- The total genetic content contained in a haploid set of chromosomes in eukaryotes, in a single chromosome in bacteria, or in the DNA or RNA of viruses.
- An organism's genetic material.
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n.
World of the Body:
genome
The total DNA sequence that characterizes a species, including man. The Human Genome Project, aimed at sequencing the DNA in human chromosomes, was completed at the end of the millennium.
— Alan W. Cuthbert
Dental Dictionary:
genome
n
The total gene complement of a set of chromosomes found in higher life forms.
Genetics Encyclopedia:
Genome
A genome is the complete collection of hereditary information for an individual organism. In cellular life forms, the hereditary information exists as DNA. There are two fundamentally distinct types of cells in the living world, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and the organization of genomes differs in these two types of cells.
Prokaryotes comprise the bacteria and archaea. The latter were originally designated "extremophiles" because they favor such extreme environments as high acidity, salinity, or temperature. Prokaryotic cells tend to be very small, have few or no cytoplasmic organelles, and have the cellular DNA arranged in a "nucleoid region" that is not separated from the remainder of the cell by any membrane. Eukaryotes exist as unicellular or multicellular organisms. Among the unicellular eukaryotes are the protozoa, some types of algae, and a few forms of fungi, while the multicellular organisms include animals, plants, and most fungi.
Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells, have a complex array of cytoplasmic structures, and have a prominent nucleus that communicates with components in the cytoplasm through an elaborate nuclear envelope. The hereditary information occurs principally in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; in addition, minuscule (but essential) amounts of hereditary information occur in some cytoplasmic organelles (specifically, in chloroplasts for plants and algae, and in mitochondria for all eukaryotic groups).
Eukaryotic cells pass through a "cycle," progressing from a newly formed cell to a cell that is dividing to produce the next generation of progeny cells. Prior to division, the cell is in an "interphase"; during division, the cell is in a "division phase." During interphase, the nuclear DNA is organized in a dispersed network of chromatin, which is a complex consisting of nucleic acid and basic proteins. Immediately prior to and during division, the chromatin condenses to a series of discrete, compact structures called chromosomes. Thus, the physical organization of the genome varies from inter-phase to division phase. Finally, viruses (which are noncellular, parasitic "life forms") have genomes of double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded RNA.
Eukaryotes
In sexually reproducing eukaryotes, progeny organisms receive a portion of their genetic information from each parent, receiving half the information from each. These parental contributions are designated haploid complements. The haploid complement can be represented as a "C value," which expresses the haploid complement as an amount of DNA measured in base pairs. Alternatively, the haploid complement can be expressed as the number of chromosomes contributed by each parent: This number of chromosomes is characteristic of each species. Finally, the haploid complement can be expressed as the number of genes on the haploid set of chromosomes.
Chromosome Number
Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. For species with genetically determined sexes, the haploid set is composed of autosomes plus a sex chromosome. Homo sapiens, for example, have 22 autosomes plus an X chromosome or Y chromosome. The haploid DNA content of chimpanzees is nearly identical, but is organized into 23 autosomes plus a sex chromosome.
The record for minimum number of chromosomes belongs to a sub-species of the ant, Myrmecia pilosula. The females have a single pair of chromosomes, while males have only a single chromosome. Like some other members of the insect class, these ants reproduce by a process called haplodiploidy, in which diploid fertilized eggs develop into females, while haploid unfertilized eggs develop into males.
The record for maximum number of chromosomes is found in the plant kingdom, due to a condition known as polyploidy. In polyploidy, many extra sets of chromosomes beyond the normal diploid number may accumulate over time. Cultivars of wheat exist with diploid numbers of chromosomes equaling 14, 28, or 42 (multiples of the haploid number, which is 7). Polyploids exist for many cultivated plants, including potatoes, strawberries, and cotton, as well as in wild plants such as dandelions. Polyploidy has led to striking numbers, and the known record is held by the fern Ophioglossum reticulatum, which has approximately 630 pairs.
Genome Size or C Value
The C value is the amount of DNA in a haploid complement. Currently, the amount is reported as the total number of base pairs. Generally, more complex organisms have more DNA. For example, the haploid complement of Homo sapiens DNA contains between 3.12 and 3.2 gigabases (the prefix "giga" denotes billions), while the haploid complement of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) DNA contains 12,057,500 base pairs.
Unexpected genomic sizes occur, however, in a condition called the C value paradox. Two closely related species can have widely divergent amounts of DNA. For example, Paramecium caudatum has a C value of 8,600,000 kilobases (where the prefix "kilo" denotes thousands) while its near relative P. aurelia has a C value of just 190,000 kilobases. Another paradoxical circumstance occurs when a simpler organism has a C value higher than a more complex organism. For example, Amphiuma means (a newt) and Amoeba dubia (an amoeba) have, respectively, C values that are 26 and 209 times the C value of humans.
Number of Nuclear Genes, "Gene Density," and Intergenic Sequences
An important trend in genome evolution has been the accumulation, both within the genes (intragenic) and between genes (intergenic), of DNA that does not code for any gene products. Homo sapiens have between 31,000 and 70,000 genes; mice have 24,780; Caenorhabditis elegans (a roundworm) has more than 19,099; fruit flies have 13,601; and yeast approximately 6,000. A ratio of gene number to C value indicates that lower organisms have both smaller genes and lower numbers of nongene base pairs between adjacent genes. Higher eukaryotes have a larger number of intragenic inserts (introns), greater intergenic distances, and more abundant repeated sequences.
In higher eukaryotes, only a small portion of the genome is organized into genes. For example, in humans less than 2 percent of the genome specifies protein products. Another portion (about 20 percent in humans) is present as gene fragments, pseudogenes (sequences that resemble genes but are not expressed as proteins), and surrounding stretches of nucleotides. The vast majority of nucleotides (approximately 75 percent in humans) constitute extragenic sequences. Two forms of extragenic sequences are prominent: unique sequences and repetitive sequences.
For repetitive sequences, two types of organization occur: short tandem repeats (called satellite sequences) and widely distributed, interspersed repeats. Satellites are recurrent short sequences present in essential chromosomal structures such as centromeres and telomeres. Interspersed repeats are generated from transposons, which are nucleotide sequences that can replicate themselves and become distributed throughout the genome. An example of interspersed repeats that occurs in humans is a sequence of a few hundred nucleotides called Alu, which occurs approximately a million times. In higher plants, satellites and interspersed sequences constitute the bulk of the genome.
Ploidy
Ploidy reflects the reproductive mechanisms of an organism. Animals commonly have both a maternal and a paternal parent. Through meiosis, the former forms a haploid gamete called an ovum (or egg); the latter forms a haploid gamete called a sperm. During fertilization, the egg and sperm unite to form a diploid zygote that matures to an adult organism. Thus, the genome of adult animals is diploid, while the genome of their gametes is haploid.
Plants exhibit an alternation of generations; sporophytes (the mature, visible plant) are diploid; through meiosis, they produce spores that germinate into gametophytes; the gametophytes are haploid and produce gametes that fuse to reestablish the diploid state. Fungi also exhibit an alternation of generations. They commonly exist as multinucleate tubes of cytoplasm called hyphae. The individual nuclei are most often haploid (though may be diploid in the lower fungi).
Hyphae of different members of a fungal species sometimes fuse; in this circumstance (called heterokaryosis) the genome becomes the sum of the two (dikaryotic) haploid complements. Unicellular protistan organisms, a group that includes protozoans and most algae, exhibit many variations. For example, the ciliates (such as paramecia) have diploid micronuclei and polyploid macronuclei; the former are the basis of inheritance; the latter establish the genetic character of an existing organism.
Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genomes
Two cytoplasmic organelles responsible for the production of energy are the mitochondria (present in nearly all eukaryotic cells) and chloroplasts (present only in photosynthetic organisms). Both contain small, circular DNA molecules that constitute the nonnuclear portion of a eukaryotic genome. These organelles are descended from formerly free-living bacteria that took up residence in the first eukaryotes.
The human mitochondrial genome contains 16,569 base pairs specifying 13 protein products and 24 RNA products. In both lower eukaryotes and especially plants, larger mitochondrial genomes are present. In extreme cases, mitochondrial genomes may be several hundred thousand or millions of base pairs. Chloroplast genomes contain between 100 and 200 kilobases. It is thought that each was once larger, but over time their genes have been moved to the nucleus.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic genomes are composed of a chromosome plus various accessory elements. The former is most commonly a circular double-stranded DNA molecule but may be a linear molecule in some major groups, such as Streptomyces and Borrelia (the causative agent of Lyme disease). Accessory elements most prominently include plasmids (commonly circular but linear in Actinomycetes and some Proteobacteria) as well as insertion sequence (IS) elements, transposons, and prophages (derived from viruses). Other variations in chromosomal geometry exist: multiple circular chromosomes are found in some organisms; combinations of circular and linear chromosomes occur in others; and, in the extreme (observed in Streptomyces), circular and linear chromosomes can convert between those two topologies.
The smallest bacterial chromosome, with only 580 kilobase pairs (kbp) occurs in Mycoplasma genitalium, and the largest, with 9,200 kbp, occurs in Myxococcus xanthus. Representative sizes cluster between 2,000 and 5,000 kbp (e.g., Escherichia coli MG1655 has 4,649,221 bp). A typical bacterial gene contains approximately a thousand base pairs. M. genitalium has approximately 470 genes, while M. xanthus has more than 10,000, and E. coli has approximately 4,288.
By 2002 the nucleotide sequences of more than seventy-five prokaryotic chromosomes had been mapped. One goal of these sequencing projects is gene annotation: establishing the location, function, and allelic variation for each gene. In E. coli MG1655, for example, the positions of the 4,288 protein-coding genes have been identified; the average distance between genes is 118 base pairs; and the noncoding sequences (some of which may function as regulatory sites) constitute less than 11 percent of the genome. The function of approximately 40 percent of the genes, however, remains unknown. Notably, the chromosomal size and gene content of another isolate of E. coli, the pathogenic H157:O7 strain, are quite different. The H157:O7 chromosome is 20 percent larger, while MG1655 and H157:O7 share 4.1 million base pairs (mbp) in common. H157:O7 has 1.34 mbp that are not found in MG1655 and MG1655 has 0.53 mbp that are not found in H157:O7.
The genomes of closely related prokaryotes often have different organizations. These differences arise from rearrangements (such as inversions) between repeated elements, IS elements, and transposons and from the "horizontal transfer" of nucleotide sequences between cells. The latter phenomenon is mediated most commonly by conjugative plasmids, which are nonessential, autonomous accessory genetic elements that can acquire genes (such as antibiotic resistance genes) and then move them from a donor organism to a recipient. The dynamic character of genomic organization in prokaryotes is often designated as "genomic plasticity."
A series of repeated elements exist in the chromosomes of prokaryotes. In some instances the repeats are redundant copies of essential, long nucleotide sequences, as is seen in ribosomal RNA loci. Other repeats are small and have known functions (as in the Chi sequences in E. coli that facilitate genetic crossing over) or unknown functions (as in the REP [repeated extragenic palindromic] sequences in E. coli).
Viruses
Viral genomes are composed of single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA. Single-stranded RNAs are either positive (capable of being immediately translated into protein) or negative. Double-stranded RNA genomes are most often segmented, with each segment being a single gene, while the other genomes are single circular or linear molecules. The Retroviridae have single-stranded RNA genomes that are converted by an enzyme (reverse transcriptase) into double-stranded DNA that becomes incorporated into the genome of the host.
The smallest known virus, containing 5,386 bases, is a member of the Microviridae, which infects bacteria and is designated fX174. The largest viral genomes occur in Poxviridae, which can possess as many as 309 kbp.
Viruses are extraordinarily efficient in using the coding capacity of their genomes. The virus known as fX174 contains ten genes, and the end of one gene commonly overlaps with the beginning of the following gene. In addition, two smaller genes are nested within larger genes (this compaction being achieved by having the two genes expressed in alternate "reading frames"). As a consequence of this efficiency, only 36 bases are not translated into an amino acid sequence. At the opposite extreme, the various pox viruses share more than 100 similar genes and may have an equal number of unique genes.
Bibliography
Brown, T. A. Genomes. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1999.
Casjens, Sherwood. "The Diverse and Dynamic Structure of Bacterial Genomes." Annual Review of Genetics 32 (1998): 339-377.
Gould, Stephen J. "The Ant and the Plant." In Bully for Brontosaurus. New York:
W. W. Norton, 1991.
—Steven Krawiec
For more information on genome, visit Britannica.com.
Philosophy Dictionary:
genome
The genome is the entire DNA content of an organism. A large proportion of the genome is made of sequences of DNA that are not genes, i.e. play no part in determining the phenotype.
Science Dictionary:
genome
(jee-nohm)
The sum of all information contained in the DNA for any living thing. The sequence of all the nucleotides in all the chromosomes of an organism.
Veterinary Dictionary:
genome
All of the genes carried by a gamete, i.e. the complete set of hereditary factors contained in the chromosomal DNA. For some viruses, the genome is RNA.
- diploid g. — having two genetically identical RNA molecules of RNA, characteristic of retroviruses.
- integrated g. — the integration of the viral DNA into the cellular DNA of the host, as occurs in some kinds of persistent infections and the induction of tumors.
- segmented g. — the genome is composed of separate segments. A characteristic of some viruses.
Wikipedia:
genome
In biology the genome of an organism is its whole hereditary information and is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). This includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA. The term was coined in 1920 by Hans Winkler, Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany, as a portmanteau of the words gene and chromosome.[1]
More precisely, the genome of an organism is a complete DNA sequence of one set of chromosomes; for example, one of the two sets that a diploid individual carries in every somatic cell. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean the complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the "nuclear genome") but can also be applied to organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the mitochondrial genome or the chloroplast genome. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced," typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as "a genome sequence" may be a composite from the chromosomes of various individuals. In general use, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used conversationally to mean the genome of a particular individual or organism. The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.
Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is little connection between the two. At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as humans have.
The Human Genome is Like a Book: • The book is over one billion words long. • The book is bound in 5,000 300 page volumes (the equivalent to 800 bibles long) • The book fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint • A copy of the book (all 5000 volumes) is contained in every cell (except red blood cells) as a strand of DNA over two miles in length.
Types
Most biological entities more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
In vertebrates such as sheep and other various animals however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only chromosomal DNA. So although human mitochondria contain genes, these genes are not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome, often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome".
Genomes and genetic variation
Note that a genome does not capture the genetic diversity or the genetic polymorphism of a species. For example, the human genome sequence in principle could be determined from just half the DNA of one cell from one individual. To learn what variations in DNA underlie particular traits or diseases requires comparisons across individuals. This point explains the common usage of "genome" (which parallels a common usage of "gene") to refer not to any particular DNA sequence, but to a whole family of sequences that share a biological context.
Although this concept may seem counter intuitive, it is the same concept that says there is no particular shape that is the shape of a cheetah. Cheetahs vary, and so do the sequences of their genomes. Yet both the individual animals and their sequences share commonalities, so one can learn something about cheetahs and "cheetah-ness" from a single example of either.
Genome projects
-
For more details on this topic, see Genome project.
The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Other genome projects include mouse, rice, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, bacteria like E. coli, etc. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (bacteriophage MS2). The first DNA-genome project to be completed was the Phage Φ-X174, with only 5368 base pairs, which was sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1977 . The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995.
In May 2007, the New York Times announced that the full genome of DNA pioneer James D. Watson had been recorded.[1] The article noted that some scientists believe this to be the gateway to upcoming personalized genomic medicine.
Many genomes have been sequenced by various genome projects. The cost of sequencing continues to drop.
Comparison of different genome sizes
| Organism | Genome size (base pairs) | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Virus, Bacteriophage MS2 | 3569 | First sequenced RNA-genome[2] |
| Virus, SV40 | 5224[3] | |
| Virus, Phage Φ-X174; | 5386 | First sequenced DNA-genome[4] |
| Virus, Phage λ | 5×104 | |
| Bacterium, Carsonella ruddii | 1.6×105 | Smallest non-viral genome, Feb 2007 |
| Bacterium, Buchnera aphidicola | 6×105 | |
| Bacterium, Wigglesworthia glossinidia | 7×105 | |
| Bacterium, Escherichia coli | 4×106 | |
| Amoeba, Amoeba dubia | 6.7×1011 | Largest known genome, Dec 2005 |
| Plant, Arabidopsis thaliana | 1.57×108 | First plant genome sequenced, Dec 2000.[5] |
| Plant, Genlisea margaretae | 6.34×107 | Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2006.[5] |
| Plant, Fritillaria assyrica | 1.3×1011 | |
| Plant, Populus trichocarpa | 4.8×108 | First tree genome, Sept 2006 |
| Yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 2×107 | |
| Fungus, Aspergillus nidulans | 3×107 | |
| Nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans | 9.8×107 | First multicellular animal genome, December 1998[6] |
| Insect, Drosophila melanogaster aka Fruit Fly | 1.3×108 | |
| Insect, Bombyx mori aka Silk Moth | 5.30×108 | |
| Insect, Apis mellifera aka Honey Bee | 1.77×109 | |
| Fish, Tetraodon nigroviridis, type of Puffer fish | 3.85×108 | Smallest vertebrate genome known |
| Mammal, Homo sapiens | 3.2×109 | |
| Fish, Protopterus aethiopicus aka Marbled lungfish | 1.3×1011 | Largest vertebrate genome known |
Note: The DNA from a single human cell has a length of ~1.8 m (but at a width of ~2.4 nanometers).
Since genomes and their organisms are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.
Genome evolution
Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).
Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplications may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplications of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.
Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.
See also
- gene
- gene family
- Genome Comparison
- Genome project
- Human genome
- List of omics topics in biology
- List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
- List of sequenced prokaryotic genomes
- List of sequenced archeal genomes
- Minimal Genome Project
- Mitochondrial genome
- molecular systematics
- molecular evolution
- Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium
- National Human Genome Research Institute
References
- ^ Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). "'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A Genealogical Treasury of Words". The Scientist 15 (7).
- ^ Fiers W, et al. (1976). "Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene". Nature 260: 500-507.
- ^ Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). "Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA". Nature 273 (5658): 113-120.
- ^ Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature 265 (5596): 687-695.
- ^ a b Greilhuber, J., Borsch, T., Müller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., and Barthlott, W. (2006). Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size. Plant Biology, 8: 770-777.
- ^ The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (1998). Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology. Science 282 (5396): 2012-2018. DOI:10.1126/science.282.5396.2012. ISSN 0036-8075.
- Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). Essentials of Genomics. Prentice Hall.
- Brown, Terence A. (2002). Genomes 2. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-1859960295.
- Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). A Primer of Genome Science, Second Edition, Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. ISBN 0-87893-234-8.
- Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). The Evolution of the Genome. Elsevier. ISBN 0-12-301463-8.
- Reece, Richard J. (2004). Analysis of Genes and Genomes. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-84379-9.
- Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). Handbook of Comparative Genomics. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-39128-X.
- Werner, E. (2003). "In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes". Drug Discov Today 8 (24): 1121-1127. PMID 14678738.
- Witzany, G. (2006). "Natural Genome Editing Competences of Viruses". Acta Biotheoretica 54 (4): 235-253. PMID 17347785.
External links
- DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science
- DNA From The Beginning
- All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov
- Animal genome size database
- Plant genome size database
- GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database
- The Genome News Network
- NCBI Entrez Genome Project database
- NCBI Genome Primer
- BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published
- Software that maps an Artificial Genome sequence to a Network and to a Lineage tree
- IMG The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI.
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Translations:
Translations for:
Genome
Dansk (Danish)
n. - genom, kromosomsæt
Nederlands (Dutch)
genoom (biologie)
Deutsch (German)
n. - Genom, Chromosomensatz, Erbmasse
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - γενότυπος, γονότυπος
Português (Portuguese)
n. - genoma (m) (Genética)
Русский (Russian)
геном, комплект хромосом
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - komplett uppsättning av kromosomer
中文（简体） (Chinese (Simplified))
基因组, 染色体组
中文（繁體） (Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 基因組, 染色體組
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) مجموعه العوامل الوراثيه
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - סה"כ החומר הגנטי המאפיין זן של יצור חי, מערכת של כרומוזומים בודדים (ללא בני-זוג) ביצור חי
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