15 Love After One Point in Tennis

15 Least Amount of Points in Tennis

A compiler translates anything that is a structured syntax, generally a computer language, into machine code or code that an interpreter will execute on a computer. Machine code actually executes on a machine, interpreted code is pure data for the execution engine of the interpreter.

Post compilers, sometimes called post processors, take the compiled code as input and make changes to the code to provide functionality beyond that of the original language.

Examples are:

• The original C++ language used a C compiler to process most of the file and a post compiler to add the object-oriented extensions
• Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP) functionality is generally added by a post compiler

What Child

is this, who, laid to rest

On Mary's lap, is sleeping?

Whom angels greet with anthems sweet

While shepherds watch are keeping?

* This, this is Christ the King

Whom shepherds guard and angels sing.

Haste, haste to bring Him laud,

The Babe, the Son of Mary.

Why lies He in such mean estate

Where ox and ass are feeding?

[ Find more Lyrics on http://mp3lyrics.org/aOp ]

Good Christian, fear: for sinners here,

The silent Word is pleading.

* Nails, spear, shall pierce Him through,

The Cross be borne, for me, for you.

Hail, hail, the Word made flesh,

The Babe, the Son of Mary!

So bring Him incense, gold and myrrh;

Come peasant, king, to own Him.

The King of Kings salvation brings;

Let loving hearts enthrone Him.

* Raise, raise, the song on high,

The Virgin sings her lullaby:

Joy, joy, for Christ is born,

The Babe, the Son of Mary!

- At the same time that Lee was fighting the Battle of Chancellorsville in the east. the city of Vicksburg Mississippi in the west was under seige by the western Union army commanded by General Ulysses S. Grant. Some of Confederate President Jefferson Davis' staff felt that Lee's second corps, led by General James Longstreet, should be detached from the ANV and head west to end the seige of Vicksburg. Lee had a different plan. He suggested that the ANV march north into Pennsylvania to force a major battle with the Federals, a victory in which would help end the war. President Davis agreed with Lee's plan and gave the "ok" for the invasion of the north. It should be mentioned that Lee had another motive for his plan to invade the north. Since the beginning of the war most of the battles had been fought around the Virginia countryside. This had caused the land to be completely decimated. Lee recognized that by invading Pennsylvania, which was full of lush farmland, the ANV could live off of the land there while giving relief to the Virginia farmers so that they could start to reclaim their farmland and replant their crops. So, in late May of 1863 the ANV began its long march towards Pennsylvania. They used the cover of the Shenandoah Mountains to screen their movements from the Union Army.

- Meanwhile, the AOP was dealing with its own issues. Following their devastating loss at Chancellorsville, the Union force's morale was at an all time low. President Abraham Lincoln decided once again that it was time for a change in leadership. Since the beginning of the war, the AOP was plagued by poor leadership. General George McClellan, the first commanding general of the AOP, was hired and fired several times before being permanently relieved of duty. To his credit, General McClellan was responsible for training the army and turning it into the formidable fighting force that it was by 1863. By the Battle of Chancellorsville, the AOP was commanded by General Joseph "Fightin Joe" Hooker. Regretfully, General Hooker did not live up to his nickname. McClellan, Pope, Burnside, Hooker, Lee had defeated them all, and President Lincoln was still trying to find the General that could see the whole picture. The north had unlimited supplies of both arms and men. It was simply a numbers game as Lincoln saw it. Once he could fing the General who could recognizethat he would win the war. There was no possible way the south could compete with the north's unlimited supply line. And so, in May of 1863 President Lincoln chose his fifth commanding General of the AOP with the hopes that this would be the one to see the picture. The man chosen for the job was General George Gordon Meade. Meade, like Hooker, had a nickname. Many of his fellow officers called him an old "snapping turtle" because of his quick temper. However, temper aside, Meade was a calm, methodical and highly intelligent man and moreover carried with him respect from all of his fellow officers and enlisted men alike. Unlike McClellean he would not hesitate to engage the enemy. And unlike Hooker he was able to manoeuver his troops smartly in the face of the enemy. So now the stage was set for the most important battle of the Civil War...the Battle of Gettysburg.

- July 1, 1863: the Confederate ANV had been in Pennsylvania for several days now. Lee had his camp near Cashtown PA, a few miles outside of Gettysburg. Gettysburg, although a small town as far as population is concerned, was an important strategic town. It was a crossroads for rail lines that ran to Baltimore and Washington, and north to Harrisburg PA where the Federals had an arsenal. By July 1 the AOP was just south of Gettysburg, near Pipe Creek Maryland. Federal cavalry, led by General John Buford, advanced north into Gettysburg in order to scout the Confederate positions. You see, due to the fact that Lee's army entered Pennsylvania before the Union army, the Southern troops came into town from the north, while the Northern troops came in from the south. While Buford's cavalry was scouting in Gettysburg, General Harry Heth of General Richard Ewell's Second Corps of the ANV...Ewell took command of the Second Corps following Stonewall Jackson's death... was asking permission to enter the town of Gettysburg to requisition a supply of shoes that were rumored to be stored there. Knowing that the Federal troops were miles away in Maryland, Early approved Heth's request under the order of General Lee that no troops that might be encountered were to be engaged. Heth set out for Gettysburg. Back in town General Buford was surveying the lay of the land. Buford was a great judge of topography... (lay of land)... and he recognized that Gettysburg was the perfect place for a great battle to take place. Along with the rail lines, Gettysburg was a crossroads for several roads leading to Washington. Buford knew that if Lee was able to get by the Federals he could march right through to the Federal capital. He also knew that if the Confederates were able to take the town before the Federals arrived he could take the high grounds outside of town and hold a great advantage in the battle to come. Buford was not about to let this happen. He vowed to hold the town until the army could arrive. As Heth was moving his troops down the Chambersburg Pike towards Gettysburg they saw Buford's cavalry, but at the time they assumed they were seeing local militia since the Federals were further south... *Note: As the Confederates were advancing towards Pennsylvania Lee gave his cavalry commander, General J.E.B. Stuart permission to take his cavalry and ride around the Union army in order to scout their movements. Lee approved this action with the stipulation that Stuart always be within range to provide reports and re-join the ANV at a moments notice. However, while on his ride around the Union army, Stuart and his troops got cut off from the ANV. They also decided to engage in several skirmished in which they acquisitioned many wagons andsupplies from the Union troops in order to deliver them to the ANV. The addition of this extra gear slowed Stuart's troops down even further, and as a result they were not able to join up with the ANV until the end of the second day of battle at Gettysburg. Hence, General Lee and his troops were moving blind throughout the land, as the cavalry's main job is to be the army's eyes ans ears while on the move.Buford also saw Heth's troops moving down the Chambersburg Pike. The decision he was about to make would change American history forever. He sent a message to General John Reynolds, the commander of the Union First Corps, who was the closest infantry corps to Gettysburg. His message stated that Confederate troops were moving on the town and he was going to hold them off as long as he could in order to give Reynolds and his troops time to reinforce them. Then the Union could bring the rest of its AOP up. Bufrod ordered his cavalry to form a semicircle around the town in order to protect it from the north, west, and northeast. He also ordered the cavalry to dismount for the fight to come. Buford used a textbook tactic in his deployment of the cavalry. They would form into groups of four. Three men would fight and the fourth man would hold the horses. Buford was confident in his ability to hold off the Confederates for a time even though he was vastly outnumbered. His cavalry did have some cannons, but they also had a technological advantage over the Confederates. Buford's cavalry troops carried the new Spencer repeating rifle. While the Confederates carried standard muzzle loaded muskets which could fire three bullets a minute in the hands of a good soldier, the Spencer repeating rifle held eight bullets and could fire all eight in succession before being reloaded. Also because the Confederates' rifles were muzzle loaded, the men had to stand in order to reload which made them vulnerable to enemy fire. The Spencer rifles were a breach loaded rifle which meant that the men carrying them could take cover low to the ground while they reloaded. This was a huge factor in Buford's ability to hold them off. Back to the battle: When Heth saw the men in front of him get into a battle line... now remember he thought they were just local militia at this point... he disobeyed General Lee's explicit order to avoid a confrontation and formed hisown battle line in order to engage the men in front of him. As the men drew closer together it happened. The first shot of the Battle of Gettysburg was fired. After a few moments Heth realized that he was not facing local militia... he was facing Union cavalry. Despite this revelation Heth continued to engage the troops. Meanwhile back in Cashtown General Lee could hear the cannon fire. Needless to say he wasn'thappy. He ordered a courier to ride ahead and report back what was happening in Gettysburg. Lee, like Buford, was a great judge of topography, and he knew before this day that Gettysburg was the place for a major battle to take place. With no other choice at this point, Lee sent orders out to all of his commanding officers to converge on the town of Gettysburg. The stage was now set. Two huge armies were rapidly converging on this small Pennsylvania town.

- Buford's cavalry was barely able to hold off the Confederates long enough for General Reynolds' First Corps to arrive. Sadly, a few minutes after arriving on the battlefield, while positioning his troops and issuing orders, General John Reynolds was struck in the head by a bullet and killed. As both armies arrived on the field the battle grew more intense. The ANV was able to get troops to the field quicker than the AOP due to the fact that they were closer to the town at the beginning of the battle. This advantage allowed the Confederates to push the Union troops through the town and beyond to a cemetery outside of Gettysburg. This was a military victory for Lee, but strategically it was a good thing for the AOP. The cemetery was on a hill overlooking the town, so by pushing the Union forces back so far, the ANV actually gave the Union the high ground. Towards the end of the first day of fighting Lee ordered one of his generals to take the hill "if practicable", but the general did not attempt to take the hill citing that his troops were exhausted from the day's fighting. Lee was used to having Stonewall Jackson around who he could issue vague orders like that to and Jackson would know what was expected of him. Unfortunately Jackson was no longer around, and Lee would need to adapt and issue more precise orders. Throughout the night following the first day of fighting the AOP dug in atop the hill now known as Cemetery Ridge... Cemetery Hill where the actual cemetery was located was the center of a ridge that ran north to south for about a mile... By noe just about all of both armies were on the field. The Union settled along Cemetery Ridge, and the Confederates settled along Seminary Ridge... Seminary Ridge was a stretch of high ground about a mile across from Cemetery Ridge, and mirroring the ridge almost precisely...Seminary Ridge was so-called because at the center of it there stood a Lutheran Seminary. Due to the topography the Union line formed the shape of a fish hook with the barb being at a place called Culp's Hill. The fish hooh then curved at Cemetery Hill and followed Cemetery Ridge for about a mile south ending at two commanding hills known as Little and Big Round Top ( the latter being closer to Cemetery Hill. While Big Round Top was higher, it was completely covered in brush and wooded area. It was impossible to place troops or cannons atop this place. On the other hand, Little Round Top was all but bare on the side facing the Confederate lines, and at the bottom of the hill there was a peculiar formation of huge rocks known to the locals as Devil's Den. At this point in the battle the AOP had no troops either atop Little Round Top or at the bottom in the Devil's Den area. The ANV line mirrored the Union line from Culp's Hill, through the town of Gettysburg, and all along Seminary Ridge for about a mile south across from the Round Tops. The two lines were only amile apart from one another, and each used the backside of their respective "Ridges" for cover and concealment.

- Lee's Battle Plan for day two of the battle was to attack Meade's Army at both ofit's flanks. This would mean simultaneous attacks at Culp's Hill and at Cemetery Ridge near the Round Tops. Lee had one crucial order in his battle plan. His right flank, which was commanded by General James Longstreet's First Corps, was to attack the Union line at an angle, following a road called Emmitsburg Road which led into Gettysburg from the south. Lee felt that while the Union was distracted by the attack on it's right flank at Culp's Hill, Logstreet could "roll-up" the Union line along Cemetery Ridge to the point where they could breakthrough at Cemetery Hill and effectively split the Union Army in two. Longstreet did not think this was a wise plan. He felt that he could take his troops around the Round Tops, effectively getting behind the AOP, and then the ANV would have no troops between them and Washington. Then they could force the AOP to give chase where the ANV could pick a ground of their choosing and fight a defensive battle somewhere to the south of Gettysburg. Lee refused ts plan. He said that the enemy was there across from him, and he would fight them there. Lee felt that Meade would be like all of his predecessors and prefer to retreat rather than fight a tough battle. For the first time in this war Lee had judged his advisary wrongly... Meade was a fighter, and that's just what he planned to do...FIGHT!

There were many obstacles in Lee's plan that worked against him. First, not all of Longstreet's troops had moved over from Cashtown yet, and he wanted to wait for them to arrive before he attacked. Then, due to the lay of the land, Longstreet's troops had trouble getting into position without being seen by the enemy. It was 4:00 PM before his troops were in position. Second, Richard Ewell, commanding the Confederate Second Corps below Culp's Hill began his attack before Longstreet was in position. This allowed time for the AOP to move troops into position to face Longstreet's attack. Finally, once the battle began, some of Longstreet' s troops got separated from the army and advanced directly towards the Round Tops, instead of marching up the Emmitsburg Road. When the AOP saw this, they placed troops on Little Round Top which was previously unoccupied. The second day of battle was vicious and bloody. By the end of the day no ground was gained by the ANV, and the AOP still held the high ground along Cemetery Ridge. Both armies were battered and tired. Meade held a Coucil of War with his commanding Generals to discuss the option of retreating to a different position or staying and fighting it out here. After several hours they decided to stand and fight. If Lee decided to attack the nect day the AOP would be there to fight.

- Lee's plan for day three of the battle was to attack the Union center at Cemetery Hill. His thinking was that the Union had sent roops from the center to defend the flanks on day two, so the center must now be weakened. What Lee did not take into consideration was the Union line's shape of a fish hook. This layout provided the AOP with good interior lines which could allow them to send troops from one part of the line to another in a short time. Lee's plan was as follows: Prioir to the attack his artillery would bombard the Union center in order to weaken it and knock out the Union artillery there. Then, General Ewell would fein an attack on Culp's Hill in order to distract the Union. Ewell's orders were to push the attack if he felt he could push through. While Ewell was attacking Lee was sending J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry, which had just arrived on the field, around the Union right and form an attack from the Union rear. Finally, Lee would send Longstreet's entire First Corps along with some elements from the First Corps directly at the Union center... this would amount to around 12,000 - 15,000 men...If the plan went as Lee envisioned it, the ANV would catch the AOP in a pincer like attack in the hopes of breaking the army in half, then destroying both halves. Once again, Longstreet did notagree with Lee's plan. He felt that no 15,000 men could take that hill. Lee's infantry attack on the Union center would require them to march a mile across an open field which gently sloped upward, all the while under fire from Union artillery on Little Round Top and Cemetery Ridge. If they made it that far they would face the entire AOP's infantry force, who were safely covered behind a two foot high stone wall. Longstreet once again proposed moving around the Union army and fighting on ground of the Confederate's choosing. Lee once again denied the request. Hence, day three began and Pickett's Charge, as Longstreet's infantry attack would come to be known, was about to occur... it became known as Pickett's Charge because the commanding General of the largest infantry division involved in the attack was General George Pickett. After the charge General Lee ordered Pickett to organize his division in order to repel any possible Union counter-attack. Pickett is said to have told Lee - "General Lee, I have no division now". Pickett never forgave Lee for sending his troops into that battle. Later in life Pickett stated - "That man had my entire division killed".

- And so the third day of the Battle of Gettyburg began. Needless to say, Lee's plan did not go as he had envisioned it. First, Stuart's cavalry was met by Union cavalry and was defeated. Among the Union cavalry that day was a young General just out of West Point named George Custer. Secondly, Ewell never got his chance to fein an attack on the Union right at Culp's Hill. In the early morning ours of July 3, the Union troops on Culp's Hill launched an attack on the Confedrates, effectively putting an end to Ewell's attack. Finally, there was Pickett's Charge. The Confederate artillery barrage meant to knock out the Union artillery on Cemetery Hill was ineffective. Most of the shells sailed over the Union lines and exploded harmlessly behind them. At some point, the commander of Union artillery pulled some of his batteries off of Cemetery Hill in order to save them for the coming attack. This was falsely interpreted by the Confederates that the Union batteries were knocked out of action. The infantry attack was bombarded by artillery from the moment they stepped out into line. Those who made it as far as the Emmitsburg Road were met by a wooden fence which delayed their progress and gave the Union artillery time to zero in on them. If they made it across the road they were then met by Union artillery who were firing canister shot(canister shot is a specialized artillery shell meant specifically for infantry troops. It is best described as a coffee can filled with golf ball sized metal balls. Once fired the metal balls fire out of the canister like a shotgun shell and cut down anything in front of them.) and also they were now in range for Union infantry guns. The luckiest ones were those who surrendered to the Union troops. There are incidents of Union troops holding out their hands and begging the Confederates to surrender to them. One can imagine that it wouldn't be easy for a man to watch this carnage and not want to try to save the enemies who were being decimated.

- Following the debacle of Pickett's Charge Lee rode out to the survivors returning to the lines and stated that it was all his fault. He later would offer his resignation to President Jefferson Davis which he refused to accept. On July4, 1863 the ANV began its long retreat back across the Potomac into Virginia. The hospital carriages formed a traffic jam some eight miles long. Meade did not pursue Lee due to the fact that his troops were very badly beat up themselves. He was critcized for this decision, but was also praised for the victory.

- The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the Civil War. Lee's second invasion of the north had failed. It was now all but certain that the European powers of Britain and France would not intervene on the side of the Confederacy. The Army of Northern Virginia had lost thousands of men that they would never be able to replace. The next year, 1864, President Lincoln promoted General Ulysses S. Grant to Lieutenant General of the Unoin Armies, a rank only previously held by George Washington. Once Grant came east he Pursued Lee's army relentlessly, and in April 1865, Lee finally surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House Virginia effectively ending the Civil War.

Italy produces more wine than any other country in the world.

20082004-082008Country(milhectltrs.)% Changeper hectareItaly46,900-6%56France42,950-25%50Spain34,850-19%30USA20,5502%50Argentina14,680-5%65China13,00517%26Australia11,700-20%68Germany10,4004%102South Africa9,8907%75Chile7,86025%40Romania6,3002%31Portugal5,400-28%22Greece3,750-12%32Brazil3,500-11%35Hungary3,400-22%47Austria2,400-12%47Bulgaria1,800-8%19New Zealand1,70043%49

Apnea - newborns; AOP; As and Bs; Blue spell - newborns; Dusky spell - newborns; Spell - newborns

Apnea is breathing that slows down or stops from any cause. Apnea of prematurity refers to short episodes of stopped breathing in babies who were born before they were due.

There are several reasons why newborns, especially premature babies, may have apnea, including:

• Their brain is not fully developed
• The muscles that keep the airway open are weak

Other stresses in a sick or premature baby may worsen apnea, including:

• Anemia
• Feeding problems
• Heart or lung problems
• Infection
• Low oxygen levels
• Overstimulation
• Temperature problems

Newborns, especially preemies, often have an irregular breathing pattern.

These babies will have short episodes (5 - 10 seconds) of either shallow breathing or stopped breathing (apnea). These episodes are followed by periods of normal breathing.

When there is very shallow or no breathing (apnea), the baby may also have a drop in heart rate. This heart rate drop is called bradycardia.

Some babies may also have poor color and an ill-looking appearance. Apnea episodes that last longer than 20 seconds are considered serious.

Because most preterm and some sick full-term babies have some degree of apnea, these babies are hooked up to monitors in the hospital to watch their breathing, heart rate, and oxygen levels. Apnea or a drop in heart rate can set off the alarms on these monitors.

How apnea is treated depends on the cause, how often the breathing stops, and the severity of spells. Babies who appear to be otherwise healthy and have few spells per day are simply watched. They can be gently stimulated during their occasional episodes.

Babies who are well, but who have many episodes in which they stop breathing may be given a caffeine preparation to help stimulate their breathing. Sometimes the nurse will suction children with apnea, change their position, or use a bag and mask to help them breathe.

Proper positioning, slower feeding time, oxygen, and (in extreme cases) a breathing machine may be needed to assist in breathing.

Studies have not been able to show a benefit to putting babies on home monitors, so these monitors are no longer commonly used.

Apnea is common in premature babies. Most babies have normal outcomes. Although mild apnea is not thought to have long-term effects, most doctors feel that preventing multiple or severe episodes is better for the baby over the long-term.

Apnea episodes that began after the second week of life or that last longer than 20 seconds are considered more serious.

Apnea of prematurity usually goes away by the baby's 36th week.

Owens JA. Sleep medicine. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 18.

(pictures insert is not being allowed by wiki. i am sorry)

TOPICS OF DISCUSSION

CONCEPT OF GOVERNING SYSTEM

FEATURES OF KWU GOVERNING SYSTEM

OVERVIEW OF GOVERNING RACK

FUNCTIONING OF EHC CIRCUITS

FREE GOVERNOR MODE OPERATION

BEST PRACTICES IN GOVERNING SYSTEM

EMERGENCIES IN GOVERNING SYSTEM

WHAT IS GOVERNING SYSTEM ?

n Turbine Governing system is meant for regulation of turbine speed under no load and varying load condition.

n It helps in precise control of grid frequency under normal operation and protects the machine as well as grid during emergency situation.

KWU GOVERNING SYSTEM-FEATURES

n ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC GOVERNING SYSTEM WITH HYDRAULIC BACKUP

n OPERATION OF STOP VALVES BY STARTING & LOAD LIMITING DEVICE (HYDRAULIC)

n ROLLING, SYNCHRONIZATION & LOAD OPERATION BY HYDRAULIC / ELECTRO- HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

n ELECTRO- HYDRAULIC SPEED GOVERNOR WITH HYDRAULIC BACK UP

n SAFE SHUTDOWN BY HYDRAULIC / ELECTRO- HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

n ELECTRICAL AND HYDRAULIC PROTECTION SYSTEM ALONG WITH TEST FACILITIES

FEATURES OF EHC

n AUTO ROLLING & SYNCHRONIZATION THROUGH SPEED CONTROLLER UNDER INFLUENCE OF TSE

n CONSTANT LOAD OPERATION BY LOAD CONTR. WITH PRESSURE CONTR. AS BACKUP

n RUNBACK OPERATION THROUGH PRESSURE CONTR.

n EMERGENCY OPERATION THROUGH SPEED CONTR.

n AUTO GRID FREQUENCY CONTROL THROUGH EXTERNAL FREQUENCY INFLUENCE

n AUTO UNLOADING AT HIGH FREQUENCY THROUGH INTERNAL FREQUENCY INFLUENCE

n CONTROL DURING AUTOMATIC TURBINE TESTING,

ISOLATED GRID CONDITION & LSR OPERATION

SPEED CONTROLLER CIRCUIT

L - Raise & Lower command from UCB :

nr - Speed Reference :

nr limit - Delayed Speed Reference :

NLC - No Load Correction (Ensures required Speed controller O/P for Rolling even when Speed reference n r matches n act.)

n act - Actual Speed :

hr nc - Speed Controller O/P with DROOP of + / - 10.0 V for nr lim ~ n act = 150 RPM ( GAIN = 22

LOAD SET POINT GENERATION CIRCUIT

1 - SET POINT FOLLOW UP when Automatic Grid Control or CMC In service

(Other Raise / Lower commands get blocked)

2 -- TSE ENABLING when

A) GCB is closed AND

B) Load controller (L C) not OFF AND

C) Fast calibration signal 6 absent AND

D) I) Load controller (L C) in control

OR ii) Pressure controller with initial pressure in action

OR iii) Turbine follow mode in service

This helps to bring manually adjusted gradient and stress effect in service.

+/- 10 V gradient => +/- 25 MW / MIN for 200 MW units

OR +/- 50 MW / MIN for 500 MW units.

PRESSURE CONTROLLER CIRCUIT

EHC TRANSFER CIRCUIT

FGMO - BACKGROUND

n Unique frequency band of 49.0 Hz to 50.5 Hz, as specified by IEGC

n Scheduling & dispatch by RLDCs/SLDCs is based on day ahead demand & availability

n Frequency control by load-generation balance in every 15 mins time block

n Wide frequency variation during Grid disturbance, Unit outage, change in demand, etc.

n No primary response by generators to maintain frequency under such system contingency

n Emergencies caused due to frequency control only through importing /cutting load by system operator

n

FGMO - GRID CODES

n All generating units should have their speed governors in normal operation at all times to enable Grid frequency control by loading / unloading

n Droop characteristic for primary response should be within 3% to 6%

n Each unit shall be capable of instantaneously picking up at least 5% extra load for a minimum of 5 mins (up to 105%MCR), during fall in frequency

n No dead bands and/or time delays shall be deliberately introduced

n Facilities like load limiters, CMC, etc. shall not be used to suppress the normal governor action

IMPLEMENTATION OF FGMO

In line with clause Clause 1.6 of IEGC and CERC order dated 30-10-99, date of FGMO implementation, as decided by REBs are :-

n Western Region - 19-05-03 ( ABT - 01-07-02 )

n Southern Region - 01-08-03 ( ABT - 01-01-03 )

n Northern Region - 01-10-03 ( ABT - 01-12-02 )

n Nor-East Region - 22-12-03 ( ABT - 01-11-03 )

n Eastern Region - 02-01-04 ( ABT - 01-04-03 )

FGMO CHARACTERISTIC FOR KWU M/C

MAJOR ISSUES WITH FGMO IN 2004

Ø Wide and frequent variation of freq.

Ø Perpetual oscillations in critical parameters due to Boiler response time

Ø M/C subjected to cyclic loading and fatigue stresses

Ø Frequent HP/LP Bypass valve operation

Ø Continuous manual interventions

Ø Self-defeating feature(Unloading when freq. improving towards 50 Hz)

Ø Conflict with ABT(Offsetting freq. correction)

TRANSIENTS IN GOVERNING SYSTEM

n FAILURE OF POWER PACKS OF CONTROLLER RACKS IN EHC PANEL

n POWER SUPPLY FAILURE IN ATRS PANEL

n SIGNAL ACQUISITION PROBLEM

n FAILURE IN TURBINE SYSTEM

n ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FAILURE

n COMPONENT FAILURE IN GOVERNING RACK

n OPERATIONAL EMERGENCY

1 CONTROL RACK SUPPLY FAILURE

n M/C is on EHC. Power supply fails in Load control/Pressure control / transfer circuit rack. Starting device becomes off automatically due to EHC fault.

Observation: EHC output is minimum/zero and load minimum/ zero with EHC fault alarm. Machine on bar with ESV & IV open (Turbine not tripped).

Action: Confirm HP/LP bypass opening, isolate EHC from governing rack and parallely adjust starting device position from UCB. Reduce boiler firing to restrict rise in boiler pressure.

2) SUPPLY FAILURE IN ATRS PANEL(ATRS=Automatic Turbine Rolling & Synchronisation)

n M/C is on EHC. Power supply fails in CCA panels only.

Observation: All indication lamps in ATRS consoles will go off. EHC output and Load will become zero due loss of GCB close feedback. All ATRS drives will become inoperative.

Action: Confirm HP/LP bypass opening , isolate EHC. Reduce boiler firing. Adjust starting device position from local. Normalize power supply in CCA panels at the earliest.

3) SIGNAL ACQUISITION PROBLEM

n Loss of speed signal occurs due to Hall Probe / card failure.

Observation: Speed indication will become zero. M/C will be loaded through speed controller. Subsequently Pressure controller will come in service. AOP & JOP will take auto start & Barring Gear valve Will open on auto.

Action: Isolate EHC and adjust Starting device position. If pressure oil pressure is normal, make SLC of AOP, JOP and Barring Gear vlv OFF and stop AOP, JOP and close Barring Gear vlv.

4)FAILURE IN TURBINE SYSTEM

n Loss of speed signal occurs due to breakage of MOP shaft.

Observation: Speed indication and pressure oil pressure will come down. M/C will be loaded through speed controller and Pressure controller will come in service. Subsequently, AOP & JOP will take auto start &Barring Gear valve. will open on auto.

Action: Safe shutdown of M/C is to be ensured.

5) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FAILURE

n M/C is on EHC with Tracking on. Starting device becomes inoperative due to Electrical module trouble/motor failure/overload.

Observation: During increase in boiler firing, Boiler pressure will increase due to load restriction by Starting device. EHC output will go to 100%.

Action: Switch off the electrical module of Starting device and increase Starting device position from local so that EHC can take control.

6) FAILURE IN GOVRRNING RACK

n EHC Plunger coil failure

n EHC Pilot valve bearing failure

Observation: EHC starts hunting

Action: Isolate EHC and take Hydraulic mode in service. Replace the failed omponent. Governing characteristic checking should be done before EHC is put in service

n Speeder Gear spring tension gets altered.

Observation: M/C may get unloaded at frequency lower than recommended value.

Action: Speeder Gear spring tension may be adjusted to increase the start of unloading.Testing for proper setting should be checked during suitable opportunity.

LOGICS

A SPEED CONTROLLER LOGICS

1 Command for slow rate at nr > 2850 RPM to facilitate easy synchronisation

2 TSE Influence ON, when min of all the upper stress margins comes into picture to control gradient of nr lim and hence, acceleration of Rolling speed. Upper stress margin = 30 deg C => 10.0 V => 600 RPM ~ (Acceleration < 108 RPM ~ causes dn / dt tripping)

B LOAD SET POINT GENERATION LOGICS

1 Stopping of nr lim when

a) GCB open AND

b) n act is < nr lim by approx. 45 RPM.

This restricts hr nc up to around 30 % during Rolling to avoid wide v/v opening.

2 Stopping speed set point control when,

a) n act > 2850 RPM AND

b) nr raised ( I.e, nr > nr lim) AND

c) I) TSE ON and faulted in GCB open condition

OR ii) Stop command from SGC in SGC ON condition.

3 Tracking in synchronized condition if

a) Frequency within limit (adjustable, say 48.5 to 51.5 Hz.) AND

b) Load controller O/P , hr PC > hr nc AND

c) I) Load controller (L C) in control

OR ii)Pressure controller in action

4 Set Point Follow Up (Fast Calibration) during

a) Tracking condition 5 ( nr = n act + 21 RPM ) OR

b) Turbine Trip ( nr = n act - 120 RPM ). Simultaneously nr lim immediately equals to nr

Condition (a) ensures certain speed controller O/P during emergency to keep machine in rolled condition along with some load.

Condition (b) ensures negative speed controller O/P during Trip condition.

LOAD CONTROLLER (L C) IN CONTROL CONDITIONS -

a) Speed OR Pressure Controller not in action AND

b) Isolated Grid condition absent AND

c) Both Load Controller OFF and Schedule OFF absent (I.e, L C ON)

LOAD CONTROLLER SCHEDULE OFF - L C can be made OFF if Speed controller is in action and hrnc > hr PC. Otherwise, with OFF command OFF lamp blinks - called Schedule OFF

C .LOAD SET POINT GENERATION LOGICS

1TSE ON AND NOT FAULTED

This helps to keep stress effect for gradient control in service.

2-- LOAD GRADIENT ON

This helps to keep manual gradient control in service

3-- STOP POWER SET POINT CONTROL when

a) TSE ON and Faulted OR

b) Stop command from SGC OR

c) Pr raised when Pressure controller is in action with CMC ON OR Limit pressure mode selected OR Boiler follow mode selected

In above conditions Pr lim stops, I.e,Set point can not be increased.

4-- FAST CALIBRATION when

a) Pressure controller is in action OR

b) Follow above (h v0) condition present

Under this condition MW error (ep) is selected and Pr lim immediately equals to Actual load (P act) without any gradient .

5 -- FREQUENCY INFLUENCE ON

This is made ON from ATRS panel to put EXTERNAL FREQUENCY EFFECT in service for

loading / unloading w.r.t. 50 Hz ( with 2.5 % to 8 % Frequency Droop)

6 TSE TEST RELEASE : TSE TEST (For checking healthiness of TSE Margins) can be done when

a) TSE Influence is OFF OR

b) Both Pr, Pr lim and hr, hr lim are balanced, I.e, Speed and Power set point controls are not in action.

D .LOAD CONTROLLER LOGICS

FOLLOW ABOVE ( h v0 ) --

a) GCB closed and load < 10 % (station load) OR

b) GCB open OR

c) Load controller OFF

Absence of these conditions help Load controller output to track above Pressure controller output when Pressure controller is in service.

FOLLOW LOW ( h vu ) - GCB CLOSED AND Speed controller in action.

This helps Load controller output to track below Speed controller output.

8 -- Either a) Initial pressure mode selected OR

b) Turbine follow mode in action OR

c) CMC Runback active

This ensures Load controller output above pressure controller output

9 -- Load controller OFF

This defeats transmission of Load Controller output to Transfer circuit.

R & L - Raise & Lower command from UCB :

nr - Speed Reference :

nr limit - Delayed Speed Reference :

NLC - No Load Correction (Ensures required Speed controller O/P for Rolling even when Speed reference n r matches n act.)

n act - Actual Speed :

hr nc - Speed Controller O/P with DROOP of + / - 10.0 V for nr lim ~ n act = 150 RPM ( GAIN = 22

LOAD SET POINT GENERATION CIRCUIT

1 - SET POINT FOLLOW UP when Automatic Grid Control or CMC In service

(Other Raise / Lower commands get blocked)

2 -- TSE ENABLING when

A) GCB is closed AND

B) Load controller (L C) not OFF AND

C) Fast calibration signal 6 absent AND

D) I) Load controller (L C) in control

OR ii) Pressure controller with initial pressure in action

OR iii) Turbine follow mode in service

This helps to bring manually adjusted gradient and stress effect in service.

+/- 10 V gradient => +/- 25 MW / MIN for 200 MW units

OR +/- 50 MW / MIN for 500 MW units.

PRESSURE CONTROLLER CIRCUIT

EHC TRANSFER CIRCUIT

FGMO - BACKGROUND

n Unique frequency band of 49.0 Hz to 50.5 Hz, as specified by IEGC

n Scheduling & dispatch by RLDCs/SLDCs is based on day ahead demand & availability

n Frequency control by load-generation balance in every 15 mins time block

n Wide frequency variation during Grid disturbance, Unit outage, change in demand, etc.

n No primary response by generators to maintain frequency under such system contingency

n Emergencies caused due to frequency control only through importing /cutting load by system operator

n

FGMO - GRID CODES

n All generating units should have their speed governors in normal operation at all times to enable Grid frequency control by loading / unloading

n Droop characteristic for primary response should be within 3% to 6%

n Each unit shall be capable of instantaneously picking up at least 5% extra load for a minimum of 5 mins (up to 105%MCR), during fall in frequency

n No dead bands and/or time delays shall be deliberately introduced

n Facilities like load limiters, CMC, etc. shall not be used to suppress the normal governor action

IMPLEMENTATION OF FGMO

In line with clause Clause 1.6 of IEGC and CERC order dated 30-10-99, date of FGMO implementation, as decided by REBs are :-

n Western Region - 19-05-03 ( ABT - 01-07-02 )

n Southern Region - 01-08-03 ( ABT - 01-01-03 )

n Northern Region - 01-10-03 ( ABT - 01-12-02 )

n Nor-East Region - 22-12-03 ( ABT - 01-11-03 )

n Eastern Region - 02-01-04 ( ABT - 01-04-03 )

FGMO CHARACTERISTIC FOR KWU M/C

MAJOR ISSUES WITH FGMO IN 2004

Ø Wide and frequent variation of freq.

Ø Perpetual oscillations in critical parameters due to Boiler response time

Ø M/C subjected to cyclic loading and fatigue stresses

Ø Frequent HP/LP Bypass valve operation

Ø Continuous manual interventions

Ø Self-defeating feature(Unloading when freq. improving towards 50 Hz)

Ø Conflict with ABT(Offsetting freq. correction)

TRANSIENTS IN GOVERNING SYSTEM

n FAILURE OF POWER PACKS OF CONTROLLER RACKS IN EHC PANEL

n POWER SUPPLY FAILURE IN ATRS PANEL

n SIGNAL ACQUISITION PROBLEM

n FAILURE IN TURBINE SYSTEM

n ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FAILURE

n COMPONENT FAILURE IN GOVERNING RACK

n OPERATIONAL EMERGENCY

1 CONTROL RACK SUPPLY FAILURE

n M/C is on EHC. Power supply fails in Load control/Pressure control / transfer circuit rack. Starting device becomes off automatically due to EHC fault.

Observation: EHC output is minimum/zero and load minimum/ zero with EHC fault alarm. Machine on bar with ESV & IV open (Turbine not tripped).

Action: Confirm HP/LP bypass opening, isolate EHC from governing rack and parallely adjust starting device position from UCB. Reduce boiler firing to restrict rise in boiler pressure.

2) SUPPLY FAILURE IN ATRS PANEL(ATRS=Automatic Turbine Rolling & Synchronisation)

n M/C is on EHC. Power supply fails in CCA panels only.

Observation: All indication lamps in ATRS consoles will go off. EHC output and Load will become zero due loss of GCB close feedback. All ATRS drives will become inoperative.

Action: Confirm HP/LP bypass opening , isolate EHC. Reduce boiler firing. Adjust starting device position from local. Normalize power supply in CCA panels at the earliest.

3) SIGNAL ACQUISITION PROBLEM

n Loss of speed signal occurs due to Hall Probe / card failure.

Observation: Speed indication will become zero. M/C will be loaded through speed controller. Subsequently Pressure controller will come in service. AOP & JOP will take auto start & Barring Gear valve Will open on auto.

Action: Isolate EHC and adjust Starting device position. If pressure oil pressure is normal, make SLC of AOP, JOP and Barring Gear vlv OFF and stop AOP, JOP and close Barring Gear vlv.

4)FAILURE IN TURBINE SYSTEM

n Loss of speed signal occurs due to breakage of MOP shaft.

Observation: Speed indication and pressure oil pressure will come down. M/C will be loaded through speed controller and Pressure controller will come in service. Subsequently, AOP & JOP will take auto start &Barring Gear valve. will open on auto.

Action: Safe shutdown of M/C is to be ensured.

5) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FAILURE

n M/C is on EHC with Tracking on. Starting device becomes inoperative due to Electrical module trouble/motor failure/overload.

Observation: During increase in boiler firing, Boiler pressure will increase due to load restriction by Starting device. EHC output will go to 100%.

Action: Switch off the electrical module of Starting device and increase Starting device position from local so that EHC can take control.

6) FAILURE IN GOVRRNING RACK

n EHC Plunger coil failure

n EHC Pilot valve bearing failure

Observation: EHC starts hunting

Action: Isolate EHC and take Hydraulic mode in service. Replace the failed omponent. Governing characteristic checking should be done before EHC is put in service

n Speeder Gear spring tension gets altered.

Observation: M/C may get unloaded at frequency lower than recommended value.

Action: Speeder Gear spring tension may be adjusted to increase the start of unloading.Testing for proper setting should be checked during suitable opportunity.

LOGICS

A SPEED CONTROLLER LOGICS

1 Command for slow rate at nr > 2850 RPM to facilitate easy synchronisation

2 TSE Influence ON, when min of all the upper stress margins comes into picture to control gradient of nr lim and hence, acceleration of Rolling speed. Upper stress margin = 30 deg C => 10.0 V => 600 RPM ~ (Acceleration < 108 RPM ~ causes dn / dt tripping)

B LOAD SET POINT GENERATION LOGICS

1 Stopping of nr lim when

a) GCB open AND

b) n act is < nr lim by approx. 45 RPM.

This restricts hr nc up to around 30 % during Rolling to avoid wide v/v opening.

2 Stopping speed set point control when,

a) n act > 2850 RPM AND

b) nr raised ( I.e, nr > nr lim) AND

c) I) TSE ON and faulted in GCB open condition

OR ii) Stop command from SGC in SGC ON condition.

3 Tracking in synchronized condition if

a) Frequency within limit (adjustable, say 48.5 to 51.5 Hz.) AND

b) Load controller O/P , hr PC > hr nc AND

c) I) Load controller (L C) in control

OR ii)Pressure controller in action

4 Set Point Follow Up (Fast Calibration) during

a) Tracking condition 5 ( nr = n act + 21 RPM ) OR

b) Turbine Trip ( nr = n act - 120 RPM ). Simultaneously nr lim immediately equals to nr

Condition (a) ensures certain speed controller O/P during emergency to keep machine in rolled condition along with some load.

Condition (b) ensures negative speed controller O/P during Trip condition.

LOAD CONTROLLER (L C) IN CONTROL CONDITIONS -

a) Speed OR Pressure Controller not in action AND

b) Isolated Grid condition absent AND

c) Both Load Controller OFF and Schedule OFF absent (I.e, L C ON)

LOAD CONTROLLER SCHEDULE OFF - L C can be made OFF if Speed controller is in action and hrnc > hr PC. Otherwise, with OFF command OFF lamp blinks - called Schedule OFF

C .LOAD SET POINT GENERATION LOGICS

1TSE ON AND NOT FAULTED

This helps to keep stress effect for gradient control in service.

2-- LOAD GRADIENT ON

This helps to keep manual gradient control in service

3-- STOP POWER SET POINT CONTROL when

a) TSE ON and Faulted OR

b) Stop command from SGC OR

c) Pr raised when Pressure controller is in action with CMC ON OR Limit pressure mode selected OR Boiler follow mode selected

In above conditions Pr lim stops, I.e,Set point can not be increased.

4-- FAST CALIBRATION when

a) Pressure controller is in action OR

b) Follow above (h v0) condition present

Under this condition MW error (ep) is selected and Pr lim immediately equals to Actual load (P act) without any gradient .

5 -- FREQUENCY INFLUENCE ON

This is made ON from ATRS panel to put EXTERNAL FREQUENCY EFFECT in service for

loading / unloading w.r.t. 50 Hz ( with 2.5 % to 8 % Frequency Droop)

6 TSE TEST RELEASE : TSE TEST (For checking healthiness of TSE Margins) can be done when

a) TSE Influence is OFF OR

b) Both Pr, Pr lim and hr, hr lim are balanced, I.e, Speed and Power set point controls are not in action.

D .LOAD CONTROLLER LOGICS

FOLLOW ABOVE ( h v0 ) --

a) GCB closed and load < 10 % (station load) OR

b) GCB open OR

c) Load controller OFF

Absence of these conditions help Load controller output to track above Pressure controller output when Pressure controller is in service.

FOLLOW LOW ( h vu ) - GCB CLOSED AND Speed controller in action.

This helps Load controller output to track below Speed controller output.

8 -- Either a) Initial pressure mode selected OR

b) Turbine follow mode in action OR

c) CMC Runback active

This ensures Load controller output above pressure controller output

9 -- Load controller OFF

This defeats transmission of Load Controller output to Transfer circuit.

American Aircraft

Army Liaison - The Army used various Air Force L-type liaison
Aircraft as listed below in the Air Force entry.
The L-5 and L-19 were the most commonly used.

• Stinson L-5 Sentinel

• Cessna L-19 Bird Dog

• Bell H-13 helicopter

• Sikorsky H-19C helicopter

• Hiller H-23 Raven helicopter

Air Force

• North American F-51, RF-51 Mustang

• Lockheed F-80, RF-80 Shooting Star

• North American F-82 Twin Mustang (all Japan-based)

• Republic F-84 Thunderjet

• North American F-86, RF-86 Sabre

• Lockheed F-94B Starfire

• Douglas B-26, RB-26, WB-26 Invader

• Boeing B-29, RB-29, WB-29, SB-29 Superfortress

• Boeing RB-50B Superfortress

• Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando

• Douglas C-47 Skytrain

• Douglas C-54 Skymaster

• Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar

• Douglas C-124A Globemaster

• Boeing SB-17 Flying Fortress (Japan-based)

• Grumman SA-16 Albatross

• Consolidated OA-10 Catalina

• Piper L-4 Grasshopper

• Stinson L-5 Sentinel

• Aeronca L-16 Grasshopper

• North American L-17 Navion

• Cessna L-19 Bird Dog

• de Havilland L-20 Beaver

• North American T-6, AT-6, LT-6G Texan or Mosquito

• Sikorsky H-5 helicopter

• Sikorsky YH-19, H-19 helicopter

• Beechcraft C-45

• Lockheed T-33

• North American RB-45C

• Hiller H-23 Raven

Navy

• McDonnell F2H Banshee

• Douglas F3D Skyknight

• Chance Vought F4U Corsair

• Grumman F7F Tigercat

• Grumman F9F Pantherjet

• Douglas AD Skyraider

• Martin PBM Mariner

• Consolidated P4Y Privateer

• Lockheed P2V Neptune

• Sikorsky HO3S-1 helicopter

• Grumman AF-2 Guardian

• Grumman TBM-3

• Douglas R4D (C-47) Skytrain

• Douglas R5D (C-54) Skymaster

Marine

• McDonnell F2H Banshee

• Douglas F3D Skyknight

• Chance Vought F4U, AU Corsair

• Grumman F7F Tigercat

• Grumman F9F Pantherjet

• Grumman/General Motors TBM Avenger (used as ambulances)

• Douglas AD Skyraider

• Douglas R4D (C-47) Skytrain

• Douglas R5D (C-54) Skymaster

• Stinson OY-1, OY-2 (L-5) Sentinel

• Cessna OE-1 (L-19) Bird Dog

• Sikorsky HO3S-1 helicopter

• Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopter

• Bell HTL-4 helicopter

CIA

• Air Force special operations units flying for the CIA used C-46, C-47, C-54, C-119, B-26 and B-29 aircraft, plus H-19 helicopters. The Agency also used China Air Transport C-46 & C-47 aircraft for its missions.

South Korean

Air Force

• North American F-51 Mustang

• Douglas C-47 Skytrain

• Piper L-4 Grasshopper

• Stinson L-5 Sentinel

• Aeronca L-16 Grasshopper

• North American L-17 Navion

• Cessna L-19 Bird Dog

• North American T-6 Texan

Army Liaison

• Piper L-4 Grasshopper

• Stinson L-5 Sentinel

UN Aircraft

British (and Australian Navy)

• Supermarine Seafire 47 (carrier-based)

• Hawker Sea Fury (carrier-based)

• Fairey Firefly (carrier-based)

• Auster AOP 6 (Air Observation Post)

• Cessna L-19 Bird Dog

• Short Sunderland flying boats (Japan-based)

Commonwealth

Royal Australian AirForce

• North American F-51 Mustang

• Gloster Meteor

• Douglas Dakota (C-47) transports (Japan-based)

Royal Canadian Air Force

• Douglas (C-54) transports (US-based)

South African Air Force

• North American F-51D Mustang

• North American F-86F Sabre

Other

Royal Hellenic Air Force - Douglas C-47 Dakota/Skytrain (Japan-based)

Royal Thai Air Force - Douglas C-47 Dakota/Skytrain (Japan-based)

Turkish Army - Piper L-18 (Liaison AC)

Communist Aircraft

Soviet

• Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15

• Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15bis

• Yakovlev Yak-17UTI

Chinese

• Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15

• Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15bis

• Yakovlev Yak-9P

• Lavochkin La-9

• Ilyushin Il-10

• Tupolev Tu-2

• Yakovlev Yak-17UTI

• Yakovlev Yak-18 trainer

North Korean

• Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15

• Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15bis

• Yakovlev Yak-9P

• Lavochkin La-9

• Ilyushin Il-10

• Polikarpov Po-2 trainer and harassment

• Yakovlev Yak-18 trainer and harassment