1530
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Contents: political eventsexploration, colonization transportation science medicine religion literature art |
Spain's Carlos I is crowned Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Italy February 23 at Bologna by Pope Clement VII, the last coronation of a German king by any pope. Charles presides over the Diet of Augsburg and will reign as emperor until 1556.
Florentine military leader Francesco Ferruccio, 40, suppresses a revolt at Volterra April 27, but imperial troops advancing on Florence take Empoli, and Ferruccio falls ill at Pisa. He marches to relieve Florence in late July but meets with defeat August 3 at Gavinana, where he is wounded, captured, and murdered by the enemy commander Fabrizio Maramaldo. Florence falls August 13.
The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John founded in 1113 settles in Malta and will hereafter be called the Knights of Malta (see 1522; 1565).
Cardinal Wolsey dies at Leicester Abbey November 29 at age 55 (approximate) while en route from York to London, where he was to have faced trial for treason; in his long political career he has amassed a fortune second only to that of Henry VIII.
The Mughal emperor Babar dies at Agra December 26 at age 47 after a 4-year reign in which he has conquered territory extending from Afghanistan to eastern India. His son Muhammed Humayun will reign without distinction until 1540 and then again, briefly, from 1555 to early 1556.
The Inca Huascár's younger half brother Atahualpa in Peru moves south from Quito with an army of 30,000 and destroys the town of Tumebanba, beginning a civil war that will wreck the empire's economy and decimate its population (see 1524). Huascár's army of 10,000 falls back, leaving suspension bridges over the Apurimac River intact. Atahualpa crosses the Apurimac (see 1532).
São Vicente is founded on the Brazilian coast January 21 as conquistador Martin Afonso de Sousa establishes the first Portuguese settlement and new colonists arrive (see Bahia, 1549).
German mathematician Gemma Frisius suggests that accurate mechanical clocks be set to the local time of a prime meridian to produce a standard time for the measurement of longitude as an aid to navigation. Frisius is professor at Louvain University and cosmographer royal to Charles V (see science [Bennewitz], 1524; science [Greenwich Observatory], 1676).
Living Pictures of Herbs (Herbarum vivae eicones) by Mainz-born Swiss botanist-physician Otto Brunfels, 42, is published in the first of two volumes (the second will not appear until 1540) with detailed, accurate, and realistic drawings that help to advance botanical science away from folklore, although the collection of old and new commentaries which accompanies the illustration consists mostly of descriptions of the properties of various plants as handed down from medieval times (see Bock, 1539).
Die Gross Wundartznei by Paracelsus describes the doctrine of "signatures" and other specious medical ideas but does establish sound principles that bodily functions are based on chemical processes and that different diseases demand different treatments (e.g., mercury is specified for the pox [syphilis]). Paracelsus is the name that Theophrastus von Hohenheim has adopted to equate himself with the Roman physician Celsus of 1500 years ago.
Syphilis, or the French Disease (Syphilidis sive Morbi Gallici) by Verona-born Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro, 47, gives a name to the disease first observed in 1495. The work is in the form of a rhyme about a shepherd named Syphilus who offended the god Apollo and was punished with the world's first case of the pox (Fracastoro is noted also as a poet, astronomer, and geologist).
The Diet of Augsburg in June invites feuding ecclesiastical parties to deliver presentations of their respective faiths (see Marburg, 1529). Roman Catholics do not respond, but The Confession of Augsburg (Confessio Augustana) read June 25 is a detailed explanation of Lutheranism designed to reconcile the Protestants with the Catholic Church. Martin Luther's collaborators Philipp (Schwarzert) Melancthon, 33, and Justus Jonas have prepared the Confession, which fails to move the diet. It orders the abolition of all innovations.
Confession Augustana by Philipp Melancthon is published at Wittenberg. A disciple of Erasmus, Melancthon gave Lutheranism a dogmatic basis in his Loci Communes of 1521.
Humanist theologian Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples translates the entire Bible into vernacular French. His translation of the New Testament was published at Paris 7 years ago, a translation of the Old Testament at Antwerp 2 years ago, and the new, combined version will be known as the Antwerp Bible (see Antwerp Polyglot Bible, 1572).
English authorities draw up a list of heretical books at London and burn copies of the 1526 Tyndale Bible (see 1536; Coverdale, 1535).
Poetry: Das Schlaraffenland by Nuremberg cobbler-poet-dramatist Hans Sachs, 36, whose humorous anecdotes told in doggerel verse are called Schwänke. Their satirical good humor does not obscure their moralizing.
Painting: Adoration of the Shepherd and Assumption of the Virgin (La Notte) by Corregio; Man in a Red Cap by Titian; Phyllis and Aristotle by Lucas Cranach. Andrea del Sarto dies at Florence September 29 at age 44; Ashikaga court painter Mansanobu Kano at Kyoto at age 95 (approximate).
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