Galantamine is a medication used to treat memory loss and dementia in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Galantamine has several possible side effects that may occur. Some of these side effects are dizzyness, nausea, vomiting, and fainting. There are also possible drug interactions to be aware of if taking this medication.
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, of course! These include ambinonium (Mytelase), physostigmine, neostigmine (Prostigmin, Vagostigmin), galantamine (Razadyne, Reminyl, Nivalin), pyridostigmine, Tacrin (Cognex), donepezil (Aricept), edrophonium (Tensilon, Enlon, Reversol) and rivastigmine (Exelon), and others.
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Medical uses for the daffodil plant:
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Dementia can be treated with medications such as tacrine and galantamine. These drugs can help to stabilize thinking and memory. Other treatments used are activities that stimulate the mind such as flash cards or computerized educational games. There are methods such as yoga and meditation which some people find helpful as well.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Reminyl (galantamine hydrobromide) is now called Razadyne and is used for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia associated with Alzheimer's Disease. For more info: http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/razadyne_ids.htm PS: i like pie
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There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's Disease. However, there are drug and drug-free treatments that can help with the symptoms. The medications that are currently used are from a class of medicines called cholinesterase. Three inhibitors are currently FDA approved; donepezil, Rivastigmine, and galantamine. These medicines work by preventing the breakdown of a chemical messenger called acetylcholine. There are also some treatments that focus on the behavioral and psychiatric symptoms related to the disease.
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All Narcissus (daffodils included) contain an alkaloid poison called lycorine. If ingested it will cause vomiting in humansas well as high blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, irregular heartbeat and possibly death. Accidental ingestion is due to someone mistaking a daffodil bulb for an onion or shallot.
Another human response is the "daffodil itch" which as a common inflammation of the skin, especially in florist. This is caused by calcium oxalate in the sap, and will produce dryness, fissures, scalines and redening of the hands.
The ASPCA puts out a document which list the different animals and what is toxic to those particular animals. Daffodils are poisonous for all common household pets and livestock.
However, the good news is that there is a chemical called galantamine that daffodils produce. This has been used to combat Alzheimer's disease.
All Narcissus (daffodils included) contain an alkaloid poison called lycorine. If ingested it will cause vomiting in humansas well as high blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, irregular heartbeat and possibly death. Accidental ingestion is due to someone mistaking a daffodil bulb for an onion or shallot.
Another human response is the "daffodil itch" which as a common inflammation of the skin, especially in florist. This is caused by calcium oxalate in the sap, and will produce dryness, fissures, scalines and redening of the hands.
The ASPCA puts out a document which list the different animals and what is toxic to those particular animals. Daffodils are poisonous for all common household pets and livestock.
However, the good news is that there is a chemical called galantamine that daffodils produce. This has been used to combat Alzheimer's disease.
All Narcissus (daffodils included) contain an alkaloid poison called lycorine. If ingested it will cause vomiting in humansas well as high blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, irregular heartbeat and possibly death. Accidental ingestion is due to someone mistaking a daffodil bulb for an onion or shallot.
Another human response is the "daffodil itch" which as a common inflammation of the skin, especially in florist. This is caused by calcium oxalate in the sap, and will produce dryness, fissures, scalines and redening of the hands.
The ASPCA puts out a document which list the different animals and what is toxic to those particular animals. Daffodils are poisonous for all common household pets and livestock.
However, the good news is that there is a chemical called galantamine that daffodils produce. This has been used to combat Alzheimer's disease.
All Narcissus (daffodils included) contain an alkaloid poison called lycorine. If ingested it will cause vomiting in humansas well as high blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, irregular heartbeat and possibly death. Accidental ingestion is due to someone mistaking a daffodil bulb for an onion or shallot.
Another human response is the "daffodil itch" which as a common inflammation of the skin, especially in florist. This is caused by calcium oxalate in the sap, and will produce dryness, fissures, scalines and redening of the hands.
The ASPCA puts out a document which list the different animals and what is toxic to those particular animals. Daffodils are poisonous for all common household pets and livestock.
However, the good news is that there is a chemical called galantamine that daffodils produce. This has been used to combat Alzheimer's disease.
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All Narcissus (daffodils included) contain an alkaloid poison called lycorine. If ingested it will cause vomiting in humansas well as high blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, irregular heartbeat and possibly death. Accidental ingestion is due to someone mistaking a daffodil bulb for an onion or shallot.
Another human response is the "daffodil itch" which as a common inflammation of the skin, especially in florist. This is caused by calcium oxalate in the sap, and will produce dryness, fissures, scalines and redening of the hands.
The ASPCA puts out a document which list the different animals and what is toxic to those particular animals. Daffodils are poisonous for all common household pets and livestock.
However, the good news is that there is a chemical called galantamine that daffodils produce. This has been used to combat Alzheimer's disease.
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All Narcissus (daffodils included) contain an alkaloid poison called lycorine. If ingested it will cause vomiting in humansas well as high blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, irregular heartbeat and possibly death. Accidental ingestion is due to someone mistaking a daffodil bulb for an onion or shallot.
Another human response is the "daffodil itch" which as a common inflammation of the skin, especially in florist. This is caused by calcium oxalate in the sap, and will produce dryness, fissures, scalines and redening of the hands.
The ASPCA puts out a document which list the different animals and what is toxic to those particular animals. Daffodils are poisonous for all common household pets and livestock.
However, the good news is that there is a chemical called galantamine that daffodils produce. This has been used to combat Alzheimer's disease.
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All Narcissus (daffodils included) contain an alkaloid poison called lycorine. If ingested it will cause vomiting in humansas well as high blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, irregular heartbeat and possibly death. Accidental ingestion is due to someone mistaking a daffodil bulb for an onion or shallot.
Another human response is the "daffodil itch" which as a common inflammation of the skin, especially in florist. This is caused by calcium oxalate in the sap, and will produce dryness, fissures, scalines and redening of the hands.
The ASPCA puts out a document which list the different animals and what is toxic to those particular animals. Daffodils are poisonous for all common household pets and livestock.
However, the good news is that there is a chemical called galantamine that daffodils produce. This has been used to combat Alzheimer's disease.
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Examples of alkaloids are: the local anesthetic and stimulant cocaine; the psychedelic psilocin; the stimulants caffeine and nicotine; the analgesic morphine; the antibacterial berberine; the anticancer compound vincristine; the antihypertension agent reserpine; the cholinomimetic galantamine; the anticholinergic agent atropine; the vasodilator vincamine; the antiarrhythmia compound quinidine; the antiasthma therapeutic ephedrine; and the antimalarial drug quinine. No matter the type or use, alkaloids invoke a bitter taste.
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As of 2003, the FDA had approved four prescription medications for treatment of Alzheimer's. Tacrine, donepezil, riviastigmine, and galantamine are cholinesterase inhibitors that enhance memory.
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Alzheimer's disease is unfortunately a disease that cannot be cured. Most doctors will try a variety of things to slow the progression, and precautions must be taken at home to ensure the affected person does not get hurt. With the support of family and the proper precautions, a patient with Alzheimer's can live with the disease in relative safety and comfort.
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All Narcissus (daffodils included) contain an alkaloid poison called lycorine. If ingested it will cause vomiting in humansas well as high blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, irregular heartbeat and possibly death. Accidental ingestion is due to someone mistaking a daffodil bulb for an onion or shallot.
Another human response is the "daffodil itch" which as a common inflammation of the skin, especially in florist. This is caused by calcium oxalate in the sap, and will produce dryness, fissures, scalines and redening of the hands.
The ASPCA puts out a document which list the different animals and what is toxic to those particular animals. Daffodils are poisonous for all common household pets and livestock.
However, the good news is that there is a chemical called galantamine that daffodils produce. This has been used to combat Alzheimer's disease.
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Animals learn very quickly not to bother the daffodils. Not only to they taste horrible, but they are poisonous - every inch of them.
All Narcissus (daffodils included) contain an alkaloid poison called lycorine. If ingested it will cause vomiting in humans as well as high blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, irregular heartbeat and possibly death. Accidental ingestion is due to someone mistaking a daffodil bulb for an onion or shallot.
Another human response is the "daffodil itch" which as a common inflammation of the skin, especially in florist. This is caused by calcium oxalate in the sap, and will produce dryness, fissures, scalines and redening of the hands.
The ASPCA puts out a document which list the different animals and what is toxic to those particular animals. Daffodils are poisonous for all common household pets and livestock.
However, the good news is that there is a chemical called galantamine that daffodils produce. This has been used to combat Alzheimer's disease.
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they grow two times as much if you cut them under water and over night.
There are about 3,000 known varieties of cultivated tulips. The majority of tulips are grown and exported from Holland. A tulip plant typically has two to six leaves, and some species have up to twelve leaves.
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Many herbal medicines contain plants, such as echinacea for immune support, peppermint for digestion, and valerian for relaxation. Herbal remedies have been used for centuries in traditional medicine practices around the world. It's important to note that the effectiveness and safety of herbal medicines can vary, so it's best to seek guidance from a healthcare provider before use.
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Call the Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222) if you or another human has ingested daffodil tissue. If a child chews on a bulb briefly, they will advise that in about 30 minutes the child will start to vomit. When the vomiting subsides, that will be the end of the problem. Someone from the center will contact you to make sure there is no further problem. If a soup has been made with daffodil bulbs, mistaken for onions, the center will advise you to head for the nearest emergency room, and they will monitor your care at the hospital.
All Narcissus (daffodils included) contain an alkaloid poison called lycorine. If ingested it will cause vomiting in humansas well as high blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, irregular heartbeat and possibly death. Accidental ingestion is due to someone mistaking a daffodil bulb for an onion or shallot.
Another human response is the "daffodil itch" which as a common inflammation of the skin, especially in florist. This is caused by calcium oxalate in the sap, and will produce dryness, fissures, scalines and redening of the hands.
The ASPCA puts out a document which list the different animals and what is toxic to those particular animals. Daffodils are poisonous for all common household pets and livestock.
However, the good news is that there is a chemical called galantamine that daffodils produce. This has been used to combat Alzheimer's disease.
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Dementia is a loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. It affects memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior.
See also: Alzheimer's disease
Alternative NamesChronic brain syndrome; Lewy body dementia; DLB; Vascular dementia; Mild cognitive impairment; MCI
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsMost types of dementia are nonreversible (degenerative). Nonreversible means the changes in the brain that are causing the dementia cannot be stopped or turned back. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia.
Lewy body disease is a leading cause of dementia in elderly adults. People with this condition have abnormal protein structures in certain areas of the brain.
Dementia also can be due to many small strokes. This is called vascular dementia.
The following medical conditions also can lead to dementia:
Some causes of dementia may be stopped or reversed if they are found soon enough, including:
Dementia usually occurs in older age. It is rare in people under age 60. The risk for dementia increases as a person gets older.
SymptomsDementia symptoms include difficulty with many areas of mental function, including:
Dementia usually first appears as forgetfulness.
Mild cognitive impairment is the stage between normal forgetfulness due to aging and the development of dementia. People with MCI have mild problems with thinking and memory that do not interfere with everyday activities. They are often aware of the forgetfulness. Not everyone with MCI develops dementia.
Symptoms of MCI include:
The early symptoms of dementia can include:
As the dementia becomes worse, symptoms are more obvious and interfere with the ability to take care of yourself. The symptoms may include:
People with severe dementia can no longer:
Other symptoms that may occur with dementia:
Dementia can often be diagnosed with a history and physical exam by a skilled doctor or nurse. A health care provider will take a history, do a physical exam (including a neurological exam), and perform some tests of mental function called a mental status examination.
The health care provider may order tests to help determine whether other problems could be causing dementia or making it worse. These conditions include:
The following tests and procedures may be done:
For information on how to take care of a loved one with dementia, see: Dementia - home care
The goal of treatment is to control the symptoms of dementia. Treatment depends on the condition causing the dementia. Some people may need to stay in the hospital for a short time.
Stopping or changing medications that make confusion worse may improve brain function.
There is growing evidence that some kinds of mental exercises can help dementia.
Treating conditions that can lead to confusion often greatly improve mental functioning. Such conditions include:
Medications may be needed to control behavior problems caused by a loss of judgement, increased impulsivity, and confusion. Possible medications include:
Certain drugs may be used to slow the rate at which symptoms worsen. The benefit from these drugs is often small, and patients and their families may not always notice much of a change.
A person's eyes and ears should be checked regularly. Hearing aids, glasses, or cataract surgery may be needed.
Psychotherapy or group therapy usually does not help because it may cause more confusion.
Expectations (prognosis)People with mild cognitive impairment do not always develop dementia. However, when dementia does occur, it usually gets worse and often decreases quality of life and lifespan.
ComplicationsComplications depend on the cause of the dementia, but may include the following:
Call your health care provider if:
Most causes of dementia are not preventable.
You can reduce the risk of vascular dementia, which is caused by a series of small strokes, by quitting smoking and controlling high blood pressure and diabetes. Eating a low-fat diet and exercising regularly may also reduce the risk of vascular dementia.
ReferencesBrewer JB, Gabrieli JDE, Preston AR, Vaidya CJ, Rosen AC. Memory. In: Goetz CG, ed. Textbook of Clinical Neurology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 5.
Farlow MR, Cummings JL. Effective pharmacologic management of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med, 2007;120:388-397.
Burns A, Iliffe S. Alzheimer's disease. BMJ. 2009;338:b158.doi:10.1136/bmj.b158.
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== == == == Please see link at bottom. Note: Because someone forgets certain things as they age this does notmean they have on-set dementia connected to Alzheimer's Disease and is called 'the aging process' and is quite normal. Only 2% of the ages of 30's, 40's and 50's may be prone to the on-set of Alzheimer's Disease. Scientists have found that people that are constantly learning and using their brain on a daily basis seem less likely to be prone to memory loss. If one should be concerned about their memory loss as they age or of anyone in their family it's important that they see their physician for early detection. Physical Symptoms with a person with Alzheimer's Disease: * Slowly their memory will worsen and they will forget such things as a pot of water boiling on the stove and as the disease progresses may not even recognize their mate or own home. Eventually they will find they can't find the right words or forget how to read and write. Comprehension of what they read will reduce to almost zero percent. * Shuffling of the feet. * Stooped posture. * Wandering. The person will often forget where they are and leave the house only to get lost. If they are with a caregiver and are separated from them they can wander off quite quickly and some people with this disease will just keep walking or taking one bus after the other, while some will go into sheer panic mode. * Alzheimer's patients at the beginning of their disease can remember old memories very clearly, but find it difficult to comprehend conversations or new memories. Example: They may forget that they were at a grandchild's birthday party days ago or even just a few weeks previous. * Choking. The person with Alzheimer's can choke very easily on food because the brain is not sending the correct electrical impulses for the swallowing process and the esophagus does not work correctly (sort of like slinky toy) which pushes the food down into the stomach. * Anger Outburst. The person with Alzheimer's will eventually become angry (appear just old and cranky to members of the family) and prefer to be by themselves. Eventually, outburst of rage will appear and they can and will physically strike out at their caregiver. * Paranoia. The person with Alzheimer's will think perhaps that one of their family members is stealing something in their home or they may have given something to someone and call them a thief. They are paranoid of strangers and family alike which can cause the caregiver in the family and other family members great pain. * Insomnia * Swearing. Because Alzheimer's is a disease of the brain people with the disease can swear a blue streak even if they have never been much at swearing through their past lives. * Loss of language skills. The person with Alzheimer's may know what they want to say, but their brain refuses to compute and the person will become extremely agitated and as the Alzheimer's Disease progresses they are unaware of what they are saying or not saying. * High blood pressure. * Cholesterol problems. * Depression. * Adverse drug reactions * Nutritional difficulties (to the point of Anorexia) * Hypothyroidism As many as 4 million to 6 million people in the United States have the disorder. Given our aging population, it has been estimated that 14 million Americans will have Alzheimer's disease by the middle of this century unless we find a cure or preventive measures. The average length of time between the appearance of the first symptoms of Alzheimer's and death seems to range from 4 to 16 years. Women with the disease generally survive longer than men. Most Alzheimer's patients die of complications such as pneumonia. Diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease It is essential to note that memory loss does not necessarily presage Alzheimer's disease. All of us forget things once in a while. Furthermore, some slowing of memory is a normal consequence of aging. If you experience memory loss, but not at a level that interferes with the activities of daily life, you probably do not have the disease. The vast majority of people past the age of 65 do not have Alzheimer's disease. Only after doctors rule out other neurological or medical problems do they focus on the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Then they use neuropsychological testing, brain imaging, and other techniques, such as blood tests and neurological and physical examination and history, to place people on two levels of diagnostic certainty: * Probable Alzheimer's disease-the person has no other illnesses that may contribute to the symptoms * Possible Alzheimer's disease the person meets the criteria for other illnesses that may contribute to his or her mental problems, such as hypothyroidism or cerebrovascular disease. What Affects the Risk for Alzheimer's Disease? While popular reports periodically circulate about dietary (for example, zinc) and other environmental factors (such as aluminum), none of these suspects have yielded anything definitive under investigation. People who develop Alzheimer's disease tend to use anti-inflammatory agents like aspirin and acetaminophen less often than their peers. Because chronic inflammation has been associated with amyloid deposition, anti-inflammatory agents could play an important role in slowing or inhibiting the disease. Several large studies are now in progress to test whether or not these drugs can prevent Alzheimer's disease. Drug Treatments for Alzheimer's Disease Since there is no cure for Alzheimer's, current treatment focuses on lessening its symptoms. Some researchers consider the loss of acetylcholine to be the reason for declining memory, so scientists have adopted the strategy of enhancing the brain's acetylcholine production. A class of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors has a modest but positive effect on the memory-loss symptoms of the disease. * Tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine), sold as Cognex * Donepezil (Aricept) was approved for Alzheimer's disease in 1996. * Rivastigmine (Exelon) * Galantamine (Reminyl)Although there has been some indication that antioxidants can protect against memory loss, none has been shown to prevent Alzheimer's disease. People with Alzheimer's disease given vitamin E (2000 IU per day) lived longer than those taking a placebo, but showed no improvement in their mental function. Ginkgo biloba was found to provide a small benefit on cognitive testing in people with Alzheimer's disease, but the large number of dropouts in that trial has raised concerns about the validity of the results. Antidepressants, beta-adrenergic antagonists, lithium, benzodiazepines, and anticonvulsant drugs all show inconsistent results but are worth trying because they can help some individuals. In addition to sedating the person, many of these drugs worsen cognitive function; they have also been associated with falls and fractures. Antidepressants or sedatives will help an Alzheimer's patient with their insomnia. The Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease In the last stages of illness, people with Alzheimer's disease are often unable to care for their most basic needs. Many individuals need round-the-clock care and are placed in nursing homes. People at this stage of illness may require tube feedings to maintain nutrition and decrease the risk of aspiration or choking. Skin care to prevent bedsores is important, as is bowel care. Maintaining the dignity of the individual is still important: dressing, bathing, feeding, and grooming a person with Alzheimer's each day is essential even though that person may appear unaware of his or her surroundings. When making end-of-life decisions the family should follow an individuals wishes, but that may not be possible if the person has not made appropriate legal decisions. Some people make out documents authorizing certain life-support measures and not others, called Advance Directives, before they succumb to dementia. For people who have not put these choices in writing, the decision is usually up to the next of kin or legal guardian. Disagreements within the family can cause a great deal of difficulty, particularly when a rapid medical decision is required. Counseling can be of help.
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Dementia is a loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD), is one form of dementia that gradually gets worse over time. It affects memory, thinking, and behavior.
Memory impairment, as well as problems with language, decision-making ability, judgment, and personality, are necessary features for the diagnosis.
Alternative NamesSenile dementia - Alzheimer's type (SDAT); SDAT
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsAge and family history are risk factors for AD.
Other risk factors that are not as well proven include:
There are two types of AD -- early onset and late onset.
The cause of AD is not entirely known, but is thought to include both genetic and environmental factors. A diagnosis of AD is made when certain symptoms are present, and by making sure other causes of dementia are not present.
The only way to know for certain that someone has AD is to examine a sample of their brain tissue after death. The following changes are more common in the brain tissue of people with AD:
When nerve cells (neurons) are destroyed, there is a decrease in the chemicals that help nerve cells send messages to one another (called neurotransmitters). As a result, areas of the brain that normally work together become disconnected.
The buildup of aluminum, lead, mercury, and other substances in the brain is no longer believed to be a cause of AD.
SymptomsDementia symptoms include difficulty with many areas of mental function, including:
Dementia usually first appears as forgetfulness.
Mild cognitive impairment is the stage between normal forgetfulness due to aging, and the development of AD. People with MCI have mild problems with thinking and memory that do not interfere with everyday activities. They are often aware of the forgetfulness. Not everyone with MCI develops AD.
Symptoms of MCI include:
The early symptoms of AD can include:
As the AD becomes worse, symptoms are more obvious and interfere with your ability to take care of yourself. Symptoms can include:
People with severe AD can no longer:
Other symptoms that may occur with AD:
AD can often be diagnosed through a history and physical exam by a skilled doctor or nurse. A health care provider will take a history, do a physical exam (including a neurological exam), and perform a mental status examination.
Tests may be ordered to help determine whether other medical problems could be causing dementia or making it worse. These conditions include:
Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) of the brain may be done to look for other causes of dementia, such as a brain tumor or stroke.
Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD. The goals in treating AD are to:
DRUG TREATMENT
Most drugs used to treat Alzheimer's are aimed at slowing the rate at which symptoms become worse. The benefit from these drugs is often small, and patients and their families may not always notice much of a change.
Patients and caregivers should ask their doctors the following questions about whether and when to use these drugs:
Two types of medicine are available:
Other medicines may be needed to control aggressive, agitated, or dangerous behaviors. These are usually given in very low doses.
It may be necessary to stop any medications that make confusion worse. Such medicines may include painkillers, cimetidine, central nervous system depressants, antihistamines, sleeping pills, and others. Never change or stop taking any medicines without first talking to your doctor.
SUPPLEMENTS
Many people take folate (vitamin B9), vitamin B12, and vitamin E. However, there is no strong evidence that taking these vitamins prevents AD or slows the disease once it occurs.
Some people believe that the herb ginkgo biloba prevents or slows the development of dementia. However, high-quality studies have failed to show that this herb lowers the chance of developing dementia. DO NOT use ginkgo if you take blood-thinning medications like warfarin (Coumadin) or a class of antidepressants called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
If you are considering any drugs or supplements, you should talk to your doctor first. Remember that herbs and supplements available over the counter are NOT regulated by the FDA.
Support GroupsFor additional information and resources for people with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers, see Alzheimer's disease support groups.
Expectations (prognosis)How quickly AD gets worse is different for each person. If AD develops quickly, it is more likely to worsen quickly.
Patients with AD often die earlier than normal, although a patient may live anywhere from 3 - 20 years after diagnosis.
The final phase of the disease may last from a few months to several years. During that time, the patient becomes immobile and totally disabled.
Death usually occurs from an infection or a failure of other body systems.
ComplicationsCall your health care provider if someone close to you experiences symptoms of senile dementia/Alzheimer's type.
Call your health care provider if a person with this disorder experiences a sudden change in mental status. (A rapid change may indicate other illness.)
Discuss the situation with your health care provider if you are caring for a person with this disorder and the condition deteriorates to the point where you can no longer care for the person in your home.
PreventionAlthough there is no proven way to prevent AD, there are some practices that may be worth incorporating into your daily routine, particularly if you have a family history of dementia. Talk to your doctor about any of these approaches, especially those that involve taking a medication or supplement.
In addition, early testing of a vaccine against AD is underway.
ReferencesAisen PS, Schneider LS, Sano M, Diaz-Arrastia R, van Dyck CH, et al. High-dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300:1774-1783.
DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, Kronmal RA, Ives DG, Saxton JA, et al. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300:2253-2262.
Burns A, Iliffe S. Alzheimer's disease. BMJ. 2009;338:b158.doi:10.1136.bmj.b158.
Farlow MR, Cummings JL. Effective pharmacologic management of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med. 2007;120:388-397.
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Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the brain that leads to shaking (tremors) and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination.
Alternative NamesParalysis agitans; Shaking palsy
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsParkinson's disease was first described in England in 1817 by Dr. James Parkinson. The disease most often develops after age 50. It is one of the most common nervous system disorders of the elderly. Sometimes Parkinson's disease occurs in younger adults, but is rarely seen in children. It affects both men and women.
In some cases, Parkinson's disease occurs in families. When a young person is affected, it is usually because of a form of the disease that runs in families.
Nerve cells use a brain chemical called dopamine to help control muscle movement. Parkinson's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the brain that make dopamine are slowly destroyed. Without dopamine, the nerve cells in that part of the brain cannot properly send messages. This leads to the loss of muscle function. The damage gets worse with time. Exactly why the brain cells waste away is unknown.
Parkinson's in children may occur because the nerves are not as sensitive to dopamine. Parkinson's is rare in children.
The term "parkinsonism" refers to any condition that involves the types of movement changes seen in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism may be caused by other disorders (such as secondary parkinsonism) or certain medications.
SymptomsThe disorder may affect one or both sides of the body. How much function is lost can vary.
Symptoms may be mild at first. For instance, the patient may have a mild tremor or a slight feeling that one leg or foot is stiff and dragging.
Symptoms include:
Other symptoms:
The health care provider may be able to diagnose Parkinson's disease based on your symptoms and a physical examination. However, the symptoms can be difficult to assess, particularly in the elderly. The signs (tremor, change in muscle tone, problems walking, unsteady posture) become more clear as the illness progresses.
An examination may show:
Reflexes should be normal.
Tests may be needed to rule out other disorders that cause similar symptoms.
TreatmentThere is no known cure for Parkinson's disease. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms.
Medications control symptoms, mostly by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain. At certain points during the day, the helpful effects of the medication often wears off, and symptoms can return. Your doctor need to be change the:
Work closely with your doctors and therapists to adjust the treatment program. Never change or stop taking any medications without talking with your doctor.
Many medications can cause severe side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and delirium. Monitoring and follow-up by the health care provider is important.
Eventually, symptoms such as stooped posture, frozen movements, and speech difficulties may not respond very well to drug treatment.
Medications used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:
Lifestyle changes that may be helpful for Parkinson's disease:
Less commonly, surgery may be an option for patients with very severe Parkinson's disease who no longer respond to many medications. These surgeries do not cure Parkinson's, but may help some patients:
Support groups may help you cope with the changes caused by the disease.
See: Parkinson's disease - support group
Expectations (prognosis)Untreated, the disorder will get worse until a person is totally disabled. Parkinson's may lead to a deterioration of all brain functions, and an early death.
Most people respond to medications. How much the medications relieve symptoms, and for how long can be very different in each person. The side effects of medications may be severe.
ComplicationsCall your health care provider if:
Also tell the health care provider about medication side effects, which may include:
Also call your health care provider if the condition gets worse and home care is no longer possible.
ReferencesLang AE. When and how should treatment be started in Parkinson disease? Neurology. 2009;72(7 Suppl):S39-43.
Miyasaki JM, Shannon K, Voon V, Ravina B, Kleiner-Fisman G, Anderson K, et al. Practice Parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson's disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66:996-1002.
Pahwa R, Factor SA, Lyons KE, Ondo WG, Gronseth G, Bronte-Stewart H, et al. Practice Parameter: treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66:983-995.
Suchowersky O, Reich S, Perlmutter J, Zesiewicz T, Gronseth G, Weiner WJ. Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice Parameter: diagnosis and prognosis of new onset Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006.66:968-975.
Weaver FM, Follett K, Stern M, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(1):63-73.
3 answers
acarbose tablet Precose®
acebutolol capsule Sectral®
acetazolamide tablet Diamox®
acetazolamide SR capsule Diamox Sequels®
acetic acid otic Acetasol®
acetic acid/hydrocortisone otic Acetasol®-HC
acetohexamide tablet Dymelor®
acetylcysteine solution Mucomyst®
acyclovir tablet, capsule, suspension Zovirax®
albuterol inhalation solution, tablet, syrup
Proventil®
alendronate sodium tablet Fosamax®
allopurinol tablet Zyloprim®
alprazolam tablet Xanax®
amantadine capsule, syrup Symmetrel®
amcinonide cream, ointment, lotion Cyclocort®
amiloride tablet Midamor®
amiloride/HCTZ tablet Moduretic®
aminocaproic acid tablet Amicar®
aminophylline tablet, liquid
amiodarone tablet Cordarone®**
amitriptyline tablet Elavil®
amlodipine besylate/benazepril Lotrel®
amlodipine besylate tablet Norvasc®
amoxapine tablet Asendin®
amoxicillin capsule, tablet, suspension, chews, drops Amoxil®
amoxicillin/pot. clavulanate tabs, chews, suspension Augmentin®
amphetamine/ dextroamphetamine tablet Adderall®
anagrelide capsule Agrylin®
atenolol tablet Tenormin®
atenolol/chlorthalidone tablet Tenoretic®
atropine ophthalmic solution Atropair®
azathioprine tablet Imuran®
azithromycin tablet, packet, suspension Zithromax®
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B
bacitracin ophthalmic solution
bacitracin/polymyxin ointment Polysporin®
baclofen tablet Lioresal®
benazepril tablet Lotensin®
benazepril HCL tablet Lotensin®
benzocaine/antipyrine otic Aurodex®
benzonatate capsule Tessalon®
benztropine tablet Cogentin®
betamethasone dipropionate cream, gel, lotion, ointment Diprolene®
betamethasone valerate liquid, lotion Beta-val®
betamethasone/clotrimazole cream Lotrisone®
betamethasone dipropionate augmented cream Diprolene® AF
betaxolol ophthalmic solution
betaxolol tablet Kerlone®
bethanechol tablet Urecholine®
brimonidine ophthalmic solution Alphagan®
bromocriptine tablet Parlodel®
budeprion SR tablet Wellbutrin SR®
budeprion XL tablet Wellbutrin XL®
bumetanide tablet Bumex®
bupropion SR tablet Wellbutrin SR®
bupropion XL tablet Wellbutrin XL®
buspirone tablet BuSpar®
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C
cabergoline tablet Dostinex®
calcipotriene solution Dovonex®
calcitonin-salmon nasal spray Fortical®, Miacalcin®
calcitriol capsule Rocaltrol®
captopril tablet Capoten®
captopril/HCTZ tablet Capozide®
carbamazepine tablet, chews, suspension Tegretol®
carbidopa/levodopa tablet Sinemet®
carisoprodol tablet Soma®
carisoprodol/ASA tablet Soma® Compound
carteolol ophthalmic solution
carvedilol tablet Coreg®
cefaclor capsule, suspension Ceclor®
cefadroxil capsule, tablet, suspension Duricef®
cefdinir capsule, suspension Omnicef®
cefprozil tablet, suspension Cefzil®
cefuroxime tablet Ceftin®
cephalexin capsule Keflex®
cephradine capsule Velosef®
chloral hydrate capsule
chlordiazepoxide capsule Librium®
chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse Peridex®
chloroquine tablet Aralen®
chlorothiazide tablet Diuril®
chlorpromazine tablet, drops, syrup Thorazine®
chlorpropamide tablet Diabinese®
chlorthalidone tablet Hygroton®
cholestyramine/sucrose powder Questran®
choline mag trisalicylate tablet Trilisate®
ciclopirox cream, gel, topical suspension Loprox®
ciclopirox topical solution Penlac®
cilostazol tablet Pletal®
cimetidine tablet, liquid Tagamet®
ciprofloxacin tablet, suspension Cipro®
citalopram tablet Celexa®**
citric acid/sodium citrate solution Bicitra®
clarithromycin tablet Biaxin®
clemastine tablet Tavist®
clindamycin capsule Cleocin®
clindamycin topical gel, lotion, solution Cleocin®
clobetasol propionate cream, lotion, ointment Temovate®
clomiphene citrate tablet* Clomid®*
clomipramine capsule Anafranil®
clonazepam tablet Klonopin®
clonidine tablet Catapres®
clorazepate tablet Tranxene®
clozapine tablet Clozaril®
codeine/APAP tablet Tylenol® #3
colchicine tablet
colestipol HCL granules, tablet Colestid®
cortisone acetate tablet Cortone®
cromolyn ophthalmic solution Crolom®
cromolyn neb sodium solution Intal®
cryselle™ tablet
cyanocobalamin injection
cyclobenzaprine tablet Flexeril®
cyclophosphamide tablet++ Cytoxan®++
cyclosporine capsule, solution Sandimmune®**
cyclosporine, modified capsule, solution Neoral®
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D
dantrolene capsule Dantrium ®
danazol capsule Danocrine®
desipramine tablet Norpramin®
desmopressin tablet, nasal spray, nasal solution DDAVP®**
desonide/petrolatum cream Desonide®
desoximetasone gel, ointment, cream Topicort®
dexamethasone sod phos ophthalmic suspension
dexamethasone tablet, elixir Decadron®
dextroamphetamine tablet Dexedrine®
dextroamphetamine SR capsule Dexedrine Spansule®
diazepam tablet, solution Valium®
diclofenac sod ophthalmic solution
diclofenac tablet Voltaren®
dicloxacillin capsule Dynapen®
dicyclomine capsule, tablet Bentyl®
didanosine capsule Videx EC®
diflorasone ointment, cream Psorcon®
diflunisal tablet Dolobid®
digoxin tablet, elixir Lanoxin®**
diltiazem SR capsule Cardizem® CD
diltiazem SR capsule Cardizem® SR
diltiazem SR capsule Dilacor® XR
diltiazem tablet Cardizem®
diphenoxylate/atropine tablet Lomotil®
dipivefrin ophthalmic solution Propine®
dipyridamole tablet Persantine®
disopyramide & ER capsule Norpace®, Norpace CR®**
dorzolamide HCL ophthalmic solution Trusopt®
dorzolamide-timolol ophthalmic solution Cosopt®
doxazosin tablet Cardura®
doxepin capsule Sinequan®
doxycycline capsule, tablet Vibramycin®
dyphylline tablet Lufyllin®
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E
enalapril tablet Vasotec®
enalapril/HCTZ tablet Vaseretic®
ergotamine/caffeine tablet, suppository Cafergot®
erythromycin base EC tablet Emycin®
erythromycin base ophthalmic ointment
erythromycin base/benzoyl peroxide gel Benzamycin®
erythromycin ethylsuc tablet, suspension EES®
erythromycin/sulfisoxazole suspension Pediazole®
estazolam tablet Prosom®
estradiol tablet Estrace®
estradiol transdermal patch
estropipate tablet Ogen®
ethambutol tablet Myambutol®
ethosuximide syrup Zarontin®**
etidronate disodium Didronel®
etodolac capsule Lodine®
etoposide capsule++ Toposar®++, Vepesid®++
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F
famciclovir tablet Famvir®
famotidine tablet Pepcid®
felodipine tablet Plendil®
fenofibrate capsule, tablet
fenoprofen tablet, capsule Nalfon®
fexofenadine Allegra®
fentanyl patch Duragesic®
finasteride tablet Proscar®
flecainide tablet Tambocor®
fluconazole tablet, oral suspension Diflucan®
fludrocortisone tablet Florinef®
flunisolide nasal spray Nasalide®
fluocinolone acetonide cream, ointment Synalar®
fluocinonide cream, ointment, solution, gel Lidex®
fluoride drops
fluorometholone ophthalmic suspension Fluor-Op®
fluoxetine capsule Prozac®
fluphenazine tablet, concentrate, elixir Prolixin®
flurazepam capsule Dalmane®
flurbiprofen ophthalmic solution Ocufen®
flurbiprofen tablet Ansaid®
flutamide capsule++ Eulexin®++
fluticasone propionate nasal spray Flonase®
fluvoxamine tablet Luvox®
folic acid tablet Folvite®
fosinopril tablet Monopril®
fosinopril/HCTZ tablet Monopril HCT ®
furosemide tablet Lasix®
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G
gabapentin capsule, tablet Neurontin®
galantamine HBR tablet Razadyne™ tablet
ganciclovir capsule Cytovene®
gemfibrozil capsule Lopid®
gentamicin cream, ointment Garamycin®
gentamicin ophthalmic solution Genoptic®
glimepiride tablet Amaryl®
glipizide tablet Glucotrol®
glipizide ER tablet Glucotrol® XL
glipizide-metformin tablet Metaglip™
glyburide tablet Diabeta®
glyburide, micronized tablet Glynase®
granisetron HCL tablet, solution Kytril®
griseofulvin ultramicronized tablet Fulvicin® P/G
guanfacine tablet Tenex®
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H
haloperidol tablet, solution Haldol®
heparin sodium injection
homatropine ophthalmic solution Isopto® Homatropine**
hydralazine tablet Apresoline®
hydralazine/HCTZ tablet Apresazide®
hydrochlorothiazide tablet Oretic®
hydrocodone/APAP tablet Vicodin®
hydrocodone/homatropine tablet, syrup Hycodan®
hydrocodone/ibuprofen tablet Vicoprofen®
hydrocort/polymyx/neomycin otic Cortisporin® Otic
hydrocortisone butyrate cream, ointment, solution Locoid®
hydrocortisone cream, ointment, lotion Ala-cort®
hydromorphone tablet Dilaudid®
hydroxychloroquine tablet Plaquenil®
hydroxyurea capsule++ Hydrea®++
hydroxyzine HCL tablet Atarax®
hydroxyzine pamoate capsule Vistaril®
hyoscyamine capsule Cystospaz-M®
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I
ibuprofen tablet Motrin®
imipramine tablet Tofranil®
indapamide tablet Lozol®
indomethacin capsule Indocin®
ipratropium bromide solution Atrovent®
ipratropium nasal spray Atrovent®
ipratropium-albuterol inhalation solution Duoneb®
isoniazid tablet
isosorbide dinitrate & ER tablet Isordil® & Dilatrate® SR
isosorbide mononitrate & ER tablet Ismo® & Imdur®
isotretinoin (claravis, sotret, amnesteem) capsule Accutane®
itraconazole capsule, solution Sporanox®*
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J
jolessa tablet* Seasonale®*
K
ketoconazole shampoo Nizoral®**
ketoconazole tablet Nizoral®
ketoprofen capsule Orudis®
ketoprofen ER capsule Oruvail® SR
ketotifen fumarate ophthalmic solution Zaditor®
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L
labetalol tablet Trandate®
lactulose syrup Enulose®
lamotrigine Lamictal®
leena tablet*
leflunomide tablet Arava®
leucovorin tablet++ Wellcovorin®++
leuprolide non-depot injection
levetiracetam tablet, solution Keppra®
levobunolol ophthalmic solution Betagan®
levothyroxine sodium tablet
lidocaine viscous solution Xylocaine®
lindane lotion, shampoo Kwell®
lisinopril tablet Zestril®, Prinivil®
lisinopril/HCTZ tablet Zestoretic®
lithium carbonate capsule Eskalith®
lithium citrate syrup
lofibra capsule, tablet
loperamide capsule, liquid Imodium®
lorazepam tablet Ativan®
lovastatin tablet Mevacor®
loxapine succinate capsule Loxitane®
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M
maprotiline tablet Ludiomil®
mebendazole chewtabs Vermox®
meclizine tablet Antivert®
meclofenamate capsule Meclomen®
medroxyprogesterone acetate tablet
megestrol tablet, syrup++ Megace®++
menest tablet
meperidine tablet, syrup Demerol®
mesalamine enema Rowasa®
metaproterenol tablet, syrup, inhalation solution Alupent®
metformin ER tablet Glucophage® XR
metformin tablet Glucophage®
methadone tablet, solution, concentrate Dolophine®
methazolamide tablet Neptazane®
methenamine hippurate tablet Hiprex®
methenamine mandelate tablet Mandelamine®
methimazole tablet Tapazole®
methocarbamol tablet Robaxin®
methocarbamol/ASA tablet Robaxisal®
methotrexate tablet Rheumatrex®
methyclothiazide tablet Enduron®
methyldopa tablet Aldomet®
methylphenidate ER tablet Ritalin® SR
methylphenidate tablet Ritalin®
methylprednisolone tablet Medrol®
metoclopramide tablet, syrup Reglan®
metolazone tablet Zaroxolyn®**
metoprolol tablet Lopressor®
metoprolol succinate tablet Toprol XL®
metronidazole tablet Flagyl®
metronidazole vaginal gel MetroGel-Vaginal®
mexiletine capsule Mexitil®
midodrine tablet Proamatine®
minocycline capsule Minocin®
minoxidil tablet Loniten®
mirtazapine tablet Remeron®
misoprostil tablet Cytotec®
mometasone cream, ointment Elocon®
moexipril/HCTZ tablet Uniretic®
moexipril HCL tablet Univasc®
morphine SR tablet MS Contin®
mupirocin ointment Bactroban®
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N
nabumetone tablet Relafen®
nadolol tablet Corgard®
naphazoline ophthalmic solution Vasocon®
naproxen tablet Naprosyn®
nefazodone tablet Serzone®
neo/polymyx/dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension, ointment
nicardipine capsule Cardene®
nifedipine capsule Procardia®
nifedipine SA tablet Adalat® CC
nimodipine capsule Nimotop®
nitrofurantoin capsule Macrodantin®, Macrobid®
nitroglycerin capsule NitroTime®
nitroglycerin patch Minitran®, Nitro-Dur®
nora-BE tablet
nortriptyline capsule Pamelor®
nystatin suspension, tablet Mycostatin®
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O
ocella tablet* Yasmin®*
octreotide acetate injection Sandostatin®
ofloxacin tablet Floxin®
omeprazole capsule Prilosec®
ondansetron HCL tablet, oral solution Zofran®
ondansetron tablet Zofran ODT®
oxaprozin tablet Daypro®
oxazepam capsule Serax®
oxcarbazepine tablet Trileptal®
oxybutynin tablet Ditropan®
oxybutynin chloride ER Ditropan XL®
oxycodone capsule OxyIR®
oxycodone/APAP tablet Percocet®
oxycodone/ASA tablet Percodan®
oxycodone HCL SR tablet Oxycontin®
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P
pantoprazole sodium tablet Protonix®
paroxetine tablet Paxil®
pemoline tab, chewtab Cylert®
penicillin V potassium tablet, suspension Veetids®
pentoxifylline tablet Trental®
permethrin 5% cream Elimite®
perphenazine tablet Trilafon®
phenazopyridine tablet Pyridium®
phenobarbital tablet, elixir
phenylephrine ophthalmic solution
phenytoin sodium capsule Dilantin®**
pilocarpine ophthalmic solution Adsorbocarpine®
pilocarpine tablet Salagen®
pindolol tablet Visken®
piroxicam capsule Feldene®
polyethylene glycol/electrolyte solution
potassium chloride tablet K-Dur®**
potassium chloride CR capsule Micro-K®
pravastatin tablet Pravachol®
prazosin capsule Minipress®
prednisolone 15mg/5ml syrup Prelone®
prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension Pred Forte®
prednisolone sod phosphate ophthalmic solution Inflamase Forte®
prednisolone sod phosphate oral solution Orapred®
prednisone tablet, solution Deltasone®
previfem™ tablet
primaquine phosphate tablet
primidone tablet Mysoline®**
probenecid tablet
procainamide capsule Pronestyl®
procainamide SA tablet Pronestyl SR®
prochlorperazine tablet Compazine®
promethazine tablet, suppository Phenergan®
propafenone tablet Rythmol®
propoxyphene/APAP tablet Darvocet N®-100
propranolol tablet Inderal®
propranolol HCL SA capsule Inderal® LA
propranolol/HCTZ tablet Inderide®
propylthiouracil tablet
protriptyline tablet Vivactil®
pyrazinamide tablet
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Q
quasense tablet* Seasonale®*
quinapril tablet Accupril®
quinapril/HCTZ tablet Accuretic®
quinidine gluconate tablet Quinaglute®
quinidine sulfate tablet Quinidex®
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R
ramipril capsule Altace®
ranitidine tablet, syrup Zantac®
ribavirin capsule Rebetol®**
ribavirin tablet Copegus®
rifampin capsule Rifadin®
rimantadine tablet Flumadine®
risperidone tablet, solution Risperdal®
ropinirole HCL tablet Requip®
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S
salsalate tablet Disalcid®
selegiline tablet, capsule Eldepryl®
sertraline tablet Zoloft®
silver sulfadiazine cream Silvadene®
simvastatin tablet Zocor®
sotalol tablet Betapace®
spironolactone tablet Aldactone®
spironolactone/HCTZ tablet Aldactazide®
stavudine capsule Zerit® capsule
sucralfate tablet Carafate®
sulfacetamide ophthalmic solution Bleph®-10
sulfacetamide sodium topical suspension Klaron®
sulfadiazine tablet Microsulfon®
sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim tablet, suspension Bactrim®, Septra®
sulfasalazine tablet Azulfidine® EN-tabs®
sulfisoxazole tablet, suspension Gantrisin®
sulindac tablet Clinoril®
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T
tamoxifen tablet++ Nolvadex®++
temazepam capsule Restoril®
terbinafine HCL tablet Lamisil®
terazosin capsule Hytrin®
tetracycline capsule Achromycin®
theophylline tablet, capsule, elixir
thioridazine tablet, solution Mellaril®
thiothixene capsule Navane®
thyroid dessicated tablet
ticlopidine tablet Ticlid®
tilia FE tablet Estrostep® FE
timolol maleate ophthalmic solution Betimol®**
timolol maleate tablet Blocadren®
tizanidine tablet Zanaflex®
tobramycin ophthalmic solution Tobrex®
tolazamide tablet Tolinase®
tolbutamide tablet Orinase®
tolmetin tablet Tolectin®
tramadol tablet Ultram®
tramadol/APAP tablet Ultracet®
trandolapril tablet Mavik®
tranylcypromine sulfate tablet Parnate®
trazadone tablet Desyrel®
tretinoin capsule®++ Vesanoid®++
tretinoin cream, gel, lotion* Retin A®*
triamcinolone acetonide cream, ointment Aristocort®
triamcinolone tablet Aristocort®
triamterene/HCTZ tablet Maxzide®
triazolam tablet Halcion®
trifluoperazine tablet Stelazine®
trifluridine ophthalmic solution Viroptic®
trihexyphenidyl tablet Artane®
tri-legest FE tablet Estrostep® FE
trimethobenzamide capsule, suppository Tigan®
trimethoprim tablet Proloprim®
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U
unithroid tablet
urea cream, gel, lotion Keralac®
ursodiol capsule Actigall®
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V
valproic acid capsule, syrup Depakene®
valproate sodium syrup Depakene®
venlafaxine HCL tablet Effexor®
venlafaxine XR tablet Effexor XR® capsule
verapamil tablet Calan®
verapamil SR tablet Calan SR®
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W
warfarin tablet Coumadin®**
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Z
zaleplon capsule Sonata®
zidovudine capsule, tablet, syrup Retrovir®
zolpidem tartrate tablet Ambien®
zonisamide capsule zonegram
2 answers