Any of a group of antibiotics produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces caespitosus that inhibit DNA synthesis and are used against bacteria and cancerous tumor cells.
[Probably MITO(SIS) + –MYCIN.]
Redirected from "Mutamycin"
• wear contact lenses
• an unusual or allergic reaction to emedastine, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
• pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• breast-feeding
Contact your pediatrician or health care professional regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed. Emedastine eye solution may be used in children 3 years of age and older.
Tell your prescriber or health care professional: about all other medicines you are taking or using, including non-prescription medicines; if you are a frequent user of drinks with caffeine or alcohol; if you smoke; or if you use illegal drugs. These may affect the way your medicine works. Check with your health care professional before stopping or starting any of your medicines.
Report any serious side effects promptly. Stop using emedastine if your eyes get inflamed, painful, or have a discharge, and see your prescriber or health care professional as soon as you can.
Be careful not to touch the tip of the dispensing container onto the eye, or any other surface. Serious eye infections can result from contamination of eye solutions.
Do not wear soft contact lenses while putting emedastine drops in the eye. Contact lenses may be inserted 10 minutes after putting the medicine in the eye.
• difficulty breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath
• swelling of the face, tongue, throat, hands and feet
Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your prescriber or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
• bad taste in mouth
• burning, stinging, or discomfort immediately after using the solution
• blurred vision
• dry mouth
• headache
• itching
• runny or stuffy nose
• tearing of the eyes
Keep container tightly closed when not in use. Store between 4 degrees and 30 degrees C (39 degrees and 86 degrees F). Protect from light. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.
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Results for mitomycin
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Oncology Encyclopedia:
Mitomycin-C
Key Terms: Antineoplastic, Salvage therapy.
Definition
Mitomycin-C is also known as mitomycin and MMC. It is an antineoplastic, or medicine that kills cancer cells. It is sold under the trade name Mutamycin.
Purpose
Mitomycin-C may be used to fight a number of different cancers, including cancer of the stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, breast, lung, uterus, cervix, bladder, head, neck, eye, and esophagus.
It is impossible to provide a detailed description of how mitomycin-C may be combined with other medications in the treatment of each of these cancers, but some examples can be presented. In the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), one therapeutic regimen that may be used is known as MT, which consists of mitomycin-C, vindesine, and cisplatin.
Mitomycin-C is sometimes used in patients with colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver. However, the side effects of mitomycin-C, especially those involving the bone marrow and fatigue, are so great that other medications may be tried first. In treating breast cancer metastatic to the liver, mitomycin is regarded as salvage therapy as of the early 2000s.
For advanced stomach cancer, the FAM regimen may be used, which consists of fluorouracil, doxorubicin (adriamycin), and mitomycin-C. Mitomycin-C may also be used for colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver in combination with other medicines.
More recently, mitomycin has been found effective in treating malignant melanoma of the eye.
In addition to cancer treatment, mitomycin is sometimes used as a topical application in eye surgery to prevent visual haze after operations on the cornea (the transparent exterior coat that covers the front of the eye where light enters). It is also used topically by some doctors to keep incisions in the ear drum open in children with recurrent ear infections without the need to place ventilation tubes in the incisions. This use of mitomycin is considered experiental as of 2005.
Description
Mitomycin-C is an antitumor antibiotic. Mechanistically however, it belongs to DNA covalent binding (alkylating) agents. Mitomycin-C, upon bioactivation, kills cancer cells by disrupting the activity of DNA within the cells. DNA is an acid that contains genetic material.
Recommended Dosage
Twenty milligrams per square meter should be given intravenously every six to eight weeks when this medication is used alone. Alternately, five to ten milligrams per square meter may be given every six weeks when the drug is used in combination with other drugs. Mitomycin-C, leucovorin, and fluorouracil may be used to treat metastatic rectal cancer; this regimen includes an injection of 10 milligrams per square meter of mitomycin-C. When mitomycin-C is combined with vindesine and cisplatin in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, eight milligrams per square inch are administered intravenously on days one and twenty-nine of a six-week cycle.
Precautions
Because of the side effects associated with mitomycin-C, some physicians perform blood tests and order chest x rays (of the lungs) for patients receiving this therapy. The likelihood that lung problems will appear in patients receiving mitomycin-C increases if oxygen therapy and/or x-ray therapy are administered.
Patients receiving less than 60 mg of mitomycin-C are at reduced risk of developing a complex medical condition called cancer-associated hemolytic uremia syndrome (HUS). HUS is characterized by anemia, other blood defects, and kidney problems. Doctors should carefully observe patients receiving mitomycin-C, as cancer-related HUS is best treated early. However, HUS is not likely to develop until four or more months after the patient received the final dose of mitomycin-C. To achieve early diagnosis of HUS, the doctor may carefully monitor kidney function and blood levels. In addition, transfusions may be avoided as may be certain other procedures involving the blood, as these may increase the risk HUS will develop.
Side Effects
The ability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells may be affected. This side effect can be serious. If it occurs, the doctor may decide to reduce the dose of medicine administered. However, mitomycin-C may cause delayed, rather than immediate, bone marrow suppression. Once such suppression does occur it may last for as many as eight weeks.
Major lung problems may occur. Such lung deficits may start as no more than cough, fatigue, and breathing problems. Doctors may conduct lung function tests and obtain x rays to observe whether lung problems are developing. If these lung problems do occur, corticosteroids may provide effective therapy. Stopping mitomycin-C therapy may also be recommended.
Mitomycin-C may also cause cancer-associated HUS.
In addition, there may be nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite (anorexia), stomach problems, fatigue, fever, hair loss (alopecia), and lung problems. If bleeding does occur, there may be damage to the surrounding skin.
Resources
Books
Wilson, Billie A., Margaret T. Shannon, and Carolyn L. Stang. Nurses Drug Guide 2000. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 2000.
Periodicals
Brownstein, S. "Malignant Melanoma of the Conjunctiva." Cancer Control 11 (September-October 2004): 310–316.
d'Eredita, R. "Contact Diode Laser Myringotomy and Mitomycin C in Children." Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 130 (June 2004): 742–746.
Hashemi, H., S. M. Taheri, A. Fotouhi, and A. Kheiltash. "Evaluation of the Prophylactic Use of Mitomycin-C to Inhibit Haze Formation after Photorefractive Keratectomy in High Myopia: A Prospective Clinical Study." BMC Ophthalmology 4 (September 14, 2004): 12.
Loibl, S., G. von Minckwitz, K. Schwedler, et al. "Mitomycin C, 5-Fluorouracil and Folinic acid (Mi-Fu-Fo) as Salvage Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients with Liver Metastases and Impaired Hepatic Function: A Phase II Study." Anti-Cancer Drugs 15 (August 2004): 719–724.
Rao, S., D. Cunningham, T. Price, et al. "Phase II Study of Capecitabine and Mitomycin C as First-Line Treatment in Patients with Advanced Colorectal Cancer." British Journal of Cancer 91 (August 31, 2004): 839–843.
Solomon, R., E. D. Donnenfeld, J. Thimons, et al. "Hyperopic Photorefractive Keratectomy with Adjunctive Topical Mitomycin C for Refractive Error after Penetrating Keratoplasty for Keratoconus." Eye and Contact Lens 30 (July 2004): 156–158.
Organizations
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 657-3000.
United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857-0001. (888) INFO-FDA.
—Bob Kirsch; Rebecca J. Frey, PhD
Drug Info:
Mitomycin
Brand names: Mitozytrex™, Mutamycin®
Chemical formula:
- Español:
- Solución ocular de emedastina
Emedastine eye solution
What is emedastine eye solution?
EMEDASTINE (Emadine®) is an antihistamine eyer solution that helps to prevent itching of the eye caused by allergies. Generic emedastine eye solution is not yet available.What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:• wear contact lenses
• an unusual or allergic reaction to emedastine, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
• pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• breast-feeding
How should I use this medicine?
Emedastine eye solution is only for use in the eye. Do not take by mouth. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Wash hands before and after use. If you wear contact lenses, remove them before using emedastine. Tilt the head back slightly and pull down the lower lid with the index finger to form a pouch. Try not to touch the tip of the dropper to your eye, fingertips, or any other surface. Squeeze the prescribed number of drops (usually 1 drop) into the pouch. Close the eye gently; do not blink. Use your doses at regular intervals. Do not use your medicine more often than directed.Contact your pediatrician or health care professional regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed. Emedastine eye solution may be used in children 3 years of age and older.
What if I miss a dose?
If you miss a dose, use it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, use only that dose. Do not use double or extra doses.What drug(s) may interact with emedastine?
No interactions with other medicines have been reported.Tell your prescriber or health care professional: about all other medicines you are taking or using, including non-prescription medicines; if you are a frequent user of drinks with caffeine or alcohol; if you smoke; or if you use illegal drugs. These may affect the way your medicine works. Check with your health care professional before stopping or starting any of your medicines.
What should I watch for while taking emedastine?
Tell your prescriber or health care professional if your symptoms do not start to improve in 2 or 3 days.Report any serious side effects promptly. Stop using emedastine if your eyes get inflamed, painful, or have a discharge, and see your prescriber or health care professional as soon as you can.
Be careful not to touch the tip of the dispensing container onto the eye, or any other surface. Serious eye infections can result from contamination of eye solutions.
Do not wear soft contact lenses while putting emedastine drops in the eye. Contact lenses may be inserted 10 minutes after putting the medicine in the eye.
What side effects may I notice from using emedastine?
Side effects that you should report to your prescriber or health care professional as soon as possible:• difficulty breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath
• swelling of the face, tongue, throat, hands and feet
Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your prescriber or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
• bad taste in mouth
• burning, stinging, or discomfort immediately after using the solution
• blurred vision
• dry mouth
• headache
• itching
• runny or stuffy nose
• tearing of the eyes
Where can I keep my medicine?
Keep out of the reach of children.Keep container tightly closed when not in use. Store between 4 degrees and 30 degrees C (39 degrees and 86 degrees F). Protect from light. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.
Last updated: 7/1/2002
Important Disclaimer: The drug information provided here is for educational purposes only. It is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the diagnosis, treatment and advice of a medical professional. This drug information does not cover all possible uses, precautions, side effects and interactions. It should not be construed to indicate that this or any drug is safe for you. Consult your medical professional for guidance before using any prescription or over the counter drugs.
Wikipedia:
mitomycin
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Mitomycin
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 6-Amino-1,1a,2,8,8a,8b-hexahydro-8- (hydroxymethyl)- 8a-methoxy-5-methyl-azirino[2', 3':3,4] pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole-4,7-dione carbamate (ester) | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | L01 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C15H18N4O5 |
| Mol. mass | 334.327 g/mol |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Half life | 8-48 min |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. | |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | [Intravenous therapy |
The mitomycins are a family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae. One of these compounds, mitomycin C, finds use as a chemotherapeutic agent by virtue of its antitumour antibiotic activity. It is given intravenously to treat upper gastro-intestinal (e.g. esophageal carcinoma) and breast cancers, as well as by bladder instillation for superficial bladder tumours. It causes delayed bone marrow toxicity and therefore it is usually administered at 6-weekly intervals. Prolonged use may result in permanent bone-marrow damage. It may also cause lung fibrosis and renal damage.
Mechanism of Action
Mitomycin C is a potent DNA crosslinker. A single crosslink per genome has shown to be effective in killing bacteria. This is accomplished by reductive activation, followed, by two N-alkylations. Both alkylations are sequence specific for a guanine nucleoside in the sequence 5'-CpG-3'.[1]
Biosynthesis
In general the biosynthesis of all mitomycins [2] proceed via combination of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), D-glucosamine, and carbamoyl phosphate, to form the mitosane core, followed by specific tailoring steps. The key intermediate, AHBA, is a common precursor to other anticancer drugs, such as rifamycin and ansamycin.
Specifically, the biosynthesis begins with the addition of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) with a yet undiscovered enzyme, which is then ammoniated to give 4-amino-3-deoxy-D-arabino heptulosonic acid-7-phosphate (aminoDHAP). Next, DHQ synthase catalyzes a ring closure to give 4-amino3-dehydroquinate (aminoDHQ), which is then undergoes a double oxidation via aminoDHQ dehydratase to give 4-amino-dehydroshikimate (aminoDHS). The key intermediate, 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), is made via aromatization by AHBA synthase.
Synthesis of the key intermediate, 3-amino-5-hydroxy-benzoic acid.
The mitosane core is synthesized as shown below via condensation of AHBA and D-glucosamine, although no specific enzyme has been characterized that mediates this transformation. Once this condensation has occurred, the mitosane core is tailored by a variety of enzymes. Unfortunately, both the sequence and the identity of these steps are yet to be determined.
- Complete reduction of C-6 - Likely via F420-dependent tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT)) reductase and H4MPT:CoM methyltransferase
- Hydroxylation of C-5, C-7 (followed by transamination), and C-9a. - Likely via cytochrome P450 monooxygenase or benzoate hydroxylase
- O-Methylation at C-9a - Likely via SAM dependent methyltransferase
- Oxidation at C-5 and C8 - Unknown
- Intramolecular amination to form aziridine - Unknown
- Carbamoylation at C-10 - Carbamoyl transferrase, with carbamoyl phosphate (C4P) being derived from L-citrulline or L-arginine
Formation of mitosane core followed by tailoring specific to Mitomycin C.
References
- ^ Tomasz, Maria (September 1995). "Mitomycin C: small, fast and deadly (but very selective).". Chemistry and Biology 2 (9): 575-579.
- ^ Mao Y.; Varoglu M.; Sherman D.H. (April 1999). "Molecular characterization and analysis of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the antitumor antibiotic mitomycin C from Streptomyces Iavendulae NRRL 2564.". Chemistry and Biology 6 (4): 251-263.
- Hata, T.; Sano, Y.; Sugawara, R.; Matsumae, A.; Kanamori, K.; Shima, T.; Hoshi, T. J. Antibiot. Ser. A 1956, 9, 141-146.
- Fukuyama, T.; Yang, L. "Total Synthesis of (±)-Mitomycins via Isomitomycin A." J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 7881-7882.
- Mao, Y.; Varoglu, M.; Sherman, D.H. "Molecular characterization and analysis of the biosynthetic cluster for the antitumor antibiotic mitomycin C from Streptomyces lavendulae NRRL 2564." Chemistry & Biology 1999, 6, 251-263.
- Varoglu, M.; Mao, Y.; Sherman, D.H. "Mapping the Biosynthetic Pathway by Functional Analysis of the MitM Aziridine N-Methyltransferase." J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6712-6713 and references therein.
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Copyrights:
 |
 | Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Oncology Encyclopedia. Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer. Copyright © 2006 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Drug Info. Gold Standard. Copyright © 2008 by Gold Standard. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Mitomycin". Read more |
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