Devon¹

 

(dĕv'ən) , county (1991 pop. 1,008,300), 2,591 sq mi (6,711 sq km), SW England. The county town is Exeter. Devon is bounded on the N by the Bristol Channel, on the S by the English Channel, and on the W by Cornwall. It is a land of rolling hills, dominated by Dartmoor and Exmoor, upland areas of forests and rugged stone. The Exe and the Tamar (forming the Cornwall border) are the main rivers. Plymouth is the chief port and industrial center for SW England. Devon is a farming and pastoral county (for beef and dairy cattle) with some fishing off the coastal towns. Devon “clotted” cream and West Country cider are notable products. Considerable woolen and tin industries and export trade flourished from the 12th to the 18th cent. Woolen goods are still manufactured, along with lace, pottery, and marine fixtures; clay is mined. Quiet and picturesque with a mild climate, Devon is a popular tourist and vacation center. The county was occupied in Paleolithic times; numerous habitation sites and ceremonial centers have been excavated (see Kent's Cavern). Exeter was the westerly outpost of Roman occupation. Devon was incorporated into Wessex early in the 8th cent. by King Ine. In Elizabethan times the county reached its greatest maritime importance, and its name is associated with Walter Raleigh, Francis Drake, John Hawkins, and Richard Grenville. From Plymouth, many colonists sailed for America. In 1974, Devonshire Co. was reorganized as the nonmetropolitan county of Devon.

Devon
Motto: Auxilio divino (Latin: By divine aid)
Geography
Status	Ceremonial & (smaller) Non-metropolitan county
Region	South West England
Area - Total - Admin. council - Admin. area	Ranked 4th  km² ( sq mi) Ranked 3rd  km² ( sq mi)
Admin HQ	Exeter
ISO 3166-2	GB-DEV
ONS code	18
NUTS 3	UKK43
Demographics
Population - Total (2006 est.) - Density - Admin. council - Admin. pop.	Ranked 11th 1,122,100 /km² (/sq mi) Ranked 12th 740,800
Ethnicity	98.7% White
Politics
Devon County Council http://www.devon.gov.uk/
Executive	Liberal Democrats
Members of Parliament	Ben Bradshaw (L) Angela Browning (C) Geoffrey Cox (C) Linda Gilroy (L)/(Co-op) Nick Harvey (LD) Adrian Sanders (LD) Alison Seabeck (L) Anthony Steen (C) Gary Streeter (C) Hugo Swire (C) Richard Younger-Ross (LD)
Districts
Exeter East Devon Mid Devon North Devon Torridge West Devon South Hams Teignbridge Plymouth (Unitary) Torbay (Unitary)

Devon is a large county in South West England, bordered by Cornwall to the west, and Dorset and Somerset to the east. It is unique among English counties, in that it has two separated coastlines, on the English Channel and Bristol Channel branches of the Atlantic. Although Devon is the official county name, Devon and Devonshire are commonly used interchangeably in general use, with Devonshire often indicating a traditional or historical context.

Devon is geographically the fourth largest of the English counties, with a population of 1,109,900. The county town is the cathedral city of Exeter, and the county contains two independent unitary authorities, the port city of Plymouth and the Torbay conurbation of seaside resorts, in addition to Devon County Council itself. Much of the county is rural or National Park land (365 square miles or so, or about 945 km², are occupied by Dartmoor), and it has consequently, by British standards, a relatively low population density.

The Dorset and East Devon Coast, otherwise known as the Jurassic Coast for its geology and geographical features, is the only natural UNESCO World Heritage Site in England. Geologically, Devon, along with its neighbour Cornwall, is known as the "Cornubian massif". This geology gives rise to the unique landscapes of Dartmoor and Exmoor, both National Parks. In addition to these, Devon has many seaside resorts and several historic towns and cities, plus a mild climate, accounting for the large tourist sector of its economy.

There is some dispute over the use of Devonshire instead of Devon, and there is no official recognition of the term 'Devonshire' in modern times. Theories have included that the 'shire' suffix is due to a mistake in the making of the original letters patent for the Duke of Devonshire, resident in Derbyshire. However, there are references to 'Defenascire' in old English texts from before 1000AD,^[1] which translates to modern English as 'Devonshire'. The term Devonshire may have originated around the 8th century, when it changed from Dumnonia to Defensascir.^[2]

History

Main article: History of Devon

Devon was one of the first areas of England settled following the end of the last ice age. Dartmoor is thought to have been settled by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer peoples from about 6000 BC. The name 'Devon' derives from the name of the Celtic people who inhabited the southwestern peninsula of Britain at the time of the Roman invasion c. 50AD, known as the Dumnonii, thought to mean 'Deep Valley Dwellers'. The Romans held the area under military occupation for approximately 25 years. Later the area became a frontier between Brythonic Dumnonia and Anglo-Saxon Wessex, and it was absorbed into Wessex by the mid-9th century.

Devon has also featured in most of the civil conflicts in England since the Norman Conquest, including the Wars of the Roses, Perkin Warbeck's rising in 1497, the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549, and the English Civil War. Perhaps most notably, the arrival of William of Orange to launch the Glorious Revolution of 1688 took place at Brixham.^{[citation needed]}

Devon has produced tin, copper and other metals from ancient times. Devon's tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through Devon's stannary parliament, which dates back to the twelfth century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748.^{[citation needed]}

Devon is also known for its mariners, such as Sir Francis Chichester, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Richard Grenville and Sir Walter Raleigh. The poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the crime writer Agatha Christie, the painter and founder of the Royal Academy, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and the dog breeder John "Jack" Russell were born in Devon. The county was also the childhood home of psychology pioneer Raymond Cattelland more recently the home of comedian Bill Bailey. A devon is also a breed of milk and meat cow. They came from England to America in 1623.

Economy and industry

Main article: Economy and industry of Devon

Like neighbouring Cornwall to the west, Devon has been disadvantaged economically compared to other parts of southern England, owing to the decline of a number of core industries, notably fishing, mining and farming. Consequently, most of Devon has qualified for the European Community Objective 2 status, particularly around Exmoor, Bideford Bay and the Hartland Point peninsula which is somewhat cut off from industrial Britain by road and rail transport (although North Devon is only 20 miles, or 32 km, by boat from Swansea in Wales).^{[citation needed]} The 2001 Foot and Mouth (Hoof and Mouth) disease outbreak harmed the farming community severely.^[3] Nearly half of the holdings of the Duchy of Cornwall are in Devon, including a large area of farmland.^{[citation needed]}

Since the rise of seaside resorts with the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, Devon's economy has been heavily reliant on tourism. The county's economy has followed the trend of British seaside resort decline since the mid-20th century, with some recent revival. This revival has been aided by the designation of much of Devon's countryside and coastline as the Dartmoor and Exmoor national parks, and the Jurassic Coast and Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Sites. In 2004 the county's tourist revenue was UK£1.2 billion.^[4]

The attractive lifestyle of the area is drawing in new industries which are not heavily dependent upon geographical location; Dartmoor, for instance, has recently seen a significant rise in the percentage of its inhabitants involved in the financial services sector.^{[citation needed]} In 2003, the Met Office, the UK's weather service, moved to Exeter.

Devon is one of the rural counties, with the advantages and problems characteristic of these. Despite this, the county's economy is also heavily influenced by its two main urban centres, Plymouth and Exeter.^{[citation needed]}

Geology, landscape and ecology

The Dartmoor National Park lies wholly in Devon, and the Exmoor National Park lies in both Devon and Somerset. In addition, Devon is the only county in England to have two completely separate coastlines. Both the north and south coasts offer dramatic views: much of both coastlines is named as Heritage Coast, and the South West Coast Path runs along the entire length of both. Inland, the county has attractive rolling rural scenery, and villages with thatched cob cottages. All these features make Devon a popular holiday destination. The variety of habitats means that there is a wide range of wildlife (see Dartmoor wildlife). A popular challenge among birders is to find over 100 species in the county in a day. The county's wildlife is protected by the Devon Wildlife Trust, a charity which looks after 40 nature reserves.

The landscape of the south coast consists of rolling hills dotted with small towns, such as Dartmouth, Salcombe, Totnes amongst others. The towns of Torquay and Paignton are the principal seaside resorts on the south coast. The north of the county is very rural with few major towns except Barnstaple, Great Torrington, Bideford and Ilfracombe. East Devon has the first seaside resort to be developed in the county, Exmouth and the more upmarket Georgian town of Sidmouth, headquarters of the East Devon District Council. Exmouth's popularity as a seaside resort faded as it was one of the last towns to get a rail link. Until 1861 visitors had to take a coach from Exeter or a ferry from Starcross. Exmouth marks the western end of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site.

Devon has also given its name to a geological era: the Devonian era (the era before the carboniferous stage), so-called because the distinctive red sandstone of Exmoor was studied by geologists here. Devonian sandstone/slate is also found in neighbouring Cornwall (such as Tintagel, where the castle is made from Devonian slate), and across the Bristol Channel in Wales (the Gower peninsula/Pembrokeshire/Brecon Beacons has the same lumpy sandstone cliffs and hog-backed hills as Exmoor). This is because around 7000 years ago the Bristol Channel did not exist, instead there was a large bay stretching between Pembrokeshire and Devon. Where the Bristol Channel is now was mainly a flat plain, although the Cambrian mountain system of Wales continued over to (what is now) Exmoor and Dartmoor. Devon's other major rock system is the carboniferous sandstone which stretches from Bideford to just outside Bude in Cornwall, which is generally better quality than the Devonian sandstone, and also contributes to a gentler, greener, more rounded landscape.

Devon's Exmoor coast has the highest cliffs in southern Britain, culminating in the Great Hangman, a 1043 ft (318 m) "hog-backed" hill with an 820 ft (250 m) cliff-face, located near Combe Martin Bay. Its sister cliff is the 716 ft (218 m) Little Hangman, which marks the edge of Exmoor. The coast of Devon, along with Wales and Cornwall, has more miles of Heritage Coast than any other region. Around 65% of Devon's coastline is Heritage Coast. Just as one county, Devon has more Heritage Coast than the entire length of both South-East and North-West England. Both Devon's northern and southern coasts are impressive, in particular Hartland Point, which is the where the Bristol Channel meets the Celtic Sea/Atlantic Ocean.

Rising temperatures have led to Devon becoming the first place in modern Britain to commercially cultivate olives.^[5]

Politics and administration

The administrative centre of Devon is the city of Exeter. The city of Plymouth, the largest city in Devon, and the conurbation of Torbay (including the towns of Torquay, Paignton and Brixham) are now unitary authorities separate from the remainder of Devon which is administered by Devon County Council for the purposes of local government.

The Department for Communities and Local Government is currently considering whether Exeter City Council should become a new unitary authority.^[6][7]

Devon County Council, controlled by the Liberal Democrats^[8], consists of 33 Liberal Democrats, 23 Conservatives, four Labour and two independent councillors.^[9] At a national level, Devon has five Conservative MPs, three Liberal Democrat MPs, and three Labour MPs.

Cities, towns and villages

For a complete list of settlements see list of places in Devon.

The main settlements in Devon are the cities of Plymouth, a historic port now administratively independent, Exeter, the county town, and Torquay, the county's tourist hotspot. Devon's coast is lined with popular tourist resorts, many of which grew rapidly with the arrival of the railways in the 19th century. Notable examples include Dawlish, Exmouth and Sidmouth on the south coast, and Ilfracombe and Lynmouth on the north. The Torbay conurbation of Torquay, Paignton and Brixham on the south coast is perhaps the largest and most popular of these resorts, and is now administratively independent of the county. Rural market towns in the county include Axminster, Barnstaple, Bideford, Honiton, Newton Abbot, Okehampton, Tavistock and Tiverton.

Symbols

There was no established coat of arms for the county until 1926: the arms of the City of Exeter were often used to represent Devon, for instance in the badge of the Devonshire Regiment. When a county council was formed by the Local Government Act 1888 it was required to adopt a common seal. The seal contained three shields depicting the arms of Exeter along with those of the first chairman and vice-chairman of the council (Lord Clinton and the Earl of Morley).^[10]

The county council received a grant of arms from the College of Arms on October 11, 1926. The main part of the shield displays a red crowned lion on a silver field, the arms of Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall. The chief or upper portion of the shield depicts an ancient ship on wavers, for Devon's seafaring traditions. The Latin motto adopted was Auxilio Divino (by Divine aid), that of Sir Francis Drake. The 1926 grant was of arms alone. On March 6, 1962 a further grant of crest and supporters was obtained. The crest is the head of a Dartmoor Pony rising from a "Naval Crown". This distinctive form of crown is formed from the sails and sterns of ships, and is associated with the Royal Navy. The supporters are a Devon bull and a sea lion. ^{[11] [12]} In April 2006 the council unveiled a new logo which was to be used in most everyday applications, though the coat of arms will continue to be used for "various civic purposes".^{[13] [14]}

Devon also has its own flag which has been dedicated to Saint Petroc, a local saint with dedications throughout Devon and neighbouring counties. The flag was adopted in 2003 after a competition run by BBC Devon.^[15] The winning design was created by website contributor Ryan Sealey, and won 49% of the votes cast. The colours of the flag are those popularly identified with Devon, for example, the colours of the rugby union team, and the Green and White flag flown by the first Viscount Exmouth at the Bombardment of Algiers (now on view at the Teign Valley Museum), as well as the county's most successful football team, Plymouth Argyle. On 17 October 2006, the flag was hoisted for the first time outside County Hall in Exeter to mark Local Democracy Week, receiving "official recognition" from the county council^[16].

Culture

Devon's place names include many with the ending 'coombe/combe' or 'tor' - Coombe being the Brythonic word for 'valley' or hollow whilst tor derives from a number of Celtic loan-words in English (Old Welsh twrr and Scots Gaelic tòrr) used as a name for the large formations of rocks commonly found on the moorlands. Its frequency is greatest in Devon, where it is the second most common place name component (after 'ton', derived from the Old English 'tun' meaning farm, village).

Devon has been home to a number of unique customs, such as its own form of wrestling. As recently as the 19th century, a crowd of 17,000 at Devonport, near Plymouth, attended a match between the champions of Devon and Cornwall.

• Another Devon sport was 'outhurling' which was played in some regions until the twentieth century (e.g. 1922, at Great Torrington).
• Other ancient customs which survive include Dartmoor step dancing, and 'Crying The Neck'.
• Devon also has a rich variety of festivals and practices. One example of these include the flaming tar barrels in Ottery St. Mary, where people who have lived in Ottery for long enough are called upon to celebrate Bonfire Night by running through the village (and the gathered crowds) with flaming barrels of tar on their backs.

Sport

• Devon has three professional football teams, based in each of its three most populated towns and cities. Competing in the Football League Championship, Plymouth Argyle F.C. are the biggest and most successful team in the region. Exeter City F.C. and Torquay United both compete in the Conference National. The county's fourth biggest club, is Tiverton Town F.C. which competes in the Southern Football League Premier Division.
• Rugby Union is popular in Devon. Two teams - Plymouth Albion and Exeter Chiefs are currently (2007) in National Division One.
• In basketball, Plymouth Raiders play in the British Basketball League. Tamar Valley Cannons, also based in Plymouth, are Devon's only other representatives in the National Leagues.
• Motorcycle speedway is also well supported in the county, with both the Exeter Falcons and Plymouth Devils succeeding in the National Leagues in recent years.

Famous Devonians

Main article: Notable people from Devon

Devon as a descriptor

• The cream tea, involving scones, jam and clotted cream, is a local speciality, and may well have originated in Devon (neighbouring counties also claim it); in other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, it is known as a 'Devonshire tea'.
• Devon is the name of a variety of ham, which (presumably) comes from Devon. In New South Wales, Australia, Devon is a name for luncheon meat (processed ham). The name changes in different states of Australia (for example, 'Fritz' in South Australia, 'Polony' in Western Australia) but all describe the same type of meat.
• The Devon Rex cat breed originated here.
• Devon and South Devon are breeds of cattle that originated in the county.
• The Devonian is a period in the geologic timescale

See also

• England
• English (people)
• Flag of Devon
• List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Devon
• West Country dialects
• Category:Rivers of Devon

References

1. ^ Manuscript A: The Parker Chronicle. Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
2. ^ Davies, Norman (2000). The Isles: A History, 207. ISBN 0333692837. 
3. ^ In Devon, the county council estimated that 1,200 jobs would be lost in agriculture and ancillary rural industries — Hansard, 25th April 2001
4. ^ Devon County Council, 2005. Tourism trends in Devon.
5. ^ Paul Simons (2007-05-14). Britain warms to the taste for home-grown olives. Times Online. Retrieved on 2007-09-20.
6. ^ Exeter City Council - One council for Exeter
7. ^ Communities and Local Government - Proposals for future unitary structures: Stakeholder consultation
8. ^ BBC News Article, 7 May 2005
9. ^ Devon County Council, List of Councillors by party affiliation.
10. ^ A. C. Fox-Davies, The Book of Public Arms, 2nd edition, London, 1915
11. ^ W. C. Scott-Giles, Civic Heraldry of England and Wales, 2nd edition, London, 1953
12. ^ A brief history of Devon's coat of arms (Devon County Council)
13. ^ Council's designs cause logo row (BBC News)
14. ^ [http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/democracycommunities/decision_making/cma/cma_document.htm?cmadoc=minutes_spr_20060403.html Policy and Resources Overview Scrutiny Committee Minutes, April 3 2006]
15. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/community_life/features/devon_flag.shtml
16. ^ Devon County Council Press Release, 16 October 2006

External links

General information about Devon

• Devon 24 The website of the North Devon Gazette, Exmouth Journal, Sidmouth Herald and Honiton and Axe Valley Midweek Herald.
• The BBC Devon information page
• Devon County Council
• This is Devon The website of the Western Morning News, Mid Devon Gazette and North Devon Journal.
• Genuki Devon Extensive general historical and geographical as well as genealogical information

Tourist information

• Cornwall & Devon (DACOM) Devon and Cornwall Overseas Marketing website in French, German and Dutch
• Discover Devon County Council site
• Essential Devon Heart of Devon Tourism Partnership
• Devonshire Heartland Tourism Association Devonshire Heartland Tourist Information
• Devon info Tourist information, listings, maps, photos and beach guide
• Beautiful Devon
• DevonLink Information for the towns and villages of Devon
• Devon Guide Focuses on the South Hams area of Devon

Photographs

• Dartmoor Virtual Tour Landscape Leaps: Dartmoor 360°. Interactive Virtual Tour of Dartmoor National Park, Devon, England

Districts of South West England

Bath and North East Somerset • Bournemouth • Bristol • Caradon • Carrick • Cheltenham • Christchurch • Cotswold • East Devon • East Dorset • Exeter • Forest of Dean • Gloucester • Isles of Scilly • Kennet • Kerrier • Mendip • Mid Devon • North Cornwall • North Devon • North Dorset • North Somerset • North Wiltshire • Penwith • Plymouth • Poole • Purbeck • Restormel • Salisbury • Sedgemoor • South Gloucestershire • South Hams • South Somerset • Stroud • Swindon • Taunton Deane • Teignbridge • Tewkesbury • Torbay • Torridge • West Devon • West Dorset • West Somerset • West Wiltshire • Weymouth and Portland Counties with multiple districts: Cornwall • Devon • Dorset • Gloucestershire • Somerset • Wiltshire

Ceremonial counties of England

Counties of the Lieutenancies Act 1997 Bedfordshire • Berkshire • City of Bristol • Buckinghamshire • Cambridgeshire • Cheshire • Cornwall • Cumbria • Derbyshire • Devon • Dorset • Durham • East Riding of Yorkshire • East Sussex • Essex • Gloucestershire • Greater London • Greater Manchester • Hampshire • Herefordshire • Hertfordshire • Isle of Wight • Kent • Lancashire • Leicestershire • Lincolnshire • City of London • Merseyside • Norfolk • Northamptonshire • Northumberland • North Yorkshire • Nottinghamshire • Oxfordshire • Rutland • Shropshire • Somerset • South Yorkshire • Staffordshire • Suffolk • Surrey • Tyne and Wear • Warwickshire • West Midlands • West Sussex • West Yorkshire • Wiltshire • Worcestershire

Historic counties of England

Counties that originate prior to 1889 Bedfordshire • Berkshire • Buckinghamshire • Cambridgeshire • Cheshire • Cornwall • Cumberland • Derbyshire • Devon • Dorset • Durham • Essex • Gloucestershire • Hampshire • Herefordshire • Hertfordshire • Huntingdonshire • Kent • Lancashire • Leicestershire • Lincolnshire • Middlesex • Monmouthshire • Norfolk • Northamptonshire • Northumberland • Nottinghamshire • Oxfordshire • Rutland • Shropshire • Somerset • Staffordshire • Suffolk • Surrey • Sussex • Warwickshire • Westmorland • Wiltshire • Worcestershire • Yorkshire

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