Joel Roberts Poinsett (March 2, 1779 - December 12, 1851) was an American physician, botanist and statesman. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives, the first United States Minister to Mexico (the United States did not appoint ambassadors until 1896), a U.S. Secretary of War under Martin Van Buren, and a cofounder of the National Institute for the Promotion of Science and the Useful Arts (a predecessor of the Smithsonian Institution), as well as the eponym of Poinsett County, Arkansas; Poinsett Highway, Poinsett Bridge, and Poinsett State Park in South Carolina; Lake Poinsett in South Dakota; and the poinsettia, a popular Christmas flower.

Beginning in 1801, Poinsett traveled the European continent. In the spring of 1802, Poinsett left France for Italy traveling through the Alps and Switzerland. He visited the cities of Naples and hiked up Mount Etna on the island of Sicily. In the spring of 1803 he arrived in Switzerland and stayed at the home of Jacques Necker and his daughter, Madame de Stael. Necker, French Finance Minister from 1776 to 1781 under Louis XVI, had been driven into exile by Napoleon I. On one occasion, Robert Livingston, the United States minister to France, was invited for a visit while he was touring Savoy, France, and Switzerland. Poinsett was compelled to assume the role of interpreter between the deaf Livingston and the aged Necker whose lack of teeth made his speech almost incomprehensible. Fortunately, Madame de Stael tactfully assumed the duty of translation for her elderly father.

In October 1803, Poinsett left Switzerland for Vienna, Austria, and from there journeyed to Munich. In December he received word that his father was dead, and that his sister, Susan, was seriously ill. He immediately secured passage back to Charleston. Poinsett arrived in Charleston early in 1804, months after his father had been laid to rest. Hoping to save his sister's life, Poinsett took her on a voyage to New York, remembering how his earlier voyage to Lisbon had intensified his recovery. Yet, upon arriving in New York City, Susan Poinsett died. As the sole remaining heir, Poinsett inherited a small fortune in town houses and lots, plantations, bank stock, and "English funds." The entire Poinsett estate was valued at a hundred thousand dollars or more.

In January, 1807, Czar Alexander and Poinsett dined at the Palace. Czar Alexander attempted to entice Poinsett into the Russian civil or military service. Poinsett was hesitant, which prompted Alexander to advise him to "see the Empire, acquire the language, study the people", and then decide. Always interested in travel, Poinsett accepted the invitation and left St. Petersburg in March 1807 on a journey through southern Russia. He was accompanied by his English friend Lord Royston and eight others.

With letters recommending them to the special care of all Russian officials, Poinsett and Royston made their way to Moscow. They were among the last westerners to see Moscow before its burning in October 1812 by Napoleon's forces. From Moscow they traveled to the Volga River, and then by boat to Astrakhan, situated at the mouth of the river. Poinsett's company now entered the Caucusus, containing a very diverse population, and only recently acquired by Russia through conquests by Czars Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Because of ethnic conflict, the area was extremely dangerous. They were provided with a Cossack escort as they traveled between Tarki and Derbent, but when a Tartar dignitary claimed that this would only provoke danger, the escort was bypassed for the security of the Tartar chiefs. This new security increased the numbers in Poinsett's company, which they believed made it less vulnerable to attack as it passed out of Russia proper. Thus, they were joined by a Persian merchant, who was transporting young girls he had acquired in Circassia to Baku and harems in Turkey. With a strong Persian and Kopak guard, the party left Derbent and entered the realm of the Khan of Kuban.

While traveling through the Khanate, a tribal chief stole some of the horses in Poinsett's party. Poinsett boldly decided to go out of his way to the court of the Khan in the town of Kuban to demand their return. As there were normally never any foreigners in this place, the Khan was surprised. Of course, he had never heard of the United States, and Poinsett did the best he could to answer all the questions the Khan had. In order to convey the greatness of the U.S., Poinsett spoke at length on its geography. The Khan referred to President Thomas Jefferson as the Shah of America. Finally, Poinsett stated that the theft of his horses would reflect badly on the fair name of the Khanate. The Khan was impressed and told Poinsett that the head of the guilty chief was his for the asking, yet since the thief had made it possible for him to accept such a distinguished visitor, perhaps a pardon might be in order.

Poinsett's company traveled to Baku on the Caspian Sea. He noted that because of the petroleum pits in the region, it had long been a spot of pilgrimage for fire-worshipers. He became one of the earliest U.S. travelers to the Middle East, where, in 1806, the Persian khan showed him a pool of petroleum, which he speculated might someday be used for fuel.[1]

Attracted by the military movements in the Caucasus Mountains, Poinsett visited Erivan, which was then besieged by the Russian Army. After a time with the troops, Poinsett and company journeyed through the mountains of Armenia to the Black Sea. Avoiding Constantinople because of conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, the party proceeded to the Crimea, then through Ukraine, reaching Moscow late in 1807. The trip had been hazardous and Poinsett's health was much impaired. Furthermore, of the nine who had set out on the journey the previous March, Poinsett and two others were the only survivors.

Upon his return to Moscow, Czar Alexander's discussed the details of Poinsett's trip with him and offered him a position as colonel in the Russian Army. However, news had reached Russia of the attack of the H.M.S. Leopard upon the Chesapeake, and war between the United States and Great Britain seemed certain. Poinsett eagerly sought to return to his homeland.

Before leaving Russia, Poinsett met one last time with Czar Alexander, who expressed his approval of the energetic measures by the Congress of the United States to resist the maritime pretensions of Britain. The Czar declared that Russia and the United States should maintain the same policy of respect. Poinsett again met with Foreign Minister Count Romanzoff where the Russian disclosed to Poinsett that the Czar ardently desired to have a minister from the United States at the Russian Court.

The official reception finally occurred on February 24, 1812. Poinsett was the first accredited agent of a foreign government to reach Chile. Poinsett's main adversary in Chile was the junta of Peru. The Colonial Viceroy of Peru resented the Chileans' disregard for Spanish authority. He declared the laws of the new Chilean government relative to free commerce null and void and sent privateers to enforce the old colonial system. Seizure of ships and confiscation of cargoes followed, to the dismay of foreign traders, especially Americans. Poinsett learned of the seizure of an American whaler searching for supplies from an intercepted letter from the governor of San Carlos de Chiloe to the viceroy of Lima. Furthermore, he received intelligence that ten other American vessels were seized at Talcahuano in the Bay of Concepción. With little guidance from the Madison administration, Poinsett decided that something had to be done to halt violations of American neutral rights.

Poinsett urged Chile to close its ports to Peru, but the authorities in Santiago did not feel they were strong enough to take such a step. Instead they urged Poinsett to aid them in obtaining arms and supplies from the United States. Although Poinsett furnished the names of certain dealers, many of them were already too involved with the conflict between the U.S. and Britain to give any attention to the Chileans. During this time Poinsett also urged the Chileans to create a national constitution. A commission consisting of Camilo Henriquez and six others was named for the purpose of drawing up a constitution. The first meeting of the group was held at Poinsett's residence on July 11, 1812.

The seizure of American ships by royalist Peru continued. Poinsett's commission stated that he was to protect all American property and provide for American citizens. After a consultation with Carrera, Poinsett accepted a commission into the Chilean army to fight against the Spanish Royalists based in Peru. Poinsett was later given the rank of general in Carrera's army. He led a charge at the head of the Chilean cavalry in the Battle of San Carlos and secured a victory for Chile. From there, he went with a battery of flying artillery to the Bay of Conception, where ten American vessels had been seized. He arrived at dark near the seaport of Talcahuano, and began firing on the town. At dawn he sent an emissary to demand the surrender of the bay to the Junta of Chile. The Peruvian royalists surrendered on May 29, 1813.

In early September 1813, the United States Frigate Essex arrived in Chilean waters and cleared them of English whalers and cruisers. When Commodore David Porter of the U.S.S. Essex arrived in Santiago, Poinsett received the first authoritative news of the War of 1812. He now desired more than ever to return to his home. However, this could not happen until Commodore Porter completed his cruise of the Pacific. Finally, as the Essex set out with Poinsett aboard, the Phoebe and Cherub, British warships were spotted in the port of Valparaiso. Commodore Porter returned to Santiago to utilize the guns of the fort there. He also hoped the neutrality of the bay would discourage any British attack. Captain Hillyer attacked nonetheless, and Commodore Porter was defeated. The British decided to send their American prisoners back to the U.S. in a cartel. Poinsett was forced to stay behind in Chile.

When Poinsett returned to Buenos Aires, he found a Junta that was very well established with a strong British influence. He managed to negotiate a commercial agreement with the Junta by which American articles of general consumption were admitted free of duty. As American shipping had been driven from the South Atlantic, it took some time to find passage back to the United States. Poinsett finally secured passage aboard a vessel going to the Bahia, a state in the northeastern part of Brazil. From there he transferred to another ship bound for the Madeira Islands, located 535 miles from mainland Europe. Poinsett finally reached Charleston on May 28, 1815.

Since Poinsett's departure, the Chilean Royalists had consolidated their hold on Chile, and after spending a year in exile in the provinces of the Rio de la Plata, Carrera came to the United States in January 1816 to stimulate interest for a revolution in Chile. Poinsett wrote Carrera back stating that he intended to urge the U.S. government to develop decisive policy regarding the Spanish colonies. President James Madison received General Carrera warmly, but never offered him any official encouragement because he worried that seriously entertaining Carrera might jeopardize gaining Florida. Carrera's only hope of help came from his former comrade.

In July 1816, Poinsett traveled to New York to meet Carrera. While there, Poinsett attempted to interest John Jacob Astor, the wealthy owner of the American Fur Company, in supplying Carrera's Chilean revolutionists with weapons; however, Astor declined to get involved. In August 1816, Poinsett was able to arrange some conferences in Philadelphia between the Chilean leader and some of Napoleon's former officers. Among them were Marshal Emanuel Grouchy, who had commanded Napoleon's body guards during the Russian Campaign. Poinsett also arranged a meeting between Carrera and General Bertrand Count Clauzel. Clauzel had distinguished himself in the Napoleonic Wars and was given the distinction of Peer of France by Napoleon in 1815. Although Carrera's movement never benefited from the experience of these French officers, Poinsett did succeed in obtaining contracts with the firm D'Arcy and Didier of Philadelphia to supply arms for the expedition which Carrera was planning.

On August 29, 1816, Poinsett set out on a tour of the U.S. along with four men and one slave from Charleston, set out from Philadelphia on a tour of the West. They made stops in Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, before stopping in Lexington, Kentucky. While in Lexington, the group stayed with Congressman Henry Clay. It is possible that in relating his experiences in Chile, Poinsett may have made quite an impression on Clay, who would distinguish himself as the biggest American supporter for Spanish American independence in the next few years. From Lexington, the travelers made their way to Louisville, and then on to Nashville, Tennessee. While in Nashville, Poinsett and his companions had breakfast with Andrew Jackson. Poinsett, after traversing more than two thousand miles, finally returned to Charleston in early November 1816.

Nevertheless, Poinsett declined the honor. In May, Poinsett explained to President James Monroe that he had recently accepted a seat in the legislature of South Carolina and could not resign it "without some more important motive than this commission presents." Poinsett perceived that the mission would not lead to any substantial decision for recognition and was unwilling to give up his seat in the House. In the same letter, Poinsett offered his knowledge of South America to the service of whomever the Monroe administration appointed.

Poinsett's political values mirrored those of others at the time who considered themselves Jeffersonian Republicans. One of the most important measures supported by Jeffersonian Republicans following the War of 1812 was that of federally funded internal improvements. As a member of the state legislature, this was one of Poinsett's passions. After being re-elected to the South Carolina House in 1818, he became a member of the Committee on Internal Improvements and Waterways.

Poinsett also served on the South Carolina Board of Public Works as President. One of the main plans of this board was to link the interior of the state with the seaboard. Another important project was the construction of a highway from Charleston through Columbia, to the northwestern border of South Carolina. It was designed to promote interstate commerce as well as to draw commerce from eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina to Charleston. Poinsett, a seasoned traveler, knew better than anyone the importance of good roadways. Through his journeys in New England in 1804 and especially to the west in 1816, Poinsett understood that his country could benefit from transportation facilities.

Birthdates Which Occur on September 12:

1494 Fran‡ois I of Valois-Angoulˆme king of France (1515-47)

1559 Lodovico Cardi da Cigoli Italian painter/architect

1655 Sebastien de Brossard composer

1659 Ferdinand W prince of Wrttemberg-Neustadt/gen Dutch infantry

1720 Frederick Philipse III NYC, land owner (Bronx, Westchester & Putnam)

1761 Georg Friedrich Theodor Wolf composer

1768 Bemnjamin Carr composer

1788 Alexander Campbell Irish/US founder (Disciples of Christ)

1801 Giuseppe Concone Italian singing-teacher

1803 Frantisek Matej Hilmar composer

1806 Andrew Hull Foote Rear Admiral (Union Navy), died in 1863

1811 James Hall US geologist (Natural history of NY)

1818 Richard Jordan Gatling US, inventor (hand-cranked machine gun)

1829 Anselm Feuerbach German painter

and Charles Dudley Warner Mass, newspaperman/author (Being a Boy)

1830 William Sprague governor of Rhode Island (1859-63)

1852 Hubert H Asquith premier Great Britain (L, 1908-16)

1856 Johann Heinrich Beck composer

1857 George H Breitner Dutch impressionist painter/water colors painter

1858 Fernand Khnopff Belgian painter/sculptor

1871 Friedrich Prince of Liechtenstein, Romania

1873 Sul-To-Wan [Nellie Conley], US actress (Uncle Tom's Cabin)

1876 Flor Alpaerts Flemish composer (Tyl Uilenspiegel, Pallieter)

1877 Maria "Marie" Hens Flemish actress (Jane Eyre)

1879 Fausto Agnelli Swiss painter

and H de Bie Dutch lawyer (children's law)

1880 Henry L Mencken Baltimore, Md, newspaperman/critic (Prejudices)

1881 Daniel Jones England phoneticist (English pronouncing dictionary)

1887 George Georgescu composer

1888 J¢szi J Ters nszky Hungary, musician/writer (Youth of Marci Kakuk)

and Maurice Chevalier Paris, thanked heaven for little girls (Gigi)

1890 Guido Guerrini composer

1891 Adolph Weiss composer

and Hans Albers German actor (Die Nacht Geh"rt Uns)

1892 Alfred A Knopf US, publisher (1966 Alexander Hamilton Medal)

1894 Billy Gilbert Louisville Ky, (Great Dictator, His Gal Friday)

1895 Alice Lake Brooklyn NY, silent screen actress

1896 Giuseppe Zoppi Swiss writer (Il Libro Dell'Alpe)

1897 IrŠne Joliot-Curie French physicist (neutron, Nobel 1935)

1898 Ben Shahn painter (1964 Arts & Letters)

1899 Gerard Hord˜k Dutch architect/painter

19-- Amy Yasbeck Cincinnati, actress (Casey Davenport-Wings)

and Bruce Mahler NYC, comedian (Fridays)

and Jeff McCracken Chicago Ill, actor (Bay City Blues, Hawaiian Heat)

and Mary Kay Adams actress (Executive Suite)

and Viper XXX actress (Afro-Erotica 10, Black Taboo 2, Future Sodom)

1900 Eric Harding Thiman composer

1901 Ben Blue Montreal, actor (Accidental Family, Frank Sinatra Show)

and Ernst Pepping German composer

1902 Juscelino Kubitschek president Brazil (1955-60)

and Margaret Hamilton Ohio, wicked witch of the west (Wizard of Oz)

1904 Gavril Nikolayevich Popov composer

1905 Boris Arapov composer

1906 Dmitri D Sjostakovitsj Russian pianist/composer [OS]

and Ruvim Pergament composer

1907 Joe Lederer Austrian actress/writer (Drei Tage Liebe)

1909 Chili Bouchier British?, actress (Murder in Reverse)

and Spud Chandler baseball player (AL MVP 1943)

1913 Ben[jamin S] Polak Neth, physician/communist/resistance fighter

and Jesse Owens track star, spoiled Hitler's 1936 Olympics with 4 gold

1915 Billy Daniels Jacksonville Fla, singer (Billy Daniels Show)

1917 Christian Geel Dutch poet/sculptor/artist

1920 Irene Dailey NYC, actress (Liz-Another World, Grissom Gang)

and Jan W Schulte Nordholt Dutch poet/historian (Blossoming Stone)

1921 Am¡lcar Cabral worked for independence of Portuguese Africa

and Frank McGee Monroe La, news anchor (NBC Evening News)

and Stanislaw Lem Poland, sci-fi author (Solaris, Invincible)

1922 Jackson Mac Low composer

and Viscount Allendale English large landowner/multi-millionaire

1924 Howard Curtis Nielson (Rep-R-UT, 1983- )

and Jean Le Poulain Marseille, France, actor (Divine)

1925 Dickie Moore LA Calif, actor (Expert, Oliver Twist, Little Men)

1927 Gianna Maria Canale Reggio Calabria Italy, actress (Go For Broke)

and Ina Muller-van Ast Dutch 2nd Chamber member (PvdA)

1929 Harvey Lester Schmidt composer

1930 Larry Austin composer

1931 George Jones Saratoga Tx, singer (Golden Rings, Oh Lonesome Me)

and Ian Holm Ilford Essex England, actor (Himmler-Holocaust)

and Kristin Hunter [Eggleston], US author (God Bless the Child)

1934 Gunther Gebel-Williams lion tamer (Ringling Bros Circus)

1935 Allan B Swift (Rep-D-Washington, 1979- )

and Richard H Hunt Chicago, sculptor (Pyramidal Construction)

1937 Wesley Hall West indian/British politician

1938 Tatiana Troyanos NYC, mezzo-soprano (Octavian-Der Rosenleavalier)

1939 Henry A Waxman (Rep-D-California, 1975-86)

and Phillip Ramey composer

1940 Linda Gray Santa Monica Calif, actress (Sue Ellen Ewing-Dallas)

and Mickey Lolich Detroit Tiger pitcher (won 25 in 1971)

and Stephen J Solarz (Rep-D-NY, 1975-93)

and Susan Sennett Santa Monica Calif, actress (Big Bad Mama)

1941 Hans-Karsten Raecke composer

1942 Tom s Marco Basque/Spanish composer

1943 Maria Muldaur Greenwich Village, NY, singer (Midnight at the Oasis)

1944 Barry White Galveston Tx, singer (Love's Theme)

1945 John Mauceri NYC, conductor (Wash DC Opera)

and Maria Aitken actress (Fish Called Wanda)

and Vern M Lindblad Seattle WA, Turkologist

1948 Max Walker Australian cricket player

1949 Irina Rodnina USSR, pairs figure skater (Olympic-gold-1972, 76, 80)

and Mark Knopfler English rock vocalist/guitarist (Dire Straits)

and Tony Stevens rocker

1951 Joe Pantoliano Jersey City NJ, actor (Finelli Boys)

1952 Gerry Beckley rock vocalist/guitarist (America-Daisy Jane)

and Neil Peart Canada, pop drummer (Rush-A Farewell to Kings)

1953 G' Reinders Dutch singer/songwriter (Girls walk by)

and John Williams US, archer (Olympic-gold-1972)

1954 Peter Scolari New Rochelle NY, actor (Jerry-Newhart)

1955 Nina Blackwood Mass, actress/VJ (MTV, Solid Gold, Vice Squad)

1956 Brian Robertson Glasgow Scotland, rock guitarist (Thin Lizzy)

1957 Hawk [Michael Hegstrand], wrestler (ECW/WCW/WWF/AWA, Legion of Doom)

and Rachel Ward Cornwell Manor England, actress (Thorn Birds)

1958 Gregg Edelman Chicago IL, actor (Green Card)

and Wilfredo Benitez PR, boxer (world champ at 17y176d)

1961 Mylene Farmer Montreal Canada, french singer (Cendres de Lune)

1965 Silke H"rner German DR, swimmer (world record 100m-breast stroke)

1966 Darren E Burrows Kansas, actor (Ed Chigliak-Northern Exposure)

1968 Larry Laronde US funk metal guitarist (Primus-Frizzle Fry)

1972 Amy Locane NJ, actress (Sandy Harling-Melrose Place)

and Cady Cantrell Lanett AL, playmate (Apr, 1992)

1975 Tom Carroll actor (J T Adams-Swan's Crossing)

1977 James Louis McCartney son of Paul & Linda McCartney

Deaths Which Occured September 12: 352 Maximinus van Trier bishop of Trier/saint, dies 1012 Guido van Anderlecht Flemish pilgrim/saint, dies 1015 Lambert I with the Beard count of Leuven, dies in battle at about 65 1185 Andronicus I Comnenus Byzantine emperor (1183-85), lynched 1213 Pedro II [el Catolico], king of Aragon, dies in battle 1362 Innocent VI [Etienne Aubert], Pope (1352-62), dies 1500 Albrecht III van Saxon-Meisen duke of Saxon, dies at 57 1591 Richard Grenville vice-admiral (Roanoke) dies in battle at 49 1604 Louis Gunther earl of Nassau, dies in battle at about 29 1642 Cinq Mars French plotter, executed 1647 Joos Banckert Swiss admiral (Spanish silver fleet), dies at 48 1660 Jacob Cats [Father Cats], pension advisor of Holland, dies at 82 1661 Jacobus de la Torra RC apostole vicar of Holland, dies at about 53 1674 Claes P "Nicolas" Tulip mayor of Amsterdam, dies at 80 1683 Afonso VI mentally ill king of Portugal (1656-67), dies at 40 1691 Johan Georg III monarch of Saxon (1680-91), dies at 44 1732 Eugene JP earl the Merode Belgian marquis of Westerloo, dies at 58 1733 Fran‡ois Couperin "Le Grand" French composer, dies at 64 1739 Reinhard Keiser Germ conductor/composer (Markus-Passion), dies at 65 1764 Jean Philippe Rameau French composer (Castor en Pollux), dies at 80 1789 Franz Xaver Richter composer, dies at 79 1806 Christian Gottfried Thomas composer, dies at 58 1807 Edward Miller composer, dies at 71 1812 Pjotr I Bagration Georgian/Russian ruler/general, dies in battle 1815 Jose Mauricio composer, dies at 63 1819 Gebhard Leberecht Frst von Blcher von Wahlstatt General, dies at 76 1824 Louis AG baron de Bacler d'albe French cartographer, dies at 62 1871 Karl Collan composer, dies at 43 1877 Julius Reitz composer, dies at 64 1878 Friedrich August von Alberti geologist (Triasic Age), dies at 83 1879 Peter Arnold Heise composer, dies at 49 1919 Leonid N Andrejev Russ journalist/writer (Seven Hangs), dies 1927 Walther Amelung German archaeologist, dies at 61 1947 Harry Rowe Shelley composer, dies at 89 1953 Lewis Stone actor (Prisoner of Zenda), dies at 73 of a heart attack 1955 Gustave Vanzype Belgian literary (La Gazette), dies at 86 1963 Mervyn A Ellison British astronomer (spectrohelioscope), dies at 63 1971 Lin Piau Chinese politician, dies 1972 William Boyd cowboy (Hopalong Cassidy), dies at 77 1973 Eduard Flipse conductor/composer, dies at 77 Marjorie Post US philanthropic/multi-millionaire ($200m), dies at 86 1977 Robert Lowell US poet/pacifist (Near the Ocean), dies at 60) Steven Biko S African black student leader, dies in police custody 1978 Frank Ferguson actor (Duel in Durango), dies at 69 1980 Lillian Randolph actress (Roots, Amos n Andy), dies at 65 1982 Kommer Kle˜n actor/director (Paul Vlaanderen), dies at 89 1986 Frank Nelson actor (Ralph-I Love Lucy, Jack Benny Show), dies at 75 Jacques-Henri Lartigue French photographer, dies at 92 1987 John Qualen actor (Patch of Blue, Jungle Book), dies 1988 Alan Bible (Sen-D-Nev, 1954-74), dies at 78 Lauris Morstad NATO commander/CEO Corning Fiberglass, dies at 71 1989 Anton Lubowski Namibian attorney/SWAPO, murdered at 37 1990 Athene Seyler actress (Make Mine Mink), dies at 101 1991 ? Japanese interpreter of Rushdies "Satanic Verses", murdered Jacques Benoit [JJM Bayer], poet, dies Regis Toomey actor (You're in the Army Now, Burke's Law), dies at 93 1992 Anthony Perkins actor (Psycho), dies from AIDs at 60 Ed Peck actor, dies of heart attack at 75 Ruth Nelson actress (Awakenings, 3 Women), dies at 87 1993 Charles Lamont actor/director (Abbott & Costello movies), dies at 95 Harold Innocent actor (Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves), dies at 60 Herman Nieland organist/pianist/composer, dies at 82 Raymond Burr actor (Perry Mason), dies of liver cancer at 76 1994 Tom Ewell [S Yewell Tompkins], US actor (7 Year Itch), dies at 85

Holidays Which Occur September 12: Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau National Day Ethiopia National Revolution Day (1974) Japan Respect for Aged Day Maryland Defenders Day (1812) Southern Rhodesia Occupation Day (1923)

Religious Observances on September 12: Christian Feast of Holy Name of Mary RC Guido of Anderlecht, koster to pilgrim 1830 Ang Commemoration of John Henry Hobart, bishop of NY

Things to Remember for September 12: Bourbon Month Flowers-morning glory & aster Gem-sapphire Hot Breakfast Month 10 Days Astrological sign: Virgo 1 Day [England] Buddy Holly Week (1976) 26 Days Harvest Moon Days (full moon closest to equinox) [China] Daylight Savings Time ends

Highlights in History Which Occur September 12: 490 -BC- Athenians defeat 2nd Persian invasion of Greece at Marathon 1015 Henry I becomes earl of Leuven 1213 Battle at Muret: Crusade of Simon de Montfort beat Pedro II of Arag¢n 1217 French prince Louis & English king Henry III sign peace treaty 1396 Crusaders under earl of Nevers reaches Nicopolis 1543 Treaty of Venlo: Duke Willem of Gulik & Emperor Charles V 1556 Emperor Charles resigns, his brother Ferdinand van Austria takes over 1609 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River 1635 Sweden & Poland sign ceasefire Treaty of Stuhmsdorf 1639 Viceroy Thomas Wentworth sails back to England 1649 Drogheda, Ireland falls to Puritan troops; inhabitants massacred 1666 -16] Huge fire in London kills 8 1673 Prince Willem III occupies Naarden 1683 Turkish troops attacks Vienna overthrows by Polish king Sobieski 1695 NY Jews petition governor Dongan for religious liberties 1703 Emperor Leopold I ends contacts on Spanish heritage and English army under arch duke Charles of Austria lands in Portugal 1720 Isa"k of Hoornbeek elected Dutch pension advisor 1722 Russian troops occupy Baku & Derbent on Persia 1733 Polish Landowners select Stanislaw Lesczynski king 1745 Duke of Toscane chosen German emperor Frans I Stefanus 1751 Amsterdam refuses establishment of Jewish ghetto 1758 Charles Messier observes Crab Nebula & begins catalog 1776 Nathan Hale leaves Harlem Heights Camp (127th St) for spy mission 1787 Black Masons form 1st lodge 1814 Battle of North Point fought near Baltimore during War of 1812 1840 Composer Robert Schumann marries Clara Wieck 1857 423 die when "Central America" sinks off Cape Romain SC 1860 J Chacornac discovers asteroid #59 Elpis 1862 Battle of Harpers Ferry VA 1867 2nd synagogue in Cura‡ao, Emanu-El of Willemstad, inaugurated 1871 A Borrelly discovers asteroid #117 Lomia 1876 King Leopold II opens Congo-conference 1878 Cleopatra Needle installed in London 1882 Belgian King Leopold II receives Pierre de Brazza 1884 R Luther discovers asteroid #241 Germania 1885 Highest score (35) recorded in any 1st-class soccer match is set 1888 Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Greek Interpreter" (BG) 1890 Cecil Rhodes' colonies reach Mashonaland (Ft Salisbury) 1895 Defender (US) beats Valkyrie III (Engld) in 10th America's Cup 1901 Arabs attack Gedara Palestine 1906 A Kopff discovers asteroid #1780 Kippes 1907 Lusitania arrives in NYC after 5 day crossing of Atlantic (record) 1908 Winston Churchill marries Clementine Hozier 1909 J Palisa discovers asteroid #689 Zita 1910 Gustav Mahlers 8th Symphony premieres 1912 Dutch Olympian Committee forms (NOC) 1918 During WW I, US forces launch an attack on German-occupied St Mihiel 1920 7th Olympic games close in Antwerp Belgium and K Reinmuth discovers asteroid #937 Bethgea 1922 Paavo Nurmi runs world record 5000m (14:35.4) 1923 Britain takes over Southern Rhodesia from British South Africa Co and S Belyavskij discovers asteroid #1006 Lagrangea 1925 US win Davis Cup tennis tournament 1927 Sigmund Romberg's musical "My Maryland," premieres in NYC 1928 Katharine Hepburn's NY stage debut in "Night Hostess" 1931 H Ellsworth Vines Jr wins US Tennis Open 1932 Bkln Dodger Johnny Frederick hits his record 6th pinch hit HR and German govt of Papen falls/Reichstag dissolved 1933 Alejandro Lerroux forms new Spanish govt and Dutch parliament accepts ban on uniforms 1934 Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania signs Baltic Entente, against USSR 1935 Wilmer L Allison Jr wins US Tennis Open 1936 Y Vaisala discovers asteroid #1405 Sibelius 1938 Adolph Hitler demands self-determination for Sudeten Germans in Czech 1939 L Oterma discovers asteroid #1507 Vaasa 1940 49 die & 200 injured when Hercules Powder Co plant explodes (NJ) and Italian troops enter Egypt 1941 1st German ship in WW2 captured by US ship (Busko) 1942 Battle of Edson's Ridge begins at Guadalcanal and Free-Poland & Belgium asks pope to condemn nazi-war crimes 1943 Free French lands on Corsica and Waffen-SS (Skorzeny) frees Mussolini at Gran Sasso 1944 Noorbeek & Mheer freed 1946 Court martial convicts Henry de Man to 20 years, in Brussels 1947 Pirate Ralph Kiner hits his record 8th HR in 4 games 1949 Theodor Heuss elected 1st pres/Conrad Adenauer 1st PM of German FR 1950 Belgian govt dismisses all communist civil servants and M Itzigsohn discovers asteroid #1800 Aguilar 1951 S Arend discovers asteroid #1639 Bower 1952 No‰l Coward's "Quadrille," premieres in London 1953 Brooklyn Dodgers, win NL pennant and Jacqueline Bouvier marries John F Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev becomes 1st Secretary of USSR Communist Party and Sen John F Kennedy, 36, marries Jacqueline Bouvier, 24 1954 Indians sweep Yanks at Municipal Stadium; largest AL crowd (86,563) and WLBZ TV channel 2 in Bangor, ME (NBC) begins broadcasting 1955 KNTV TV channel 11 in San Jose, CA (ABC) begins broadcasting 1956 Black students enter & are barred from Clay Ky elementary school 1957 Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus visits US 1958 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1959 "Bonanza" premieres on NBC-TV and J nos K d r becomes premier of Hungary and Luna 2 launched by USSR; 1st spacecraft to impact on Moon 1961 NASA civilian pilot Joseph A Walker takes X-15 to 34,840 m and USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR 1962 Wash Senator Tom Cheney strikes out record 21 Orioles in 16 inn game 1963 WHYY TV channel 12 in Wilmington, DE (PBS) begins broadcasting 1964 1st football game at Shea Stadium, Jets defeat Denver 30-6 and Ralph Boston of US, sets then long jump record at 27' 4«" and Typhoon Gloria strikes Taiwan killing 330, with $17.5 million damage 1965 17th annual Emmy Awards - Dick Van Dyke show wins and Hurricane Betsy strikes Florida & Louisiana kills 75 and Manuel Santana wins US Tennis Open and WCEE TV channel 23 in Rockford, IL (CBS) begins broadcasting 1966 "Monkees" premieres on NBC-TV and Gemini XI (Charles Conrad & R Gordon) launched for 71-hour flight and KPNE TV channel 9 in North Platte, NB (PBS) begins broadcasting and WCES TV channel 20 in Wrens, GA (PBS) begins broadcasting and WUSF TV channel 16 in Tampa-St Petersburg, FL (PBS) 1st broadcast and Washtenaw Community College in Ann Arbor Mich begins teaching 1970 1st Concorde lands at Heathrow airport and Luna 16 Launch (Moon Sample Return) and US LSD professor Timothy Leary escapes from Calif jail and USSR launches Luna 16; returns samples from lunar Sea of Fertility 1972 Icelandic gunboats sink 2 British trawlers and Lord Michael Killanin succeeds Avery Brundage as head of Olympics 1973 2 bettors win largest US Daily Double ($19,909.60 in Detroit) and USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR 1974 Coup overthrows Emperor Haile Selassie in Ethiopia (National Day) 1976 Jimmy Connors wins US Tennis open defeating Bjorn Borg and Seattle Seahawks play 1st regular-season game (St L 30, Sea 24) and White Sox Minnie Minoso at age 53 hits a single 1977 N Chernykh discovers asteroid #2473 Heyerdahl 1978 Fidel Castro visits Addis Abba and Situation comedy "Taxi" premieres on ABC television 1979 Carl Yastrzemski, is 15th to get 3,000 hits and Hurricane Frederick hits Mobile Alabama; 5 die & $23 million damage and Indiana Pacers cut Ann Meyers, 1st woman on an NBA club and Pietro Mennea of Italy sets 200m record (19.72) in Mexico City and Red Carl Yastrzemski gets his 3,000th hit off Yankee Jim Beattie 1980 Harvard College discovers asteroid #2305 King and Military coup under General Kenan Evren in Turkey 1981 Elizabeth Ward (Arkansas) is crowned Miss America and Tracy Austin wins her 2nd US Open singles title 1982 Gerard N˜boer (2:15:16) & Rosa Mota (2:36:04) win marathon and Jimmy Connors defeats Ivan Lendl to win US Tennis Open and P Wild discovers asteroid #3060 1983 Albert Rizzo trod water at sea for 108 hours 9 minutes and R S Dunbar discovers asteroid #3551 and Security guard Victor Gerena robs West Hartford company of $7 million and USSR vetoes UN resolution deploring its shooting down of Korean plane 1984 Country singer Barbara Mandrell is badly injured in a car accident and Ethiopia forms socialist republic and NY Met Dwight Goodin sets rookie strike out record at 251 1985 Flight readiness firing of Atlantis' main engines; 20 seconds and P Wild discovers asteroid #3329 and T Schildknecht discovers asteroid #3330 1986 240.49 million shares traded in NY Stock Exchange and US professor Joseph Cicippio is kidnapped & held hostage in Beirut 1987 Ethiopia adopts constitution and Martina Navratilova wins her 4th US Tennis Open defeating Steffi Graf and Vince Coleman steals his 100th base for 3rd straight year 1988 1st NFL regular-season game played in Phoenix; Cowboys beat Card and Gilbert, strongest hurricane ever (160 mph), devastates Jamaica 1990 US, England, France, USSR, East & West Germanys sign agreements allowing 2 Germanys to merge 1991 Space shuttle STS 48 (Discovery 14) launched 1992 Hurricane Inuki pounds Hawaii and Monica Seles beats Arantxa Sanchez Vicario to win US Open Stefan Edberg beats Michael Chang in what is believed to be the and longest match in US Open history (5hr 26min) 1993 Junxia Cheek runs 3000 m ladies world record (8:12.29) and Pete Sampras defeats Cedric Pioline to win US Tennis Open and STS-51 (Discovery) launches into orbit 1994 Cessna crashes in White House front yard and Parti Qu'b'cois wins parliamentary election 1857 423 die when 'Central America' sinks off Cape Romain, S.C. 1940 49 people killed, 200 injured when Hercules Powder Co. plant explodes in Kenvil, New Jersey. 1964 Typhoon Gloria strikes Taiwan killing 330, with $17.5 million damag 1965 Hurricane Betsy strikes Florida & Louisiana killing 75, but causing damage of $1.42 billion.

Tarkhan Mughals (ترخان مغل) ( in Persian, Tarkhai Mughuli [1] تركهاى مغولى) were those Turko-Mongol people who were aristocrats of the steppe; Princes, Commanders and Generals who ruled and served the Turko-Mongol states and had ancestral origin from Turko-Mongol dynasties especially descendants of Genghis Khan. Turko-Mongols are mainly the descendants of those Turks who were ruled over by the Mongols speaking mostly Turkic languages; they derived their ethnic and cultural origins from both groups. "Turko-Mongol" is used to describe the people of Mongol khanate; Ilkhanate; Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde and sometimes also describe successor Khanates; such as the Khanate of Kazan, the Nogi, Crimean Khanate; Astrakhan Khanate; Empire of Timurid Empire of India; Arghun and Tarkhan Dynasty of Sind Pakistan.

The Turkic people are a collection of peoples residing in Northern, Central, and Western Eurasia who speak languages belongs to Turkic language family. The term Tarkhan, Turkic represent a broad ethno-linguistic group of people and includes existing societies such as the Kazakhs; Uzbeks; Karghaiz; Uyghur; Turkmen and as well as the historian societies such as Xiongnu/Huns; Gokturk (Turkut people); Khazars; Seljuks; Kepchaks; Ottomans and Timurids. Tarkhan (Tarkhaan or Tarqan) is an ancient Turkic title, apparently related to Khan. It was used among the Turks, Mongols and other steppe people, and was a high rank in the army of Tamerlain. Tarkhan commandered military contingents (roughly of regimantal size under the Khazar Khan) and were roughly generals. They could also be assigned a military governors of conquered regions. Arab text referred to a Tarkhan the King of Khazars. The name is occasionally used today in Arabic speaking countries Tarakhaan (طراخان), in Persian it also written as Tarkhan (ترخان).

Tarkhan is a old Turkic word means Chief or Prince. It is an ancient term for General; Commander and Minister. Tarkhan is a Turkish title for Nobleman or Prince; means a privileged class who are exempt from taxes. The rank and dignity of Tarkhans was a part of Mongol military(4 Barthold W-Turkistan P 184-5 Ain vol 1-P 392).[2] Tarkhan can commit up to nine offenses without being called to account.[3] The meaning of the Tarkhan is; the person so called is secure and safe from all trouble and annoyance, in every place in which he serves whatever booty he may take his own, and he is not deprived of it; he can enter the place of audience of his sovereign without being summoned and without first asking permission and he can commit nine offenses.[4] As for Genghis Khan, some say that he was not a pure Mongol blood. They talk about his cat eyes or Gerfalcon eyes (probably grey), his tall stature(Mongols are generally small and short legs) his long beard(very rare for Mongol) and last but not least, his red hair. We already mentioned that he knew to reward those who had served his faithfully. He buried with honors and riches those of his officers who had showed bravery or efficiency, one of the highest awards was to be promoted to the rank of "Tarkhan", the means to win over the respect and favorable disposition of a crowd or quite similar every where.[5]

Tarkhan is a Turko-Mongol title like others titles; Khan; Khatun; IlKhan; Amir; Mirza; Beg; Khagan; yabghu; Tegin; Shad; Baghatur. Tarkhan is a title of Turko- Mongol ( Hunnic, Gokturk, Khazar, Uyghur) Rulers. The prominent Turkic Rulers were,Tama-Tarkhan, Ras Tarkhan, Alp Tarkhan, Hazer Tarkhan, Qutlugh Tarkhan Sengun, Tun Bagha Tarkhan etc.. The term Tarkhan was a Mongolic Title conferred by the Tarkhan Chief enjoyed power and privilege next to the great Mongol Khan.[6] Originally, Tarkhan was a term Applied to Mongol nobles.[7] Tarkhan is a Turko-Mongol Tribe. Amir Timur in his Institutes, enumerates twelve of forty Tribes which had submitted to his Government; Barlas, Tarkhan, Arghun, Jalair etc.[8] The title was originally a hereditary one; Chengiz Khan conferred it on the Qishliq and Bata, under Timur, a Tarkhan had free access to the Palace and criminal immunity for himself and his children up to nine offenses.[9]

The Qishliq Tribe was derived from the Kalkits tribe, sprung from Urma-uts Tribe. Kalkits was the third son of Menglig, surname Izka, for his piety and virtue, was of this (Urma-uts) Tribe married the widow Ulun-iga, mother of Temujin. The (Hishlig) who with his brother, Baydu saved the life of Genghis Khan, made them and their decedents, Darkhan from nine generation, free from all sorts of Taxes. The descendants of the Two persons, Hishlig and Badai to were the progenitors of two tribes, styled respectively Badai Darkhan and Qishliq Darkhans [4] So, it is proved that the Tarkhan is a family of Genghis Khan. A follower of Temurs, Ghiyath-al-Din Tarkhans Ancestor Hishiliq (qishliq), had been made a Darkhan by Genghis Khan, and had later been among Chaghadais Amirs. This honor had descended in his family and let them consider prestige. Three of Ghiyath-al-Din daughters married sons or grandsons of Temur, one of them was Gawharshad, Shahrukhs powerful and influential wife. She was conspicuous in public dynasty occasion and as a Patron of architecture. She was an integral part of Shahrukh's closest circle and seems to have direct ties to his major Amirs.[10] The sons of Ghiyath-al-Din Tarkhan, Ali Tarkhan, Hussian Sufi Tarkhan, Sayyid Ahmed, Mohammad Sufi, and Hamza Tarkhans were also prominent in most of Shahrukhs early campaigns.[11]

Babur was a descendent of Timur through his father and Genghis Khan through his mother. He was the eldest son of Umar Sheykh Mirza, ruler of the Fargana Valley, the son of Abu Said Mirza (a grand son of Miran Shah, who was himself the son of Timur) and his wife Qutlugh Nigar Khanum, a daughter of Yunus Khan, the ruler of Moghlistan (and great-great grand son of Tughlugh Timur, the son of Esen Buqa ll who was the great-great-great grand sons of Chaghatai Khan, the second son of Genghis Khan. Tarkhans were also relative of Babur. Sultan Ahmed Mirza was born in 1451 AD, the year in which his father took the thorn of Samarkand. He was Sultan Abu Said Mirza eldest son, his mother was a daughter of Aurdu-Bugha Tarkhan, the elder sister of Darwesh Mohammad Tarkhan and most honoured of Mirza's wife, Mihr Nigar Khanum. She was Yunus Khan's eldest daughter and my mother's full sister. Darwaish Mohammad Khan was another, the son of Aurda Boga Tarkhan and full brother of mother of Sultan Ahmed Mirza and Sultan Mohammad Mirza, of all begs in Sultan Ahmed Mirza presence, he was the greatest and most honoured. Abdul Ali Tarkhan was another, a close relative of Darwesh Muhammad Tarkhan. Tarkhan possessor also of his younger sister, that is to say Baqi Tarkhan's mother.[12]

The Tarkhan Mughals dynasty of Sindh (Pakistan) who ruled from 1554 to 1591 were descended from Genghis khan, the family tree runs as follows Chengiz Khan ; Tolui; Hulugu; Abagha; Arghun; Gaykhatu; Gazan; Oljeitu (khuda Banda),Amir Elchi, Amir Ektu-Timur.The Tarkhan rulers were descendants of the eldest son of Amir Ektu-timur. General Mirza Isa Beg founded the Tarkhan Dynasty of sindh (Pakistan) after the death of shah Hussan Arghun of the Arghun dynasty. Mughal Emperor Akbar annexed Sindh after defeating the last Tarkhan Ruler.The famous Rulers of the Tarkhan dynasty were; Shah Beg Arghun Tarkhan, Mirza Shah Husan Arghun Tarkhan, Mirza Isa Khan Tarkhan, Mirza Baki Tarkhan, Mirza Isa Tarkhan II.[13]

The name of Genghis Khan was Temujin,which means iron worker.According to Ibn Batutah the Genghis Khan was in his outset a blacksmith in the country of Khita .The historians societies such as GokTurks, Khazars, Oughurs,all were Turkic peoples descended from Ashina Clan, a subtribe of Xiongnu/Hun,they were iron worker and Manufactured weapons.Their rulers adopted the titles Khans, Tarkhan, Khakan Yabghu, Shad etc. We can deduce the fact that the title Tarkhan originally has something with the vocation identitely of Gokturks. Ashina clan the legendary father of the ancient Turkic people were engaged in metal working.Genghis Khan was descended from Oghuz/Oghur Turkic tribe,may be Mongolic because The Oghuz Kagan belonged to Mughal I-Amak, but it is certain that Genghis Khan descended from a Oghuz/oghur tribe, Tarkhan family especially The Ashina Clan (golden family), a sub group of Xiongnu/Hun. They were engaged in metal working. They erected a Foundry for iron work in a mountain called Ergenekon. They were true Mughals and called Arkanakon Smiths.[4]

• 1 Etymology
  • 1.1 Tarkhan Turko Mongol title
  • 1.2 Tarkhan is a Turko-Mongol hereditary title
  • 1.3 Tarkhan is a privileged imperial class
  • 1.4 Tarkhan is a Turko-Mongol Tribe
  • 1.5 Mughal Dynasty of India Kinship with Tarkhan Dynasty of Sindh, Pakistan
  • 1.6 Ancestor of Genghis Khan, Ergenekon smiths
  • 1.7 Genghis Khan belonged to Tarkhan Family
  • 1.8 Mughal Tribes Pure families Nirkha (Niron)
  • 1.9 Tarkhan Mughals have no relationship with Hindu Caste and Tribes
• 2 History
  • 2.1 Xiongnu/Huns
  • 2.2 Ashina Clan "Mother of Gok Turks"
  • 2.3 Gok Turk Khagans
  • 2.4 Tarkhans Khazar rulers
  • 2.5 Oghuz/Oghur Tarkhans
  • 2.6 Mongol Empire
  • 2.7 Timurid's Tarkhans
  • 2.8 Mughal Empire of India and Tarkhans
  • 2.9 Tarkhan and Arghun Dynasty of Sindh Pakistan
• 3 Sources and references

Fiscal immunity for aristocrats or nobles of the state might include a provision-also of Mongol origin and still in use under the Timurids that the person in question was, in addition to the "Muafi" also exempt from criminal procecution for transgressions of the law, the number of the offences that might go un punished being precisely defined. Down to the fifth century the holder of the hereditary tax exemption for a particular tract of land was called "Tarkhan"; the granting of this type of immunity and also the land concerned were called Tarkhani. Originally Tarkhan was a term applied to "Mongol nobles".[7]

To every one under proprietary title, and adorned the formans for these with the al Taghma seal, which is an impressed seal made him vermilion (red ink). I ordered that they should cover the place for tile seal with gold- leaf (tila-push) and impressed the seal there on, and I called this Altun (gold) Taghma. The Mongol title "Tarkhan" which offered privilege such as excusing the holder-from otherwise mandatory attendance at court, was bestowed in frequently by the Mughal emperors on favourites such as the chingisid, Mirza Jani Beg, who was honoured thus by Akbar. Other Tarkhans mentioned in the "ma athiral-umara" an 18th century "Peerage" of the Mughal empire, include Mirza Ghazi Beg (IP 582), Mirza Eisa (IP 689) Mohammad Salah (IP 205) and Nur al-Din (IP 483-60). The title was originally hereditary one; under Timur, a Tarkhan had free access to the Palace and criminal immunity for himself and his children up to nine offences. The number nine also held a special significance.[40] The meaning of the title of "Tarkhan" Abu-al-Fazal, in the Akbar nama had a valuable note regarding the meaning and the history of this ancient title Tarkhan. The title was a hereditary and but rarely given.[41] Shah Husain was succeeded by one of his officer Isa Khan who had the hereditary title of Tarkhan, and belong to another branch of the same family. This Tarkhan house continued in power until 1592 (Tarkhan Dynasty).[42]

The Mongols are from the Lake Baykal area and are Oghuz Turks. They lived at the foot of the Burkhan (Burkhan-Kaldun) mountain range between the Onon and Kerulen rivers . Mongols means "Brave" according to Chinese historian. Their capital Karakorum is on the Orkhun river in the heart of Oghuz homeland.

As in the Secret history of Mongols, the patrilineage began with blueish Wolf (Borte chinoa) and fellow doe (ghoa maral), their eleventh generation descendant Dobun Mergens Alangua the Fair was impregnanted by a ray of light. Her youngest son became the ancestor of the later Borjigid. He was Bodonchar Mungakgh, who along with his brothers sired the entire Mongol nation. Such type of oldest mythological concept were present in Turko Mongol society.This may indicate that they were a single group e.g. The Wolf symbolizes honour and is also consider the mother of the most Turkic peoples Asena; Ashina tuwv is the Wolf mother of Bumen the first Khan of Gok-Turks. In the earliest form of the central Asian myth, an abundant baby boy was nursed by She-Wolf. Later the myth was changed to the story of the Princess who married a Wolf and gave birth to a boy. In other versions the child was the sole survivor of a war. He war east into the marshes by hi enemies; where he was discovered and raised by a She-Wolf, with have be later mated. The child was another cases the offspring of a Wolf and Deer, the ancestor of Genghis Khan, according to the secret history of Mongols a horse and a cow (Khitan group), a camel and a lion (Qarakhnide), a Jackal and a women (The qualatch).[61][62]

Blue Wolf is a symbol of Turkic and Mongolian peoples. Wolf nomads were properly known as the Wegwivr. It may be a political state of the Flanaess. The name also applies to the tribes of nomadic horsemen who dwell within these lands. The Wolf nomads are descendant from the Relentless horde, which swept into the area around 320 CY. After the death of the Kha-khan Ogobanuk, the Tiger nomads spilt from the horde and the Wolf nomads come to be ruled known as the Tarkhan. Since then the Tarkhans have ruled according to the degree set fourth in the great Yassa of ogobanuk which describe the tradition of illusion, leadership, and the proper way of nomadic life.

Same type of mythological concept of Blue Wolf was also present in the Oghuzes:Uyghurs and the Huns. Some scholars consider the Oghuz are a Mongol group who traditionally inhabited parts of modern Uzbekistan/ The Uighurs are Mongols of northern western China and adjacent parts of the farmer soviet union. Despite their modern geographical separation, they share a common creation myth. This may indicate that they were once a single group or that they formerly cohabited much more closely than today. The story in outline is as follows. Long ago, there was a Hun chieftain who had twin daughter, more beautiful than any women on the earth. He decided to keep his daughters looked away from all men. So he build from then a mansion in the highest region of the north of his domain. How ever a God came to the two girls in the shape of a Blue Wolf and married them both, one girl gave birth to the nine Oghuz Toquz Oghuz and the other gave birth the first ten Uighurs Onoghur. They became the ancestor of these two groups. The Huns were a Mongol group who spread southward across the steppes, terrorizing northern China and eastern Europe their graves are common in the Central Asia and the steppes. Their best known monuments or stones with carving that depict deer with the son in their antlers. These memorials were probably used in shamanic rituals. From the above myth, and story we conclude that, All the Mongol tribes are descended from Oghuz/ Uighurs tribe and a Wolf is a symbol of "Mother of the Turkic people Ashina Tuwv, who was the mother of Bumen khan the first khan of GokTurks, descended from Ashina dynasty.[63]

We know that the tribe of ur-mankakuts was the leading tribe descended from Oghuz Khan, all the Mughal tribes are related to that tribe. From the three sons of Alan ku sprung a numerous tribe, in the Mughal language surnamed Nirka (Niron), that is a pure family. The descendants of Qayan took the sir name of Kayat and those of Naguz took the surname of Darulgun. It is also mentioned that the Kayat are descendant from the six son of Kabul Khan and the Borjugan Kayat sprung from the five sons of Yessughi Bahadur khan who was the father of Timujin ( Genghis Khan). The Umma-uts, formerly called Urma-uts, from them are derived four tribes;- (1) Kunakhmars (2) Arlats (3) Kalkits (4) Kishliks . The Kunakhnars sprung from a person of that name Menglik, sur name Izka for his piety and virtue, was of this tribe and married the widow Ulun-iga, mother of Temugin (Genghis Khan). Arlats the second branch of the Urma-uts (Umma-uts) sprung from Arlat second son of Meglik Izka. The Kalkits from Kalkits third son of Menglik, so named because he could not speak plain. From the Kalkits are derived the Kishliks. This man who with his brother Baydu safed the life of Jenghis Khan, made them and their descendents for nine generation Tarkhan free from all sorts of taxes. It is obvious that Tarkhan are true Mongols, family of Genghis Khan, descended from Urma-uts tribe, from his (Genghis Khan) mother side (Kalkits third son of Menglik). The descendants of the two persons Kishliq and Bata to were the pregenitors of two tribes, styled respectively Badae tarkhan and Kishliq tarkhan. These tarkhans who were descendant from Kishliq and Badae were relative of Timurid and Mughal empire (Babur, Himayun and Akbar). They became Princess, Commanders, Generals and they also established the Chengiside dynasty which was famoused as Arghun and Tarkhan dynasty in 1554 AD, in Sindh (Pakistan).

Tarkhan is a title of Turko Mongol dynasties; Hunnic, Gokturk, Khazar and Uyghurs. The title Tarkhan appears in the Orkhon inscription, Tonyukok, Kul tekin and Bilge kagan(Gokturk rulers). Khazars are a Toquz Oguz/Uygur tribe. Their rulers possessed the title Tarkhan and Baghatur. The prominent rulers were Ras tarkhan, Alp tarkhan, Hazer tarkhan, Qutlugh tarkhan sengun and Tun Bagha Tarkhan. Tarkhan is an ancient Turkic title related to titled Khan, Khaqan, Khatun, Baghatur, etc. It was a Mongolic title conferred by the Tarkhan chief enjoyed power and privilege next to the great Mongol Khan. Originally Tarkhan was a term applied to Mongol nobles. From this, we deduce that, the Genghis Khan was Turkic, may be Mongolic, but it is certain that he had ancestral linkage with Khan, Tarkhan and Khaqan linage.He(temurchi) was himself Tarkhan but he adopted the title Chengiz Khan. He conferred the title Tarkhan to his relatives, Qishliq and Badae who were descendant from Kalkits tribe (third son of Menglik).

Genghis Tarkhan of the Mongols, also directed his, Orn Thither, and in 1221, drove the emperor from hr-capital.[64] At the death of the seeminly invincible men who had made them masters of all they-O, Lord bogdo, cried a grey haired.[65] "Tarkhan". Genghis Khans time, there are seven ministers, three proconsuls and Ten commissioners, all incharge of troops, of residents fifteen of generals and Tarkhan no fixed number, every one lives on flesh and kumiss.[66] Many as well as additional weapons were distributed before a battle and afterward those who had distinguished themselves were rewarded with promotion or by being named Tarkhan.[67] Tarkhan means blood thirsty, independent or free. It was a title given by Chengiz Khan to some of his men for bravery and valour. Tarkhans are therefore the descendant of Chengiz Khan.[68] At the summit of the military and social pyramid was Genghis Khans own family, which became known as the Altan Uruk or while the army theoretically consisted only of free men, its sami professional back bone came from the Tarkhans.[69] The falcon Tarkhan of the anger of God; Genghis Khan even be member of the Tarkhans.

Now we consider the terms of Mongol glossary, AltanUruk; Golden clan, Chengiz Khan family; the Gold family which ruled the Mongol empire ancestors of the Genghis Khan ; Otuken, the earth mother ; Erlik Khan, ruler of the-Tarkhan (tar-khan) (Turkic title) A warlord of Prairei who protected his herd with armed followers, the wealthies of them because the aristocrates of the steppes the noyans or princes. Otuken is one of the name given to Mother Earth in Tengrism. The word was used to described the sacred mountain of ancient Turks. It was mentioned by the Bilge Khan in the Orkhon Inscription,as the place from where the tribes can be controlled.A force "Qut" was believed to emanate from mountain, granting the local potentate to divine right to rule all the Turkic Tribes.The Kazar whose were Turkut and Oghur/Oghuz people worshipped a number of deities subordinates Tengri, including the fertility; God of death. Prince Kul Tegin (685-732CE) descended from Gold (kagan) clan of the ancient Turkic dynastic tribe Ashina clan called Shar-Duly (Gold bird duli). He was a general of second Turkic Kaganate and the second son of Ilterish Shad and younger brother of Bilge Kagan (orkhon inscription). They defeated Kyrgyz, Turgesh and Karluks, extending the Kaganate territory all the way to the Irongates (Derbent in Dagastan). They also subjugated all nine of Tukuz- Oguz tribes. All royal Oghuzs traced their descent from this mythical bird Dulu/Tulu.2. It is clear from the above terms Altan Uruk; Erlik Khan; Tarkhan (Turkic title); Otuken, the Genghis Khan was Turkic, but some Scholars argue that the Huns/Xiongnu were one of the earlier Turkic Tribes,while other argue that they were Mongolic; Linguistic studies by OttoMaenchen, support a Turkic origin. My opinion is that, the Genghis Khan was descended from Oghuz/Oghur Turk tribe may be Mongolic, but it is certain that he belong to a Tarkhan Mughal family, especially Ashina clan (Golden Family), a sub group of Xiongnu/Huns, who were engaged in metal working. Their ancestors erected a Foundry for iron work in a mountain called Arkanakon (Ergenekon), those people gained a great reputation for this invention. They were true mughals and called Arkanakon smiths.[70]

Tarkhans are descended from Turko Mongol dynasties, Genghis Khan dynasty, especially Muslim dynasties, Tamurid, Mughal empire and Tarkhan and Arghun dynasty of Sindh (Pakistan). The term Tarkhan was an ancient Mongolic title conferred by the Tarkhan Chief enjoyed power and privilege to the great Mongol Khan, originally Tarkhan term was applied to Mongol nobles. The title was originally hereditary, under Timur, a Tarkhan had free access to the Palace and criminal immunity for himself and for his children's up to nine offences. Tarkhan was a Turko Mongol tribe. Amir Timur in his institutes, enumerates twelve of forty tribes which had submitted to his government, Barlas, Tarkhan, Arghun, Jalair etc.

Now we discuss the origin of the Hindu tribes Kshatriyas, Wishwakarma Brahmins, Ramgharia Jassasing (Thoka). Wishwakarma is a term used in India for caste of priests, engineers, architecture, sculptors, temple builders and artist. The term is applied to five subcaste, Blacksmith, Carpenters, Coppersmith, Goldsmith and sculptors. Vishwakarma Brahmins are also called Rathakara Brahmins and the Rathakara mentioned in the Rigveda(1.6.32) indicates high status and is associated with the placing of the Holy sacrificial fire in the Yaina Kunda. According to the traditional belief, Wishwakarma Brahimins are descended from five sons Lord Vishwakarma. They are as follows, Manu, Maya, Twashta, Silpi, Vishwajnya. The community was spread widely throughout of India and played a vital role in the village economy. The Vishwakarma Brahmins claim to have been spiritual guides and priests and their position in the society survives in the saying the Vishwajnyabrahmins is Guru to the Word. Vishwakarma Brahmins (Panchal) are known as the Missionaries of civilization, culture and religion because they spread the Hindu religion to the whole World through their art.[72] Ramgharia is a craftsman's family, after Jassa Singh Ramgharia (1723-1803), was born at Thoka Ichogil village in 1723 near a city of Amritsar. Due to the term Thoka which was the title of the Ramgharia, they assume that it refers to a members of a Tarkhan's family. Thoka ( may be Hindu term) means may be a artisian person, carpenter etc. So it cannot be deduce from the term Thoka that they belong to Tarkhan family because Tarkhan is a Mughal family descended from Turko Mongol dynasties. According to the "Manusmriti", the Sakas as being descendants of the Hindu Kshatriyas. So it is clear that there is no evidence present that the Sakha tribe, Jassa Singh Ramgharia and VishwakarmaBrahmins belong to Tarkhan Mughal tribes.[73]

The Tarkhan Mughals were descendant from Turko Mongol Muslim dynasties (Timurid, Mughal empire, Tarkhan and Arghun dynasty of Sindh Pakistan), ruled in subcontinent, inhabited in India and Pakistan, especially in the province of Punjab (Lahore, Gujranwala, Gujrat, and Sialkot) and Sindh (Hydrabad, Thatha, Nawabshah). They have different customs, norms and culture from Hindu society. They never mix up with Hindu culture and society, before and after creation of Pakistan. They are Agriculturist, Industrialist, Builders, Factory owners, Business man, Traders especially they are engaged in Iron and Timber related businesses.

The original geographic location of Xiongnu is generally placed at Ordos. A study based on mitochondiral DNA analysis of human remains interred in the Egyin Gol valley of Mongolia concluded that the Turkic peoples originated from the same area and therefore are possibialy related. Some Scholars like Paul Pelliot insisted on a Mongolic origin.[75] Excavations conducted in the 1920, in northern Mongolia revealed much about the Xiongnu culture, as did digs in Inner Mongolia and Other sites. Remains show that the Xiongnu were mainly Mongoloid and were influenced by other culturs especially the Chinese. Some art work found in xiongnu sites show them wearing their hair in long braids with ribbons, a style preferred by the Turks of the Ashina clan[76]

The Xiongnu practiced Tengriasm which is Altaic Turkic and Mongolian Shamanism. The Xiongnu worshiped their ancestors haven, earth, sun, stars and moon. Like most nomadic Altaic peoples they lived in felt tents called yurts. They liked to make many crafts with gold and metal. Iron and Bronze was smelted in their workshops and the fine tools weaponry, household utensils, jewelry and ceramics were produced. They were very good at metal working.[77]

1.Ashina was one of the ten sons born to a gray-she-wolf in the north of Gaochand. 2.The ancestors of the Ashina was a man from the Suorcation, north of Xiongnu whose mother was a wolf and a season goddess. 3. The Ashina were a mixture stocks from the Pingliang commandery of eastern Gansu. 4. The Ashina descended from a skilled archer named Shemo, who had once fallen in love with a sea goddess west of Ashide cave.

The name Ashina first appeared in the Chinese records of the 6th century and prior to that no other source had related their history at all. The Great Soviet encyclopedia infers that between the year 265 to 460, the Ashina had been part of various late Xiongnu confederation. After 460 they were subjugated by the Rouran, who ousted them from Xinjiang into the Altay Mountains, where the Ashina gradually emerged as the leaders of the early Turkic confederation known as Gok Turk empire under pressure from the resurgent Uyghurs (Turkhut peoples), branch of the Ashina clan moved westward to Europe where they became the Khagans of the Khazars and possibly other Nomadic peoples with the Turkic routes. The recorded use of "Turks" as a political name is a sixth century reference to the word pronounced in the modern Chinese Tujue. The tribe were famed metal smiths and was granted land near a mountain quarry which looked like a helmet, from which they were said forgotten their name Tujue.

According to the Marquart Ashina clan constituted a noble caste throughout the steppe. According to the Gok Turk and the Khazar khagnate suggest the Ashina clan was accorded sacred, perhaps quasi-divine status in the Shamanic religion practiced by the steppe nomads of the first millennium CE. The Khazars practiced traditional Turkic Shamanism, focused on the Sky God Tengri but were heavily influenced by Confucian ideas imported from China, notably that of the mandate of Heaven. The Khazars worshipped a number of deities subordinates Tengri, including the fertility Goddest Uma; Kuara; a Thunder God and Erlik, the God of death.[78][79]

The ancestors of the Uyghur tribe were Altaic pastoralists called Tiele. They were practiced some minor agriculture and were highly developed metals smiths due to the abundance of easily available iron ore in the yenisei River. The Tiele were subjugated by the Xiongnu in 300BC who put them to work manufacturing weapons. Uyghurs were also advance in the fields such as architecture, art, music, printing, and painting. Wang Yen De, who served as Chinese ambassador to the Kara Khoja uyghur Kingdom between the years 981-984, wrote in his memories. I have found in the Uyghur Kingdom, the beauity of the temples, monasteries, wall painting, statues, towers, gardens, housings, and palaces build through the Kingdom cannot described. The Uyghurs are very skilled in handicraft made from gold and silver vases and potteries, say that God has infused this talent into these people.

The name Oghuz is derived from the word ok, which means arrow or tribe.The designation of "Oghuz" was given to a series of Turkic tribes in central Asia, who had united into a new confederatio The Oghuz Turk famous Tribes Kayi (founder of ottoman dynasty), Bayat; Afshar: Begdili (founder of Harezmshahs), Bayindir ( (founder of the Ak Koyunla dynasty), Salur (founder of the Karamanoglu dynasty), Kinik ( founder of the Seljuk Empire). Kimek was the one of the seven tribes in the Kimek Khanate in the Period of 743-1050AD. The other six consituent tribes, according to Abu Said Gardizi (1061) were the Yamak, Kipchaks, Tatars, Bayandur, Lanikaz and the Ajlad, formed a new political tribal union, after the break up of the Uyghur Kaganate in 840AD. The Arabian source list Bayandurs as a constituent clan of Oguzes and estern sources list Bayandur ( Kagan Bayandur of Uighur dynasty in the 747-759) as a Kipchak clan. The Oghuz gradually grew larger as various other Turkic tribes united during the Gokturk Empire, in the 6th and 7th centuries. Oghuz is not an ethnic name, and it can be simply translated into "Turkic Tribes". The Oghuz Turkic branch or western Turk branch, is one of the traditional six branches of the modern Turkic peoples. The Xiongnu, Shan-yu, Mao-tun (178-177BC) subdued a people called Huchich, they were suggest the ancestor of Oghur/Oghuz. According to many historians, the usage of the word" Oghuz" is dated back to the advent of Huns. The title of the Oghuz was given to Mau-tun, the founder of the Hun Empire, which is often considered the first Turkic political entity in central Asia. The mention of the six Oghuz tribal union in the Turkic Orkhun inscriptions (6th century) pertains to the unification of the six Turkic tribes which became known as the Oghuz. This was the first written reference to Oghuz, and was dated to the period of the Gokturk Empire. The Oghuz community gradually grew larger, uniting more Turkic tribes prior and during the Gokturk establishment. Prior to the Gokturk state, there are references to the Sekiz-Oghuz (eight-oghuz) and the Dokuz-oghuz (nine-oghuz) union.[82]

According to the secret history of Mongols, Tamujin was named after a Tatar Chieftain, whom his father had just captured. The name also suggest that they may have been descended from a family of black smith. The name "Tamujin" is believed to derived from the word Timur meaning Iron. The name would imply skill as a black smith. More likely, as no evidence has survived indicate that Genghis Khan had any exceptional training or reputation as a black smith, the name indicated an implied lineage in a family one known as Black Smith. The later interpretation is supported by the names of Genghis Khan's sub lineages, Temulin and Temuge, which are derived from the same root word. Genghis Khan's religion is widely speculated to be shamanism or Tengrism, which was very likely among Mongolic-Turkic tribe of Central Asia. But he was very tolerant religiously and interested to learn philosophical and moral lessons from other religions. To do so, he consulted Christians missionaries, Muslim Merchant's etc. Timujin had three brothers named Qasar, Khajium and Temuge, and one sister named Temulen as well as two half brothers named bekhter and belgutei. Timujin married Borte of the Olkuthum tribe, when we was around sixteen in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Borte had four sons, Jochi (1185-1226), Chugatai (1187-1241), Ogedei (1189-1241) and Tolui (1190-1231).

At the time of Timujin the Central Asia plateau (north of China) was divided into several tribes or confideration, among them Naimans, Merkits, Uyghurs, Tatar, Mongols and Keraits, that were all prominent in their own right and often unfriendly toward each other as evidence by random raids revenges and plundering. Before his death, Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons Ogedei, Chagatai, Tolui, and Jochi into several Khanates designed as sub territories their Khans were expected to follow the Great Khan who was initially Ogedei. Jochi had been died several month before Genghis Khan, his lands were divided into his sons, Batu and Orda. Ogedei was the great Khan took most of the eastern Asia, Iran, including China, this territory later to comprise the Yuan dynasty under Qubilai Khan. Chagatai Khan was the second son of Genghis Khan, established a Mongol Khanate, it was considered a part of Mongol empire, later it became full independent Khanate. At this height in the late 13th century, the Khanate extended from Amudarya South of the Aral sea to the Altain Mountains in the border of modern day Mongolia and China. Tuli Khan being a youngest son, received a small territory near the Mongol homeland including Karakorum, following Mongol custom. Tuli fathered Mongke, Kublai, Ariq Boka and Hulagu, and thus the progenitor the great Khans. Empirors of the Yuan dynasty and the IlKhans. IlKhan means "Subordinate Khan" and the title borne by the descendants of Hulagu Khan. The actual founder of the Ilkhanate dynasty was Hulagu Khan. The Ilkhanate Mongol kings were: Hulagu (1250-1265), Ubaqa Khan (1265-1282), Ahmed Teguder (1282-1284), Arghun (1284-1291), Gaykhatu (1291-1295), Baydu (1295), Mohammad Ghazan (1295-1303), Mohammad Khodabandeh (Oligeitu) (1304-1316), Abu Said Bahdur (1316-1335). Jochi's Ulus established Blue Horde to Batu Khan and White horde to Orda Khan, both were later combined into the Kipchak Khanate or Khanate of Golden Horde under Toqtamysh. Atlast the horde broke up into separate Khanates:- 1.Kasim Khanate 2.Khanate of Kazan 3.Khanate of Astarkhan 4.Kazakh Khanate 5.Uzbek Khanate 6.Khanate of Crimea 7.Siberia Khanate 8.Nogai horde[83][84]

One family particularly loyal and important during Shahrukh's early reign was that of his wife Gawharshad, daughter of Timur's follower Ghiyathal-din Tarkhan, an important and influential noble during Timur's reign. According to the family traditions the title Tarkhan was given to the family by Genghis Khan personally. Along with her brothers who were administrators at the Timurids court in Herat. Goharshad played a very important role in the early Timurid history. In 1405 she moved the Timurid's capital from Samarkand to Herat. Ghiyathal-din Tarkhan had married several daughters to Timurid's prince. Two of the Goharshad brothers Ali Tarkhan and Hassan Sufi Tarkhan had been appointed with Shahrukh to Khurasan. These Tarkhans were prominent in most of Shahrukh's early campaigns, along with four other brothers. Husayn Sufi, Sayyid Ahmed, Mohammad Sufi and Hamza. Although no one of these Amirs stands out as the most powerful figure in the administration or Army-together they formed much the most important family group. In 1407-08 Sayyid Ahmed received a land grant in Andkhud which appears to have remained his seat and that of his family. His status is indicated by the fact that he had personally sent a horse to the Chinese emperor, for which he received special thanks. All of these brothers performed important functions in Shahrukh's transoxiana campaigns of 1409-11. Shahrukh's expeditions against the troublesome sons of Umar-shaykh in fars the sons of Ghiyathal-din Tarkhan or again prominent, some in assignments requiring particular trust. Shahrukh's kerman campaign to put down the insubordinate governor Sultan Uways included Hassan and Husayn Sufi and in 1417-18 Mohammad Sufi Tarkhan is mentioned campaigning in the Qandahar region; he was among the Amirs sent to pacify Badakhshan in the same year. The high position of the Tarkhan Amirs is attested also in the Muizzal-Ansab. Two are mentioned as Amir-e-diwan under Shahrukh, apparently sequentially; these are Ali and Hassan Sufi. Mohammad Sufi is listed as Tovachi and as leader of Tumen in the center of Shahrukh's army. Taken together, this family provided Shahrukh with a group of particularly trusted servitors.[85]

Umar Shaikh Mirza was a ruler of high ambitions and great pretensions, he was always bent on conquest, on several occasions he lead an army against Samarkand. More than once he asked his father in law in the country, that is to say, my grand father Yunas Khan, the Khans of Mughals, his ancestor Chughtai Khan, the second son of Chengiz Khan. Mughal Khanship was in Sultan Mohammad Khan, Yunus Khan's younger son and half brother of my mother. As he an Umar Sheikh Mirza's elder brother, the then ruler of Samarkand, Sultan ahmed Mirza were offended by the Mirza's behavior, they came to an agreement together. Sultan Ahmed Mirza had already given a daughter to Sultan Mohammad Khan, both know lead their armies against Umar Sheikh Mirza. He was born in Sumarkand in 807 AH (1456 AD). He was Sultan Abu Saeed Mirza's fourth son, being younger than Sultan Ahmed Mirza, Sultan Mohammad Mirza and Sultan Mahmood Mirza. His father Sultan Abu Saeed Mirza was the son of Sultan Mohammad Mirza, son of Timur beg, MiranShah and was younger than Umar Sheikh Mirza and Jahangir Mirza but older than Shahrukh Mirza. Three of his son and five of his daughter grew up, I Zahirud Din Muhammad Babar, was the eldest son; my mother was Qutluq-Nigar Khanum. Jahangir Mirza was a second son, two year younger than I; his mother Fatima Sultan by name, was of the Mughal Tuman Begs. Nasir Mirza was a third son, his mother was Andijani, a mistress named Umid. He was four year younger than I. Umar Sheikh Mirza's eldest daughter was Khanzada Begium, my full sister, five years older than I.

Yunus Khan descended from Chughtai Khan, the second son of Chinghiz Khan. Yunus Khan son of Wais Khan, son of Shar Ali Aughlan, son of Mohammad Khan, son of Khizr Khwaja Khan, son of Dawa Khan, son of Barqa Khan, son of Yisuntawa Khan, son of Muatukan, son of Chaghatai Khan, son of Chinghiz Khan. Qutluq-Nigar Khanum my mother, was Yunus Khan's second daughter. She was with me in the most of the my Guerilla expeditions and thornless times. She went to God's mercy in Muharram 911 AH (June 1505 AD), five or six month after the capture of Kabul. Sultan Ahmed Mirza was born in 855 AH (1451 AD), the year in which his father took the Thorne of SamarKand. He was Sultan Abu Saeed Mirza's eldest son; his mother was a daughter of Aurdu-bugha Tarkhan (Arghun), the elder sister of Darwesh Mohammad Tarkhan and the most honoured of the Mirza's wives. Mihr ngar Khanam was his first wife, set a side for him by his father, Sultan Abu Saeed Mirza. She was Yunus Khan's eldest daughter and my mothers full sister. Tarkhan begim of the Tarkhan was the another of his wives. Qtaq Begim was another, the foster sister of the Tarkhan begim just mentioned. Darwesh Mohammad Tarkhan (Arghun) was another, the son of Aurdu-budha Tarkhan and full-brother of the mother of Sultan Ahmed Mirza and Sultan Mohammad Mirza; of all begs in Sultan Ahmed Mirza's presence, he was the greatest and most honored. He was an Orthodox, kindly and Darwesh like and was constant transcriber of the Quran. Abdul Ali Tarkhan was another, a close relative of the Darwesh Mohammad Tarkhan, possessor also of his younger sister, that is to say, Baqi Tarkhan's mother.

Though both be the Mughal ruler (Tura) and by his rank Darwesh Mohammad Tarkhan was the superior of Abdul Ali Tarkhan. For some years he had the government of the Bukhara. His retainers were reckoned at 3000 and he kept them well and handsomely. His gifts (Bakhshish), his visit of enquiry (purshish), his public audience (Diwan) his workshop (Dast-gah), his open table (shilan) and his assemblies (Majlis) were all like Kings. He was a strict disciplinarian, tyrannical, vicious, self-infaturated person. Darwesh beg was another, he was of the lion of Aiku-Timur beg (Tarkhan Arghun) a favorite of Timur beg. Mohammad Mazid Tarkhan was another younger full brother of Darwesh Mohammad Tarkhan. He was Governor in Turkistan for some years till Shabani Khan took it from him. His judgment and counsel were excellent; he was an unscrupulous and vicious person. Baqi Tarkhan was another, the son of Abdul Ali Tarkhan and Sultan Ahmed Mirza, his father died they gave him Bukhara. He grew in greatness under Sultan Ali Mirza his retainers numbering 5 or 6000. In the same year Sultan Ali Mirza fell out with Mohammad Mazid Tarkhan for the following reasons. The Tarkhan had risen to over much predominance and honour; Baqi Tarkhan had taken the whole revenue of the Bukhara government and gave not a half penny to any other else; Mohammad Mazid Tarkhan for his part, had controlled in Samarkand and took all his district for his sons and dependants a small sum only accepted, fixed by them, not a far thing from the town reached the Mirza by any channel. Sultan Mirza was a grown man; how was he to tolerate such conduct as theirs?

I really took Samarkand a few days to meet. Those braves went, set their ladders up opposite the Lover's Cave got in without making any one aware, went to the gate, attacked Fazal Tarkhan, Chopped at him and his few retainers killed them, broke the lock with an axe and opened the gate. At that time I came up and went in. Abdul Qasim Kohbur himself had not come with us but had sent 30 or 40 of his retainers under his younger brother Ahmad-I-Qasim. No man of Ibrahim Tarkhan was with us, his younger brother Ahmad Tarkhan came with a few retainers, after I had entered the town and taken post in the Monastery. In the work for the coming battle I exerted myself greatly and took all precautions. Qamber Ali also did much. In Kesh lay Baqi Tarkhan with 1000 to 2000 man in a position to join us after a couple of days. Mirza dughlat bringing me 1000 to 2000 man from my Khan dada, he would have joined me at down; with matters in the position, we hurried on the fight. Our right was Ibrahim saru, Ibrahim Jani, Adul Qasim Kohbur and other Begs. Our left was Mohammad Mazid Tarkhan, Ibrahim Tarkhan and other Samarkandi begs, also Sultan Husain Arghun Kara (Black) Barlas, Pir Ahmed and Khwaja Husain. Qasim beg was (with me) in the centre and also several of my close circle and house hold.[86][87][88]

Tarkhan nama or Arghun nama these two are different names of the same work, The work is named after the Mughal families of Arghun and Tarkhan respectively, whose origin will be further noticed in the appendix. The author himself styled it Tarkhan nama only in compliment to his patron Mirza Mohammad Salih, who was of Tarkhan's family. Mirza Mohammad Salih, who is represented to have been endowed with every excellence, personal and intellectual, was the son of Mirza Isa Tarkhan, grand son of the more celebrated holder of the same name, who founded the Tarkhan dynasty of Sindh. It is related by Historians that Amir Zul-n-nun, son of Amir Bsri, one of the descendants of Arghun Khan Tarkhan, son of Abaka Khan, son of Hulagu Khan, son of Tuli Khan, son of Chingiz Khan, a soldier distinguished for courage and bravery among the warriors of his tribe was employed by Abu Saeed Mirza and on all occasions acted up to its farmer's character. By this conduct he became the great favourite of Sultan Abu Saeed. The honors and rewards he received subjected him to the anvy and jealous of his fallows, for his rank was elevated above that of all his relations. Shah beg entered sivi in triumph and make a short stay there during which time he build houses, laid out gardens, and raised a fort which he strongly garrisoned and having appointed Mirza Isa Tarkhan, one of the most distinguished of his nobles, to the governor he returned to Kandahar. In the same year, Shah Hasan Mirza having cruelled with his father, left him and went to the court of the emperor Babr and being by him received with hospitality and distinctions, he remained there two years. The emperor observe that his visit was not from any affection entertained towards himself by Shah Hasan, but in order that he might learn the art of governing rightly, and all the same time perfect himself in the ceremonies of the court. At length, Shah Hasan with the emperors permission returned to Kandahar. In AH 928(1522 AD) Shah beg left Payinda Mohammad Tarkhan incharge of Bhakar and advanced with a considerable army to the conquest of Guzerat. This being the state of the case, it was atlast agreed that, As the Arghuns could not choose on among themselves, in preference another, who might have honours and obeisances paid him. It was advisable therefore to select as their chief, one from out the Tarkhan tribe. The Mirza Isa Tarkhan governor of Fath Bagh being wise, Prudent, and of noble descent, was best qualified for the office and likely to accede to their request. They then invited the Mirza from Fath Bagh and informed him to his wishes. On his arrival, they showed him great hospitality and persisting in their request, obtained his consent. They than nominated him their chief and placed him at the head of the government of Thatta. They paid him royal respect and homage and having sworn allegiance placed themselves under his authority and made proclamation of his supremacy by beat of drums. The Mirza took Possession of the treasure and having lavish large sum amongst the army established hi power over the several districts and tribes of Sindh. Enraged at these occurrence, Mirza Shah Husain seized the Arghuns and Tarkhans who were in Bhakhar, such as Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan, Mir Ahmed Tarkhan, Mir Hamza Beg Lar, Mir Murad Husain Beg Lar and others, and then marched at the head of a considerable army to Thatta to give battle to the arghuns and Tarkhans. Mirza Isa Tarkhan, son of Mirza Abdul Ali, son of Mirza Abdul Khaliq, son of Arghun Khan, son of Abagha Khan, son of Hulagu Khan, son of Chengiz Khan, secceeded to the thorn of Thatta after the death of Mirza Husain Arghun. Mirza Isa made Mirza Salih Tarkhan his heir, apparent and placed the reins of government in his hands, reserving to himself only the name of King.[90][91]