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An antibody is a type of protein. The body's immune system produces antibodies when it detects harmful substances, called antigens. Examples of antigens include microorganisms (such as as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) and chemicals.
Antibodies are also be produced when the immune system mistakenly considers healthy tissue a harmful substance. See: Autoimmune disorders
Each type of antibody is unique and defends the body against one specific type of antigen.
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have a specific shape related to their specific function.
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active active
B for plato users
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Antibodies bind the antigen, which then targets the antigen for elimination by innate mechanisms
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Antibody titer is a laboratory test that measures the presence and amount of antibodies in blood. The antibody level in the blood is a reflection of past exposure to an antigen or to something that the body does not recognize as belonging to itself. The body uses antibodies to attack and remove foreign substances.
Alternative NamesTiter - antibodies; Serum antibodies
How the test is performedBlood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.
Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.
Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.
In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.
How to prepare for the testNo special preparation is necessary for this test.
How the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.
Why the test is performedIn some situations, your health care provider may check your antibody titer to see if you had an infection in the past (for example, chickenpox) or to decide which immunizations you need.
The antibody titer is also used to determine:
- The strength of an immune response to the body's own tissue in diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disorders
- Your need for a booster immunization
- Whether a recent vaccine caused a strong enough response from your immune system to protect you against the specific disease
- Whether you have, or recently had, an infection such as mononucleosis or viral hepatitis
Normal values depend on the antibody being tested. If your health care provider is testing for antibodies against your own tissue, then the normal value would be zero or negative. In some cases, a normal level is below a certain, specific number.
If your health care provider is testing to see if an immunization brought your antibody titer up to a preventive level, then the normal result depends on the specific value for that immunization.
Negative antibody tests can help rule out certain infections.
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
What abnormal results meanIf your health care provider is testing for antibodies against your own tissue, abnormal results would show a positive antibody titer. Depending on the strength of the titer, this could mean that you have an autoimmune disease in which your immune system is fighting its own tissue, cells, or substances.
If your health care provider is testing to see if your immunization brought your antibody titer up to a preventive level, an abnormal result would indicate that your body has not mounted enough of a response against the immunization and you are not fully protected against the disease.
A positive antibody test to infectious agents such as viruses can determine if you have a specific infection.
Low levels may also occur if you have an immune deficiency.
What the risks areVeins vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.
Risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:
- Excessive bleeding
- Fainting or feeling light-headed
- Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
- Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
Orenstein WA. Immunization. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 16.
Pisetsky DS. Laboratory testing in the rheumatic diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 278.
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Well I'm not sure but I'll give the explanation which I think is correct. Antibodies are used to fight against invading pathogens in the body. The antibodies are produced by white blood cells (Lymphocytes). Due to the fact that there are a multitude of viruses - which can mutate with time - and that antibodies are only effective against one type of pathogen, then the body produces a variety of antibodies to fight each pathogen.
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Chickenpox and shingles result from the same virus, and generate the same antibodies. There is no difference between chickenpox antibody and shingles antibody, and there is only one test (varicella virus antibody) for both.
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When choosing a secondary antibody for your experiment, consider the primary antibody you are using and select a secondary antibody that is specific to the species and isotype of the primary antibody. Additionally, ensure that the secondary antibody is compatible with the detection method you are using, such as fluorescence or enzyme-linked detection. Conducting a thorough literature review and consulting with colleagues or antibody suppliers can also help in selecting the most suitable secondary antibody for your experiment.
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a second antibody is added to the mixture. This antibody is "tagged" with a fluorescent dye so that it can be seen. The second antibody attaches to any antibodies and cells bound together
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Antibody
- produced by B lymphocytes.
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To choose the appropriate secondary antibody for your experiment, consider the primary antibody used, the species it was raised in, and the detection method. Match the secondary antibody to the species of the primary antibody and ensure it is compatible with the detection method being used. Conduct a thorough literature review and consult with colleagues or antibody suppliers for recommendations.
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The results for current or recent infection are: antibody to EA = positive, antibody to VCA IgM = positive, antibody to VCA IgG = positive, antibody to EBNA = negative.
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Cambridge Antibody Technology was created in 1989.
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The population of Cambridge Antibody Technology is 2,006.
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epitopes on the antigen while the paratopes on the antibody
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polyclonal antobody is the antibody produced for many or non specific antigens but antiserum is the antibody for a specific antigen
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Type AB blood doed not contain any antibodies. I does have Antigens A and B.
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To enhance the function of phagocytosis. The antibody binds to the antigen (on the organism). The antibody also binds to the phagocyte thus facilitating the coming together of the antibody and phagocyte and phagocytosis can then proceed.
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An agonisitic monoclonal antibody is an immunological term for a monoclonal antibody which attempts to boost the immune system in order to fight infection or cancer.
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No. An antigen is something that an antibody will inactive. It is an antibody inducing agent.
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The process by which an antibody binds to an antigen is called antigen-antibody binding. This occurs when the antibody recognizes and attaches to a specific part of the antigen, forming a complex that helps the immune system identify and neutralize the antigen.
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anti-nuclear antibody = ANA
ANA's are a common occurrence in lupus patients
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The doctor recommended administering an antibody to help fight off the infection.
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An antibody can typically bind to two antigens at once.
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Polyclonal antibody recognizes several epitopes on the target protein while monoclonal antibody recognizes only single epitope. Sometimes, monoclonal antibodies are not able to precipitate the antigen because the epitope might need to be exposed on the surface of the antigen to be recognized by the antibody. Since the epitope might be hidden and it's a single epitope that is recognized by the monoclonal antibody, the propability of the antibody to reconize the epitope is lower compared with the polyclonal antibody that recognizes several epitopes on the target protein.
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The results for susceptibility are: antibody to EA = negative, antibody to VCA (either IgM or IgG) = negative, antibody to EBNA = negative.
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Generally there are two antibodies used. Primary antibody which can bind specifically to the protein of interest. And a secondary antibody coupled with a detection system such as HRP that would bind the primary antibody and signals the presence of protein of interest.
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Reference ranges for the antigen/antibody tests are as follows: hepatitis A antibody, IgM: Negative, hepatitis B core antibody: Negative, hepatitis B e antibody: Negative, hepatitis B e-antigen: Negative.
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an anti-flag antibody is an antibody that recognizes the flag epitope DYKDDDDK. A good webpage that explains all this is http://www-users.med.cornell.edu/~jawagne/FLAG-tag.html
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it can be rised according to the epitopes present in antigen that enters our body..if separate antibody is rised to each specific epitope v call it as monoclonal antibody
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I have anti jka antibody and have now been diagnosed with SLE
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86255 Fluorescent antibody; screen, each antibody (HIV & Herpes)
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Basically to explain this, an antigen is any type of pathogen that causes disease, while an antibody is something that combats against the antigen.
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No because an antibody is produced for that specific pathogen. An antibody produced against influenza will not lock onto a common cold virus because the binding site on the virus is different compared to that of an antibody.
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Antibody valence refers to the number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody molecule, which is typically two binding sites on a single antibody unit. This property allows antibodies to bind to multiple antigen molecules simultaneously, enhancing their ability to neutralize pathogens and trigger immune responses.
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