adj.

Of or relating to Bulgaria or its people, language, or culture.

n.

1. A native or inhabitant of Bulgaria. Also called Bulgar.
2. The Slavic language of the Bulgarians.

The Bulgarians, or Bulgars, belonged to the Turco-Altaic language group and originated from western Siberia, along the valley of the Irtish River. During the first and second centuries C.E. they migrated in the direction of eastern Europe and settled in the region north of the Caucasus. There, the proto-Bulgarians mingled with local native tribes of Iranian origin, whose cultural achievements and social hierarchy had a substantial impact on their further development. The proto-Bulgarians were called Bulgars for the first time by a Roman chronographer in 354. During the seventh century, they merged with the Slavic tribes inhabiting the territory bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey, in southeastern Europe, which is present-day Bulgaria.

The Bulgarians took over the newcomers' Slavic language. The Turkish conquest of Bulgaria in 1396 hampered the development of the Bulgarian language for several centuries, but after the Bulgarians achieved independence in 1878, a modern literary language based on the vernacular emerged. Modern Bulgarian, which is generally said to date from the sixteenth century, borrowed words from Greek, Turkish, Russian, French, and German. Although it resembles Slavic languages, Bulgarian has a definite article and has almost completely dropped the numerous case forms of the noun. It uses position and prepositions (like English) to indicate grammatical relationships in a sentence instead of using cases (like Russian).

Once an independent kingdom, Bulgaria was dominated by the communist Party from 1946 until 1990, when a multiparty system was adopted. During the communist period, when Bulgaria was under the control of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the once dominant agricultural sector was overtaken by manufacturing. After World War II, all industrial enterprises were nationalized and operated under a series of five-year economic plans, modeled after the Soviet system, with financial aid from the USSR. Bulgaria enjoyed one of the most prosperous economies of the Soviet bloc. The transition from the old command economy to a democratic, market-oriented economy, initiated after the collapse of the communist regime, has been slow. Mass privatization of state-owned industry was sluggish, although privatization of small-scale industry, particularly in the retail and service sectors, accelerated. Under communism, Bulgarians became accustomed to free health services, but Bulgaria's post-communist governments have not had the financial resources to maintain these services. In 2003, 52 percent of the population was employed in services, 36 percent in industry, and 12 percent in agriculture. Most Bulgarians (85%) are Bulgarian Orthodox, while 13 percent are Muslim, 0.8 percent are Jewish, 0.5 percent are Roman Catholic, and 0.2 percent are Uniate Catholic. The remainder, about 0.5 percent, are of Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other faiths.

Bibliography

Bell, John D. (1998). Bulgaria in Transition: Politics, Economics, Society, and Culture after Communism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Bristow, John A. (1996). The Bulgarian Economy in Transition: Studies of Communism in Transition. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar.

Crampton, R. J. (1997). A Concise History of Bulgaria. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Dimitrov, Georgi, and Banac, Ivo. (2003). The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933 - 1949. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

—JOHANNA GRANVILLE

Note: click on a word meaning below to see its connections and related words.

The noun has 2 meanings:

Meaning #1: a native or inhabitant of Bulgaria

Meaning #2: a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria

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The adjective Bulgarian has one meaning:

Meaning #1: of or relating to or characteristic of Bulgaria or its people
  Pertains to noun: Bulgaria (meaning #1)

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Dansk (Danish)
adj. - bulgarsk
n. - bulgarer

Nederlands (Dutch)
Bulgaar(s)

Français (French)
adj. - bulgare
n. - Bulgare

Deutsch (German)
adj. - bulgarisch
n. - Bulgare, Bulgarisch

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - Βούλγαρος, βουλγαρική γλώσσα
adj. - Βούλγαρος, βουλγαρικός

Italiano (Italian)
bulgaro

Português (Portuguese)
n., -
adj. - búlgaro

Русский (Russian)
болгарин, болгарский язык, болгарский

Español (Spanish)
adj. - búlgaro, búlgara, de Bulgaria
n. - búlgaro, búlgara

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - bulgar, bulgariska språket
adj. - bulgarisk

中文（简体） (Chinese (Simplified))
保加利亚的, 保加利亚人, 保加利亚语

中文（繁體） (Chinese (Traditional))
adj. - 保加利亞的
n. - 保加利亞人, 保加利亞語

한국어 (Korean)
adj. - 불가리아[인,어]의
n. - 불가리아[인,어]

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - ブルガリア語, ブルガリア人
adj. - ブルガリアの, ブルガリア人の

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) من بلغاريا (صفه) بلغاري‏

עברית (Hebrew)
adj. - ‮בולגרי‬
n. - ‮בולגרי, בולגרית (שפה)‬

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