nineteenth century, drew heavily from Rousseau's educational ideas.
His works did not only leave impact during the revolutionary war, but also Rousseau's legacy was a major contribution to the philosophical optimism that asserts that man, through the advance of science and art, can perfect himself and build a perfect society on earth. This optimism continued for more than a century until it crashed on the shoals of the World Wars, Hitler's genocide and the abject failure of communism to succeed as a social experiment.
by ren
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It depends on what language your question refers to but, assuming it is English . . . it is widely accepted by most historians and religious scholors of the majority of Christian sects that the most accurate ENGLISH translation of the Holy Bible is considered to the be the "King James Version." There are too many "bad" translations to name specifically. However, if you consider the King James Version to be the most correct or "best" translation, then all other versions would need to be considered "bad" by comparison.
King James VersionAlthough it is often referred to as the King James Version, particularly in the United States, the only active part King James took in the translation was lifting the death penalty attached to its translation and setting very reasonable guidelines for the translation process, such as prohibiting partisan scholarship and footnotes. It is more commonly known as the "Authorized Version" in the United Kingdom
Much a matter of opinionDifferent people prefer different translations. Many find the New International Version to be easy to read, while others have a problem with alleged "new age" language. Some feel that the King James Version is the only correct translation, while others have difficulty reading 17th century British in the 21st century USA.
Many modern translations use sources discovered after the King James Version was written, so may represent a better idea of some of the original words. Paraphrases, such as The Living Bibleor The Message, will play around with the exact wording, but can represent idiomatic phrases in ways that are more understandable to today's society.
AnswerTo be able to answer your question objectively, we must first have to study all the version and history of each bible, which is an impossibility.
The Alexandrian version, or what is known as the Septuagint, translated by seventy learned Jews, assisted by "miraculous power," about two hundred years before Christ, could not have been, it is said, translated from the Hebrew text that we now have. The differences can only be accounted for by supposing that they had a different Hebrew text. The early Christian Churches adopted the Septuagint, and were satisfied for a time. But so many errors were found, and so many were scanning every word in search of something to sustain their peculiar views, that several new versions appeared, all different somewhat from the Hebrew manuscripts, from the Septuagint, and from each other. All these versions were in Greek. The first Latin Bible originated in Africa, but no one has ever found out which Latin manuscript was the original. Many were produced, and all differed from each other. These Latin versions were compared with each other and with the Hebrew, and a new Latin version was made in the fifth century, but the old Latin versions held their own for about four hundred years, and no one yet knows which were right. Besides these there were Egyptian, Ethiopic, Armenian, and several others, all differing from each other as well as from all others in the world.
It was not until the fourteenth century that the Bible was translated into German, and not until the fifteenth that Bibles were printed in the principal languages of Europe. Of these Bibles there were several kinds -- Luther's, the Dort, King James's, Genevan, French, besides the Danish and Swedish. Mort of these differed from each other, and gave rise to infinite disputes and crimes without number. The earliest fragment of the Bible in the "Saxon" language known to exist was written sometime in the seventh century. The first Bible was printed in England in 1538. In 1560 the first English Bible was printed that was divided into verses. Under Henry VIII. the Bible was revised; again under Queen Elizabeth, and once again under King James, This last was published in 1611, and is the one now in general use.
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After World War II ended in Europe, Germany was divided into four sections between the following nations: USA, Great Britain, USSR, and France. The western sections were occupied by the Western Allies wheras the Eastern sections were occupied by the Soviets. When the Western Allies wanted to amalgamate their sectors together to form Western Germany, the Soviets refused. Berlin was in the same situation as Germany; it was too divided amongst four powers. In 1948, Stalin placed a blockade on Berlin, isolating it from the rest of the world. The Allies responded by sending planes to deliver necessary supplies and such to Berlin's citizens. War looked like it could be inevitable but fortunately it wasn't the case. Stalin soon backed down on the blockade and peace was temporarily restored. In Eastern Europe, Soviets were suppose to allow their occupied countries to host free elections, in accordance to the Yalta Conference, but this wasn't the case. The Soviet Union was truly the hegemonic power in Eastern Europe and it believed that because it was so it needed to share its government with other countries of the east by converting them into communist regimes. Soviet-backed coups in Poland, Czechslovakia, and elsewhere in Eastern Europe turned countries communist based on Marxist-Leninism. In 1949, when Germany was officially split in two, the West became the Federal Republic of Germany wheras the East became a communist regime. Communism, or Marxist-Leninism, appealed to the Third World and nationalist movements as nationalism was usually merged with communism in order to win specific means. In Vietnam, the French-educated Vietnamese revolutionary Ho Chi Minh formed a communist Vietnamese state in the North after World War II. In response, the French pretended to acknowledge it through the puppet emperor Bao Dai but soon the French came to despise it. Ho Chi Minh and his Vietminh guerillas managed to defeat the French surprisingly and force the world to call a conference. In Geneva, Switzerland, the Genevan Convention was called to in 1954 to grant Vietnam its independence. Vietnam was split into two regimes: the communist North and the monarchial South. Ho Chi Minh headed the North wheras Emperor Bao Dai headed the South. However, Bao Dai's prime minister, Ngo Dinh Diem, forced him to abdicate and so turned South Vietnam's government into that of a dictatorial one. The two Vietnamese nations began fighting in 1959 and would do so until a temporary cease-fire was called to in 1973. American involvement in Vietnam was exalted beginning in 1964 as a result of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution passed by Congress, which allowed President Lyndon B. Johnson to send as many American troops there as necessary. Soon, American citizens were getting drafted and sent to fight in a war that many have denounced as unnecessary and unimportant to American politics. In 1968, the American public nearly exploded into social and cultural revolution while in Vietnam the Tet Offensive was being literally won by the Americans. The surrounding nations of Laos and Cambodia, who were treated as independent nations having nothing to do with the communist North, were attacked as a result of President Richard M. Nixon's period of Vietnamization in the early 1970s. In 1973, the Paris Peace Accords were called to arose diplomacy between the United States, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam. The United States agreed to pull out the majority of its troops while it was still allowed to help South Vietnam. The two Vietnamese nations lived in a short-lived peace that was soon shattered by the invasion of the South from the North and the Fall of Saigon. The United States lost nearly 50,000 military personel in the war wheras the Vietnamese as a whole had lost 2 million people, double how many Vietnamese died during Vichy French and Japanese occupation during World War II.
In the late 1970s, Soviet Premier Breshnev decided to back the hated and despised communist regime in Afghanistan. So, Soviet soldiers literally invaded Afghanistan to subdue resistance there and to support the Marxist-Leninist government. However, many Afghans did not want a godless, communist government running their predominantly Muslim state. Afghans either longed for the rise of Islamic clergy to governmental positions, similar to the Islamic clergyman Ayatolla Khomeini in Iran, or the rise of a democratic republic that was set up earlier before the Soviet invasion. The Americans decided to back the Muhajdeed, or holy warriors, in Afghanistan so as to oppose Soviet influence there. The Muhajdeed employed many guerrilla tatics against the superior Soviet forces and managed to force them out of the country. This was perhaps the last major communist movement in the Middle East.
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Martin Luther's and Calvin's ideas are alike because they both agreed that religious authority rested on the Bible not the Pope and believed in a priesthood of all believers. Martin Luther and Calvin's ideas are also alike because both believed in St. Augustine's idea of predestination. Calvin did not believe that the Church should be ruled by the state, while Luther believed that it should.
Martin Luther and Calvin both believed in the importance of the Bible and the rejection of the authority of the Pope. Martin Luther and Calvin believed that everyone should serve God in his or her individual calling. Luther came up with this idea by reading and pondering over St Paul's letter to the Romans (1:17) found in the New Testament. Luther's major doctrine is justification by faith alone. Both Martin Luther and Calvin rejected the doctrine that good deeds ("Good Works) were necessary for salvation.
Differences between Martin Luther's and Calvin's ideas are that Calvin did not believe that the Church should be ruled by the state. Calvin had his own ideas about the power of God, the nature of human beings, and the power of the state.
Calvinists did not recognize the subordination of the Church to the state or the right of any government, king, or Parliament to law down laws for religion. Calvin believed in setting up a theocratic government run by Church leaders. Geneva, in France, is the perfect example of one of his ideal theocratic governments. The society in Geneva was divided into four parts, to include, pastors, teachers or doctors, elders, and deacons to dispense church services. This society was ruled by elders, which were twelve lay people chosen by and from the Genevan councils and empowered to "oversee the life of everybody." In contrast, Lutheran believed in having a separation of Church and state. The Church would govern religious matters, such as heresy, while, the government will govern secular matters such as, marriage.
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