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The address of the History Of The Republic Foundation is: Po Box 65544, Wdm, IA 50265-0544

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disadvantages of wavelenth division multiplexing

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WDM wavelength division multiplexing

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One of the advantages of WDM is fewer wires or channels are needed to transmit and receive data. One disadvantage is that complex transmitters and receivers must be wide-band.

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The address of the West Des Moines Historical Society is: Po Box 65563, Wdm, IA 50265-0563

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ASIO4ALL is a low latency ASIO driver for WDM audio devices. It uses WDM Kernel-streaming. The latest version is 2.10, and it can be downloaded off of the CNET website.

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2 W. D. M. a R.

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WDM wavelength division multiplexing

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WDM classification is based on channel spacing between two wavelengths * channel spacing greater than 200GHZ is called as CWDM * channel spacing greater than 100GHZ is called as WDM * channel spacing lesser than 100GHZ is called as DWDM * channel spacing lesser than 25GHZ is called as UDWDM 100GHZ = 0.8nm WDM classification is based on channel spacing between two wavelengths * channel spacing greater than 200GHZ is called as CWDM * channel spacing greater than 100GHZ is called as WDM * channel spacing lesser than 100GHZ is called as DWDM * channel spacing lesser than 25GHZ is called as UDWDM 100GHZ = 0.8nm

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in optical fiber WDM technolgu is used how wavelength coverts into data rate

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Yes. Both Windows 98 and Windows ME support the two primary driver models in place during that time period: VxD and WDM. Windows 2000 used WDM and an older driver model from the previous NT versions. Windows 95 only supported VxDs.

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A WDM optical network is a wavelength density network on fiber optics. The WDM equipment makes it possible to connect several different information channels/signals inn to one fiber, Witch makes it possible to transport enormous amounts of information on tiny little optical fiber. It`s mostly used on long length between connection points, and not directly to buildings and homes.

So theoretically if you want to send me 100GB of information, and you want to send it to me in less then 5 seconds, between us we have one fiber and each our WDM equipment. If our internet provider offers this to be a posebility, they would have to give us 10 channels of 2GB each.

100GB/5s=20GBps

Ideally this would work, if you don`t count the loss in the fiber or units.

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It is no distance.

DM and WDM share a boundary, DM's 63rd Street is WDM's 1st Street.

https://maps.google.com/maps?q=63rd+and+grand,+des+moines&hl=en&ll=41.582708,-93.703337&spn=0.015954,0.038409&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=34.587666,78.662109&t=h&hnear=Grand+Ave+%26+63rd+St,+Des+Moines,+Polk,+Iowa+50312&z=15

OTOH, some parts of DM are a long way from some parts of WDM.

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The web address of the West Des Moines Historical Society is: www.wdmhistoricalsociety.org

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tdm: total available time is divided into several user

eg: telephone system

fdm: total frequency bands are divided into several users

eg : television broad casting

wdm: total wave lengnth is divided in to number of users

eg: optical networking

These are particular one line definitions of tdm, fdm and wdm but you should realize that there is no difference in fdm and wdm, they are different terms talked in context of radio waves and optical fiber accordingly. As both light waves and radio waves are electro magnetic waves there speed is same so if you are dividing frequency or wave length both are leading to same.

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We need Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) to increase the capacity of fiber optic communication systems by transmitting multiple signals simultaneously over a single optical fiber. This allows for efficient use of the existing infrastructure and enables higher data transmission rates without laying down additional fibers. WDM is essential for meeting the growing demand for bandwidth in modern communication networks.

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Try this http://download.cnet.com/Toshiba-PCX2200-USB-Cable-Modem-WDM/3000-18493_4-70727.html

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Douglas Baney has written:

'Optical power and wavelength for single-source simulation of EDFA WDM gain' -- subject(s): Multiplexing, Optical amplifiers, Optical fibers

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Jun Zheng has written:

'Optical WDM networks' -- subject(s): Fiber optics, Multiplexing, Optical communications, Routers (Computer networks), Wavelength division multiplexing

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DESCRIPTION

Module type FU-632SEA-6MxxA is an electroaborption modulator integrated with 1.55mm DFB-LD

module with single mode optical fiber.This module is suitable to a light source in 2.5Gb/s digital optical communication systems where the distance is shorter than 640km. This module is prepared in accordance with ITU-T recommendation wavelength channel plan for Dense-WDM transmission.

FEATURES

Input impedance is 50W

Integrated Electroabsorption Modulator(EAM)

Distributed feedback (DFB) Laser Diode

Emission wavelength is the 1.55mm band

Single-mode optical fiber pig-tail

Built-in optical isolator

Built-in thermal electric cooler

Butterfly package

APPLICATION

2.5Gbps,6400ps/nm WDM application

2.5Gbps,12800ps/nm WDM application PDF

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Precisely Timed Signal Transmission in Neocortical Networks with Reliable transmission using temporal phase coded optical signals with ... to the existing WDM network for optical steganography transmission.

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One can find more information about Third World debt from websites like WDM, Global Issues, Link TV, New Int, STWR, Money Myths, Debate, Laws, Mtholyoke.

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The "Windows 9x" line, consisting of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME. Windows 95 partially supported 32-bit / WDM drivers via the USB supplement.

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WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) is to combine a series of optical carrier signals at different wavelengths carrying various information at the transmitter through the Multiplexer and couple them to the same optical fiber for transmission. At the receiver end, the optical signals are separated from each other by a Demultiplexer. The simultaneous transmission of two or many optical signals of different wavelengths in the same fiber is called Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). WDM technology can double the transmission capacity of a single light, which can easily expand the capacity of existing optical networks. Depending on the direction of the transmitted signal, WDM can be used for multiplexing or demultiplexing.

MUX

The main function of MUX is to combine multiple signal wavelengths into one optical fiber for transmission. At the transmitter end, N optical transmitters operate at N different wavelengths, which are separated by appropriate intervals. These N light waves are respectively modulated by the signal as carriers and carry the signal. A wave synthesizer combines these different wavelengths of optical carrier signals and couples them into a single-mode fiber. Because the optical carrier signals of different wavelengths can be regarded as independent of each other (without considering the non-linearity of the fiber), the multiplexing transmission of multiple optical signals can be realized in one fiber. Through multiplexing, communication operators can avoid maintaining multiple lines and effectively save operating costs.

DEMUX

The main function of DEMUX is to separate multiple wavelength signals transmitted in one fiber. At the receiving end, the optical carrier signals of different wavelengths are separated by a demultiplexer, which is further processed by the optical receiver to recover the original signal. A demultiplexer (Demux) is a device that performs reverse processing on a multiplexer.

Performance Parameters of MUX/DEMUX

1. Operating Wavelength

Multiplexer/demultiplexer operating waveband. For example, 1550 wavelength has three bands: S band (short wavelength band 1460~1528nm), C band (conventional band 1530~1565nm), L band (long wavelength band 1565~1625nm).

2. Number of channels & channel spacing

Channel number refers to the number of channels that a multiplexer/demultiplexer can combine or separate. This number can range from 4 to 160 to enhance the design by adding more channels. Common channels are 4, 8, 16, 32, 40, 48, etc. Channel spacing is the difference between the nominal carrier frequencies of two adjacent channels and is used to prevent inter-channel interference. According to ITU-T G.692, the channel intervals less than 200GHz(1.6nm) include 100GHz (0.8nm), 50GHz (0.4nm) and 25GHz. Currently, 100GHz and 50GHz channel intervals are preferred.

3. Insertion Loss

Insertion loss is the attenuation caused by the insertion of WDM in optical transmission system. The attenuation effect of WDM on optical signal directly affects the transmission distance of the system. Generally, the lower the insertion loss, the less signal attenuation.

4. Isolation

Isolation refers to the isolation degree between signals of each channel. High isolation values can effectively prevent the distortion of transmitted signals caused by crosstalk between signals.

5. PDL (Polarization Dependent Loss)

PDL refers to the distance between the maximum and minimum loss caused by different polarization states at fixed temperature, wavelength and the same band, namely, the maximum deviation of insertion Loss in all input polarization states.

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That's because the buffer in you sound card is small so there is a need for the sound card to wait before it can process all the sound samples. Either you can buy a better audio interface or you can try reducing latency in the WDM settings.

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Thomas R Costello has written:

'Intensive forest inventory' -- subject(s): Forest surveys, Bibliography

'Water data management (WDM) system' -- subject(s): Data processing, Public lands, Land use, Planning, Water use

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No. Windows 95 supported only VxD drivers, which no Windows in the NT line (NT 3.1, 3.5, 3.51, 4, 2000, XP, Vista) support. Windows 98 supported both WDM and VxD. WDMs are the only supported driver model in 2000 and XP. If written well, a WDM driver from Windows 98 could work on Vista, but it is highly unlikely that hardware that runs with Windows 98 would be used in a Vista computer anyway. Also, certain components, such as the print spooler, have been totally rewritten for Vista, and thus the drivers do not work anymore. Vista-specific drivers also provide better performance.

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Possibly, but not necessarily. Both Windows 98 and Windows 2000 support WDM (Windows Driver Model), but Windows 2000 is newer, and drivers written to a newer standard of WDM will not work on systems with older standards.

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Primarily used in fiberoptics, but generally applicable, WDM is a way of transmitting more data by separating channels by "color". For example, you can transmit one message with blue light and another by yellow light and another by red light. Then you can separate them at the receiver. More specifically, you can use thousands of very narrow wavelengths in a single fiberoptic cable to increase the communication capacity enormously.

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Optical data transmission is the name of the method of sending data through fiber optic cables. One optic cable can contain hundreds if not thousands of optic fibers. Simplex and half duplex systems use only one fiber to communicate. Simplex transmits only in one specific direction, while half duplex can send in both directions but not at the same time. If likened to a walkie-talkie radio, when the talk button is pressed it is transmitting out but will not be able to receive incoming transmission until the talk button is released. In a full duplex system, two fibers are used to communicate. One fiber is transmitting from point A to point B and the other fiber is transmitting back from point B to point A.

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How does WDM work?

A WDM system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the several signals together and a demultiplexer at the receiver to split them apart. There are multiplexer(MUX) and demultiplexer(DEMUX). The main function of MUX is to combine multiple signal wavelengths in one fiber for transmission at the sending end. And the main function of the demultiplexer DEMUX is to separate multiple wavelength signals transmitted in an optical fiber at the receiving end.

The main purpose of wavelength division multiplexing(WDM) is to increase the available bandwidth of the fiber. Therefore, wavelength division multiplexing systems are widely used by telecom companies to expand capacity through WDM without laying more fibers.

CWDM, DWDM, CCWDM, How to choose?

CWDM is sparse wavelength division multiplexer, also known as coarse wavelength division multiplexer. CWDM is being used in cable television networks, where different wavelengths are used for the downstream and upstream signals. In these systems, the wavelengths used are often widely separated.

DWDM is dense wavelength division multiplexer. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) refers originally to optical signals multiplexed within the 1550 nm band so as to leverage the capabilities (and cost) of erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), which are effective for wavelengths between approximately 1525–1565nm (C band), or 1570–1610nm (L band).

CCWDM is a mini wavelength division multiplexer, which is a mini version of CWDM. A wavelength division multiplexing technology based on TFF (Thin Film Filter), which works in the same way as CWDM. The difference is that CCWDM uses free space technology, its package size is smaller and the insertion loss is lower. It can replace CWDM products in telecom, enterprise networks, PON networks, TV and other applications.

The main advantage of the CWDM system is the low cost. The device cost is mainly manifested in filters and lasers. The wide wavelength spacing of 20nm also makes CWDM the advantage of low specification of the laser and simplified structure of the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer. The simplified structure and high yield will reduce the cost. The increased cost of DWDM is mainly due to the high cost of laser diodes and the cooling laser technology used to maintain wavelength stability.

CWDM, DWDM and CCWDM are kinds of effective methods to solve the increasing bandwidth capacity needs; but they are designed to meet different network needs.

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WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing ) is a transmission technology that uses one optical fiber to simultaneously transmit multiple optical carriers of different wavelengths. The transmission loss in optical fiber varies with the wavelength of light. In order to reduce loss as much as possible and ensure transmission effect, it is necessary to find the most suitable wavelength for transmission. After a long time of exploration and testing, light in the wavelength range of 1260nm~1625nm has the lowest signal distortion and loss caused by dispersion, and is most suitable for transmission in optical fiber.(glsun dot com)

The wavelength applications of optical fibers are divided into several bands, and each band is used as an independent channel to transmit an optical signal of a predetermined wavelength. ITU-T divides the frequency band of single-mode optical fiber more than 1260nm into several bands: O, E, S, C, L and U.

O Band

O band is the original band with wavelength range 1260-1360 nm. O band is the first wavelength band historically used for optical communication, with minimal signal distortion (due to dispersion).

E Band

E band is the extended band with wavelength range 1360-1460 nm. It is the least common of these wavebands. E band is mainly used as an extension of O band, but its use in optical communications is limited mainly because many existing optical cables show high attenuation in E band and the manufacturing process is very energy intensive.

S Band

E band is the short wavelength band with wavelength range 1460-1530 nm. Fiber loss is lower in S band than in O band, and S band is used by many PON (passive optical network) systems.

C Band

C band is the conventional wavelength band with wavelength range 1530-1565 nm. Optical fiber has the lowest loss in C band and has a great advantage in long distance transmission system. EDFA technology is commonly used in many metropolitan, long-distance, ultra-long-distance and subsea optical transmission systems in combination with WDM. The use of C band has expanded with the advent of DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing), which enables multiple signals to share a single optical fiber.

L Band

C band is the long wavelength band with wavelength range 1565-1625 nm. It is the second lowest-loss wavelength band and is often used when C band is insufficient to meet bandwidth requirements. With the widespread availability of EDFA, DWDM systems have expanded up to L band and were initially used to expand the capacity of terrestrial DWDM optical networks. Now it has been brought in by undersea cable operators to do the same thing - expand the total capacity of undersea cables.

U Band

Because the transmission attenuation loss of C band and L band is the lowest, the signal light in DWDM system is usually selected to be at C band and L band. In addition to O band and L band, there are two other bands, namely the 850 nm band and the U band (ultra-long band: 1625-1675 nm). The 850 nm band is the main wavelength of multi-mode fiber communication system combined with VCSEL (Vertical cavity surface emitting Laser). U band is mainly used for network monitoring.

Summary

WDM technology can be divided into WDM, CWDM and DWDM according to different wavelength modes. The wavelength range stipulated by ITU for CWDM (ITU-T G.694.2) is 1271 to 1611 nm, but in application, considering the large attenuation of 1270-1470nm band, the band range of 1470~1610nm is usually used. DWDM channels are more densely spaced and use C-band (1530 nm-1565 nm) and L-band (1570nm-1610nm) transmission Windows. Ordinary WDM generally uses 1310 and 1550nm wavelengths. With the growth of FTTH applications, C band and L band, the most commonly used bands in fiber optic networks, will play an increasingly important role in optical transmission systems.

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You should make your webcam driver active under the 'Microsoft WDM Image Capture (Win 32)' driver using the 'Options > Video Source' hot button above the preview window.

otherwise, just go to device manager (My computers>properties>hardware>device manager), search for the yellow question mark in 'other devices' or on 'winbond HID CIR Receiver' under human interface devices. Right click > update driver. Follow the installation wizard, you need the driver intallation CD that comes along with your laptop.

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What's EDFA?

Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is an optical amplifier used in the C-band and L-band, where the loss of telecom optical fibers becomes lowest in the entire optical telecommunication wavelength bands. It is used in the telecommunications field and in various types of research fields. An EDFA is "doped" with a material called erbium. Optical amplifiers can directly amplify optical signals without converting the signals into electrical signals before amplification, which is also the most prominent function and is an important optical component in long-distance optical communication.

EDFA has been widely used in DWDM system, usually used to compensate the link loss in long-distance optical communication. The most important feature is to amplify multiple optical signals at the same time and can be easily combined with Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. The common bands of EDFA are C-band and L-band. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques combined with erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) increases the capacity of light wave transmission, provides high capacity and improves flexibility of optical network technology.

EDFA Working Principle

EDFA works on the principle of stimulating the emission of photons. With EDFA, an erbium-doped optical fiber at the core is pumped with light from laser diodes. The erbium-doped fiber (EDF) is at the core of EDFA technology, which is a conventional silica fiber doped with Erbium. It is a conventional silica fiber doped with erbium. When the Erbium is illuminated with light energy at a suitable wavelength (either 980nm or1480nm), it is excited to a long lifetime intermediate state, then it decays back to the ground state by emitting light within the 1525-1565nm band. When the light energy already exists within the 1525-2565nm band, for example due to a signal channel passing through the EDF, then this stimulates the decay process, resulting in additional light energy.

Baisc configuration of EDFA

EDFA configuration is mainly composed of erbium-doped fiber (EDF), pump laser, coupler, WDM, optical isolator, gain flattening filter (GFF), variable optical attenuators (VOA) and photodetector (PD). In principle, EDFAs can be designed such that pump energy propagates in the same direction as the signal (forward pumping), the opposite direction to the signal (backward pumping), or both direction together.

Coupler: the optical power is branched and transmitted according to a certain proportion, usually using the melting taper process.

WDM: a passive optical device that mixes up the input optical signal and the light wave output from the pump light source, generally using a wavelength division multiplexer(WDM).

Optical Isolator: a device that prevents reflected light from affecting the stability of optical amplifier and ensures that the optical signal can only be transmitted in the forward direction.

EDF: EDF is the main body of the optical amplifier. It can be used to design erbium-doped optical amplifiers (EDFA) for telecommunication in the C and L band and sensing applications.

Pump Laser: a semiconductor laser with center wavelength 980nm that provides energy for signal amplification, the output optical power ranges from 10mW to 1W.

GFF: suppress ASE noise to reduce the impact of noise on EDFA performance and improve EDFA gain flatness and OSNR.

VOA: a device that dynamically adjusts optical power, often used in adjusting the gain slope and power attenuation.

PD: monitor the input and output optical power in real time.

Types of EDFA Optical Amplifiers

Booster Amplifier

An amplifier operates at the transmission side of the link, designed to amplify the signal channels exiting the transmitter to restore the strength of a transmitted signal. When used as the booster amplifier, EDFA is deployed in the output of an optical transmitter to improve the output power of the multi-wavelength signal having been multiplexed.

Pre-amplifier

A pre-amplifier EDFA operates at the receiving end of a DWDM link. The pre-amplifier is used to compensate for losses in a demultiplexer near the optical receiver. It operates at the receiving end of a DWDM link and works to enhance the signal level before the photo detection takes place in an ultra-long haul system.Being equipped with these features, EDFA can significantly improve the sensitivity of an optical receiver when deployed in the input of an optical receiver.

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Walter Dean Myers got the idea for Monster while he watched the trial of a 17 year old accused of armed robbery and murder.

Walter Dean Myers did a lot of research before he wrote Monster. Even though Monster is fiction, the author included a lot of "factual" material in it. For example, he researched prison life in order to make his scenes more believable.

Reference:

http://special.lib.umn.edu/clrc/kerlan/wdm/monster/mcs12.php

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The debt market is a market where fixed income securities issued by the Central and state governments, municipal corporations, government bodies, and commercial entities like financial institutions, banks, public sector units, and public limited companies. Therefore, it is also called fixed income market.For a developing economy like India, debt markets are crucial sources of capital funds. The debt market in India is amongst the largest in Asia. It includes government securities, public sector undertakings, other government bodies, financial institutions, banks, and companies.

The Indian debt market is composed of government bonds and corporate bonds. However, the Central government bonds are predominant and they form most liquid component of the bond market. In 2003, the National Stock Exchange (NSE) introduced Interest Rate Derivatives. MCX Stock Exchange (MCX-SX) is also planning to launch the same in 2009.

The trading platforms for government securities are the 'Negotiated Dealing System' and the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment of NSE and BSE. In the negotiated market, the trades are normally decided by the seller and the buyer, and reported to the exchange through the broker, whereas the WDM trading system, known as NEAT (National Exchange for Automated Trading), is a fully automated screen-based trading system, which enables members across the country to trade simultaneously with enormous ease and efficiency.

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About the National Stock Exchange of India : In the fast growing Indian financial market, there are 23 stock exchanges trading securities. The National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) situated in Mumbai - is the largest and most advanced exchange with 1016 companies listed and 726 trading members. The NSE is owned by the group of leading financial institutions such as Indian Bank or Life Insurance Corporation of India. However, in the totally de-mutualised Exchange, the ownership as well as the management does not have a right to trade on the Exchange. Only qualified traders can be involved in the securities trading. The NSE is one of the few exchanges in the world trading all types of securities on a single platform, which is divided into three segments: Wholesale Debt Market (WDM), Capital Market (CM), and Futures & Options (F&O) Market. Each segment has experienced a significant growth throughout a few years of their launch. While the WDM segment has accumulated the annual growth of over 36% since its opening in 1994, the CM segment has increased by even 61% during the same period. The National Stock Exchange of India has stringent requirements and criteria for the companies listed on the Exchange. Minimum capital requirements, project appraisal, and company's track record are just a few of the criteria. In addition, listed companies pay variable listing fees based on their corporate capital size. The National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. provides its clients with a single, fully electronic trading platform that is operated through a VSAT network. Unlike most world exchanges, the NSE uses the satellite communication system that connects traders from 345 Indian cities.

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Multiplexing techniques vary widely based on what is being multiplexed. Modern telecommunications use a very wide array of techniques including:

TDM - examples: TDMA, T-carrier

FDM - examples: DWDM

Spatial - example: MIMO

Code division - examples: CDMA

Phase or polarization division - cable/satellite TV

Statistcal - examples: packet mode (STS), FHSS etc etc.

This is far from a complete list. I think the question needs to be more specific.

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OLT (Optical Line Terminal) is a device in a passive optical network that serves as the service provider's endpoint, connecting to and controlling multiple Optical Network Units (ONUs) at subscriber locations. ONU is a customer premises equipment that connects to the OLT in a PON system.

An Outside Plant (OSP) system refers to the network infrastructure installed outside of buildings, including cables, ducts, poles, and cabinets, that transmits telecommunications signals. OSP designs facilitate the deployment of cables and equipment for communication networks.

"Basic interview opt" may refer to questions related to optical network technology, such as understanding different types of optical fibers, WDM technology, network architectures, or troubleshooting common optical network issues during an interview for a position in the telecommunications or networking industry.

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The National Stock Exchange (NSE), located in Bombay, is India's first debt market. It was set up in 1993 to encouragestock exchange reform through system modernization and competition. It opened for trading in mid-1994. It was recently accorded recognition as a stock exchange by the Department of Company Affairs. The instruments traded are, treasury bills, government security and bonds issued by public sector companies.

The number of members trading on the exchange has been on a steady increase, helping integrate the national market and providing a modern system with a complete audit trail of all transactions.

Membership

  • 1026 trading members on the Capital Market segment, of which around 86% account for corporates and the remaining individuals and firms.
  • 113 trading members on the Wholesale Debt Market segment, all of which account for corporates. (Out of these 113 trading members, 106 are members of the Capital Market segment also and are included in the 1026 members indicated above).

Geographic Distribution

  • Over 2600 trading terminals
  • Over 1500 VSAT's across the country with a 24 hour Network monitoring system in over 160 cities as of December 31st, 1997.

Number of Companies

  • On the Capital Market segment, 600 securities are listed and 762 securities are permitted to trade as of December 31st, 1997.
  • On the Wholesale Debt Market segment, 470 securities are listed and 369 securities are permitted to trade as of December 31st, 1997. Of the 470 securities listed, 267 are Government Securities, T-Bills and the balance account for other securities.

Capital Market Operations

  • NSE is working to increase the capacity of the trading system from the present 4,00,000 trades per day to more than 10,00,000 trades per day.
  • The average daily numbers of trades have gone up from over 893 trades in November-94 to over 1,48,783 trades in November 97. On August 7, '97 the number of trades reached a record high of 2,36,411 which makes NSE one of the largest stock exchanges in the world.
  • Average daily traded value has increased from Rs.7 crores in November-94 to more than Rs. 1480 crores in December-97 with a high of Rs.3,080.61 crores recorded on 26th June-97.
  • Number of shares traded has increased from 76.10 lakhs in November-94 to 11,148.21 lakhs in December-97.
  • Net traded value has increased from Rs.125 crores in November -94 to Rs. 32,549 crores in December-97.
  • Delivered value (settlement wise) has increased from Rs.60 crores in November -94 to Rs.5,008 crores in December -97.
  • Number of shares traded (depository segment) has increased from 200 shares in December -96 to 1,19,102 shares in December-97.
  • Net traded value (depository segment) has increased from Rs.0.43 lakhs in December -96 to Rs.185.44 lakhs in December-97.
  • Market share of cities other than five metros (Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, Chennai & Ahmedabad) which was about 16% in first quarter of 1996 grew to as high as 24% during the last quarter of 1997.
  • The ratio of contribution to turnover from Non Stock Exchange centres to Stock Exchange centres has risen from 0.36% in first quarter (Jan to Mar) of 1996 to over 10% in fourth quarter of 1997.
  • The market capitalisation of companies has increased from Rs. 292637 crores in November'94 to Rs. 4571663 crores in February'98.

Clearing & Settlement

  • Completed 170 settlements successfully without any delay or postponement as on February 28, 1998.
  • Value of shares handled by the Clearing house per week has increased from Rs. 30 crores in November-94 to over Rs.1042 crores per week in December-97. The highest value of shares handled during the period was more than Rs. 2251.40 crores.
  • Inter-Region Clearing : NSCCL has Regional Clearing Centres at Delhi, Calcutta, Chennai and a Central Clearing Centre at Mumbai. Members have the option of delivering/receiving the securities at a clearing centre chosen by them.

Wholesale Debt Market Operations

  • The WDM segment commenced operations on June 30, 1994 with 224 securities carrying an outstanding debt value of Rs. 1,35,000 crores (US$ 34 billion). This has now increased to 839 securities with a market capitalisation of Rs. 3,50,565 crores (US$ 88 billion). More than half of the securities available for trading are listed and the balance are permitted to trade.
  • Currently, the Exchange has 78 registered participants on the WDM segment which includes 24 Public sector banks, 18 Foreign banks, 15 Private sector banks, 6 Primary dealers, 5 Financial institutions, the others being corporate bodies, mutual funds and foreign debt fund.
  • Average daily value in the WDM segment increased from Rs. 2.4 crores in June-94 to Rs. 298.17 crores in December -97 with a high of Rs. 1831.27 crores recorded on 12-Aug-97.
  • Net traded value in the WDM segment increased from Rs. 1096.25 crores in July -94 to Rs. 7,752.52 crores in December-97 with a high of Rs. 15,545.40 crores recorded in July '97.
  • There has been a consistent increase in NSE's share of the total volume of activity in the market (gilt securities) over the period. Government securities along with Treasury bills together account for over 80% of the total market activity.
  • The share of the Exchange of the total market activity in Government Securities and T-Bills has increased from a mere 22% in 1996 to 53% in 1997.

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Introduction

The fiber optical cable monitoring system monitors the fiber optical cable and then judges whether the optical cable is in normal operation; when the abnormal situation occurs, alarms will be issued and corresponding tests will be sent. In addition, through the judgment of fault data the position where fault occurred can be accurately located, the faulty equipment and the reason causing the fault can be quickly ascertained.

The implementation process of the optical cable monitoring system is divided into three parts: information collection, summary and analysis, evaluation and diagnosis of equipment operation. Information is collected so that workers can know the status of monitoring status well.

The function of data collection will be lost if the collected data is not summarized and analyzed, the problems reflected by the data will not be found, and the internal rules will not be revealed, making it difficult to implement monitoring.

Evaluate and diagnose equipment performance. Since monitoring is the most basic maintenance activity, the ultimate goal of maintenance is to be able to evaluate and diagnose.

Structure

The optical cable monitoring system is mainly composed of monitoring center, RTU remote testing station and operation terminal. The remote monitoring station mainly includes optical time domain reflectometer OTDR, optical power monitoring OPM unit, optical switch OSW, etc. It is divided into monitoring unit and testing unit. The former mainly monitors the cable information, the latter mainly test the running status of cable. The Monitoring center is located in the control center of optical cable monitoring system, including monitoring network management systems and servers. The main function is to send test and switching commands to the optical time domain reflectometer and optical switch according to the received alarm from the tube power monitoring unit, and to accurately analyze and determine the fault point according to the feedback test results.

The operation terminal is the user's operation terminal for the whole system, including the PC terminal and corresponding software, which mainly provides convenient conditions for the user to maintain the line and find the fault point.

Monitoring Ways

OTDR positioning monitoring, optical power monitoring, and combination of OTDR positioning monitoring and optical power monitoring

OTDR positioning monitoring is through online monitoring and backup fiber monitoring. Online monitoring monitors the optical fibers.The WDM is split by the light waves, then the light from the OTDR is transmitted to the service fiber.The wavelength of the test light is transmitted to the unused port of the service fiber. For example, an optical fiber has a 1450nm port to transmit the service optical fiber data. The WDM can be multiplexed by 1300nm OTDR at the transmitter end. In this way, the optical fiber can be loaded with two light waves of different wavelengths at the same time and separated by WDM at the receiver end.

The principle of backup fiber monitoring is that the fiber pigtail is drawn from the OSW and connected to the ODF, where it is connected to the backup fiber. This kind of optical cable monitoring system only monitors the standby optical fibers, so the system price is relatively low.

Optical power monitoring is carried out using two monitoring stations. Set up an independent light source in the center of these two stations, set the detection mode of optical power in the detection station, and set the alarm threshold. When the optical power consumption exceeds the alarm threshold, an alarm signal will be generated to motivate the startup test and then determine the fault information.

The combination of the two refers to OTDR and optical power, so that the complementary advantages of the two can be used to operate the monitoring system and complete the information transmission function.

Conclusion

The rapid development of optical network makes it hard for the maintenance and labor now, it challenges the traditional maintenance and repair. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt the latest science and technology to manage the information transmission of monitoring system, observe the optical fiber in a dynamic way, find out the failure time and fault location accurately, and ensure the effective transmission of communication information.

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Its a process executed by avivo software (ATI). It may have been installed when you updated your video drivers. It is used by ATI for its USB TV tuner, and is installed by default when you upgrade your ATI video drivers. If you do not plan on installing or using a USB TV tuner, then you can uninstall the program in your "add or remove programs" feature in your control panel. It will be under "USB video". This will remove the icon from loading in your toolbar.

Not the right answer. There is no "USB video" entry in the "add or remove programs" and there is no other way to uninstall it. Anybody knows away?

This was the correct answer for me. The ATI WDM driver installs the USB Video Driver as a separate entry in the Add/Remove Programs list. If this is not the case for your installation, look for the BDARemote entry on the Startup tab of the System Configuration Utility. Start >> Run; enter MSCONFIG; select the Startup tab.

I had the same problem of it not being in my add/remove programs. After searching my C: drive, I found it in its own folder in my program files. I deleted the contents of the folder and the folder itself and this took care of the problem. Good luck, let me know if that helps.

Ok, guys, now the exact answer to remove/uninstall BDARemote which wil remove the icon from your desktop and System Tray.

* Go to My Computer

* Double Click on Local Disk C

* Double Click on the ATI folder

* Double Click on the SUPPORT folder

* Double Click on the ATI software package name that you installed

* Double Click on the folder TV_HSUSB

* Double Click on SETUP.EXE and chose UNINSTALL

It is now off of your system cleanly (as opposed to deleting the folder).

Enjoy!

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The semi-active CWDM system adopts asymmetric equipment form, which is composed of AU active CWDM equipment, AAU passive CWDM equipment, color optical module at DU side, color optical module at AAU side and network management system. The semi-active CWDM can provide protection and automatic switching mechanism, and support management, operation and maintenance of front-haul network. DU Active CWDM equipment and AAU passive CWDM equipment multiplex several wavelengths for transmission to save fiber resources. The system can support the mixed transmission of 4G / 5G services at the same time to realize the unified front-haul transmission of 4G / 5G.

This solution solves the network management monitoring problem of 5G front-haul passive WDM equipment carrier network solution. It features low construction cost, network management, line protection function, convenient and flexible for system maintenance, and it is also very helpful for operators to divide the maintenance interface. The network management monitoring platform includes the network management unit, which supports visual network management. Through the function card, it can intuitively detect the receiving and emitting status of each line, realize the functions of fault diagnosis accurate positioning, alarm display, alarm statistics, alarm processing, etc., through optical line protection card realize the 1+1 link protection, real-time monitoring of main and spare fiber power, automatic protection switching and other protection function, dual power supply, optional AC/DC power, high redundancy.

Reference from glsunmalldotcom

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An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of very pure glass (silica) not much bigger than a human hair that acts as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.

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I had this same issue when my customer/client could not talk to his daughter in Russia last year. All of a sudden it was a problem. Skype said it was a problem that many people had and they were working on it. I never could fix it, but I fixed it on MY computer months later

The LAST letter they sent was this:

To help resolve some common video issue please go through the following steps:

- Make sure both you and the person you are video-calling with are using Skype version 3.0 (!!) or later, which is available here:

http://www.skype.com/download/skype/windows/

- Download and install the most recent drivers for your video device (you can get those at the webcam device's manufacturer's site).

- Select your video device in Skype under Tools -> Options -> Video and make sure it is functioning by clicking on the "Test Webcam" button (note: firewire devices are not supported at this time, for more info go here: http://forum.skype.com/viewtopic.php?t=45549).

- Make sure the option "Enable Skype video" is ticked. Also you can set video privacy settings to your desired options in the same window.

- The recommended system requirements for Skype video calls are a 1Ghz CPU, 512MB RAM, a video card with at least 16MB of memory and a 512/256kbit (down/up) connection. Video and call quality may vary greatly in environments with conditions below those recommendations. The video device must also support the DirectShow 9.1 standard (WDM is currently not supported).

- Please make also sure that you have the latest version of DirectX. You can download DirectX from here: http://www.Microsoft.com/windows/directx/default.mspx

( THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT!!!)

(After installing it, please go to Start->Run and type 'dxdiag' without the ''. In the opening window, there is DirectX Version. Please make sure it is 'DirectX9.0c' or higher. Sometimes installation fails to update the version and in that case please contact Microsoft for support.)

A short tutorial can be found here (inofficial and for version 2.0):

http://forum.skype.com/viewtopic.php?t=41492

Also, make sure to check out our short guide to Skype video:

http://www.skype.com/help/guides/howtoskype_video/

Shortly after trying all these, I completely uninstalled MY new Logitech Video Cam, restarted the computer and reinstalled it again, and all was fine...sometimes, but it reappeared.

I can also tell you that being a technician, I personally did everything on their list for myself, but i found out that I had downloaded the NEWEST Version of Skype and because I didn't have Service Pack 2 of Windows XP installed, it would never work right, so I installed Service Pack 2 at the same time as re-installing the camera and it worked for good

Good luck, its a tough one

John

http://www.squidoo.com/Computer-tips-tweaks

http://www.squidoo.com/Human-Rewriter-Article-Writer

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